p.29
Porifera Body Structure and Function
What are some commercial uses of sponges for humans?
For washing and cleaning.
p.59
Phylum Ctenophora and its Features
How many species of comb jellies are there?
Nearly 100 species, all marine.
p.29
Porifera Body Structure and Function
What medicinal properties do sponges have?
They contain antimicrobial compounds.
p.43
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
What does the planula metamorphose into?
A polyp or develops into a medusa.
p.23
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
What characterizes the Solenoid system?
Complex tubes lined with choanocytes.
p.20
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
How does water enter the spongocoel?
Through the action of choanocyte flagella pulling water.
p.32
Characteristics of Cnidarians
What is a key evolutionary advancement of Cnidarians?
Cells form tissues that perform specific functions.
What type of skeleton do Black Corals secrete?
Hard, black protein skeleton.
What are the three main types of Cnidaria?
Hydrozoans, Scyphozoans, and Anthozoans.
Where can Hydrozoan polyps be found?
Attached to pilings, shells, seaweeds, and other surfaces.
p.8
Porifera Body Structure and Function
What is an osculum?
An osculum is a large opening in a sponge through which water exits after being filtered.
p.56
Characteristics of Cnidarians
In what types of waters do corals typically occur?
Cold waters and tropical waters where they form reefs.
p.1
Characteristics of Porifera
What is a key characteristic of Porifera in terms of cellular organization?
They are multicellular but lack true tissues.
p.8
Porifera Body Structure and Function
What role does the osculum play in sponges?
It allows for the expulsion of water, facilitating the sponge's filter-feeding process.
p.7
Characteristics of Porifera
What does it mean that sponges are sessile?
They do not move and depend on water movement for food and oxygen.
p.59
Phylum Ctenophora and its Features
How do comb jellies compare to cnidarians?
They are similar in most respects.
p.10
Cell Types in Sponges
What do sclerocytes secrete?
Calcareous or siliceous spicules.
How do polyps in scyphozoans reproduce?
They release juvenile medusae.
What happens to planula larvae after they settle?
They develop into a polyp.
p.56
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
What do Gorgonians secrete?
A branching skeleton made of protein.
p.18
Reproductive Strategies of Porifera
What are gemmules?
A form of asexual reproduction in sponges that allows them to survive harsh conditions.
p.42
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
What is a polyp in Cnidarians?
A sac-like attached stage with a mouth and tentacles, mostly sessile.
p.5
Porifera Body Structure and Function
What is the function of a sponge's body?
It is an efficient aquatic filter.
p.10
Cell Types in Sponges
What roles do archaeocytes play in sponges?
Nutrient transport and sexual reproduction.
p.36
Characteristics of Cnidarians
What can be the consequence of stings from certain jellyfish?
Death in a matter of hours, especially for infants.
p.5
Characteristics of Porifera
Where do most sponges live?
Most are marine, with few living in brackish water.
p.38
Feeding and Digestion
What is contained within a nematocyst?
A fluid-filled capsule containing a thread.
p.45
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
What are the two layers of cells that form the body wall of Cnidarians?
Epidermis (skin) and gastrodermis (gut lining).
p.16
Reproductive Strategies of Porifera
What are the two main types of reproduction in Porifera?
Asexual and sexual reproduction.
p.33
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
What happens if a Cnidarian is cut like a pizza?
All slices would be similar.
p.16
Reproductive Strategies of Porifera
How do Porifera typically reproduce asexually?
Through budding or fragmentation.
p.7
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
How do sponges generate water flow?
They have a unique water current system.
p.21
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
What lines the spongocoel in flagellated canals?
Epithelial cells rather than choanocytes.
p.45
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
Does the mesoglea contain cells?
No, it does not contain cells.
p.16
Reproductive Strategies of Porifera
What is the role of gametes in sexual reproduction in Porifera?
Gametes are produced for fertilization, leading to the formation of larvae.
p.36
Characteristics of Cnidarians
What are nematocysts?
Stinging cells used for defense and prey capture.
p.21
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
What type of cells line the radial canals in flagellated canals?
Choanocyte-lined radial canals.
p.35
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
What are the two main surfaces of Cnidarians?
Oral surface and aboral surface.
Do Anthozoans have a medusae stage?
No, they lack a medusae stage.
p.35
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
What is located at the center of a Cnidarian?
A central mouth with tentacles.
p.4
Characteristics of Porifera
What systems are absent in sponges?
Circulatory, respiratory, and excretory systems.
p.22
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
What are flagellated chambers in sponges?
The most complex structures that are larger and have many oscula.
p.37
Characteristics of Cnidarians
What are some systemic symptoms of Irukandji syndrome?
Sweating, anxiety, nausea, vomiting, headaches, and palpitations.
p.21
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
What role do flagella play in the aquiferous system of Porifera?
They draw water through internal pores in the spongocoel and out the osculum.
How do Scyphozoans swim?
They swim with rhythmic contractions of their bell but are easily carried by currents.
p.23
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
What is the Sylleibid system in Porifera?
A transitional system between the syconoid and the leuconoid.
p.43
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
What are the characteristics of the planula stage?
It is a ciliated stage with two cell layers.
What are Hydrozoans?
Cnidarians belonging to the class Hydrozoa, forming feathery or bushy colonies of tiny polyps.
p.26
Classification of Sponges
What is the primary composition of the spicule skeletons in Calcarea species?
Calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
p.15
Reproductive Strategies of Porifera
How do Porifera reproduce asexually?
Through budding or fragmentation.
p.13
Classification of Sponges
On what basis is sponge classification done?
Based on the composition and shape of the spicules.
p.38
Feeding and Digestion
What can the thread of a nematocyst be?
Spines or a long tube that wraps around prey.
p.4
Characteristics of Porifera
Do sponges have germ layers?
No, they do not have germ layers (no gastrulation - no gut).
What type of body structure do Anthozoans have?
Solitary or colonial polyps.
p.1
Characteristics of Porifera
What type of habitat do members of Phylum Porifera typically inhabit?
Aquatic environments, mainly marine.
p.27
Characteristics of Porifera
How do Hexactinellida sponges respond to stimuli?
They have a quick response.
What are some examples of organisms in Phylum Cnidaria?
Jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones.
p.28
Characteristics of Porifera
What is the body structure type of Homoscleromorpha?
Massive or encrusting leuconoid/sylleibid.
p.29
Porifera Body Structure and Function
How do dolphins use sponges?
They attach sponges to their noses to search for food in the sand.
p.29
Porifera Body Structure and Function
What purpose do sponges serve for dolphins?
As protection while foraging.
p.36
Characteristics of Cnidarians
Who has been affected by stings from nematocysts?
More than just fish; humans can also be affected.
p.6
Porifera Body Structure and Function
What supports the body of Porifera?
A framework of spicules, collagen, and spongin fibers.
p.22
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
How does the leuconoid system benefit sponges?
It increases flagellated surfaces compared to volume, allowing more collar cells to meet food demands.
p.30
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
What are the main body forms found in Cnidarians?
The two main body forms are the polyp and the medusa.
p.59
Phylum Ctenophora and its Features
What functions do ciliary combs serve in comb jellies?
They assist in prey capture and mobility.
Which class of Cnidarians has the largest number of species?
Anthozoans (class Anthozoa).
p.30
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
How do Cnidarians primarily capture their prey?
Using their tentacles equipped with cnidocytes to sting and immobilize prey.
p.16
Reproductive Strategies of Porifera
How do Porifera release their gametes?
They release them into the water for external fertilization.
p.5
Porifera Body Structure and Function
Describe the body structure of sponges.
They have sac-like bodies with many pores.
p.28
Characteristics of Porifera
How do the spicules of Homoscleromorpha vary?
There is little variation in spicules.
What are the main types of Cnidarians?
Anthozoans, which include anemones and corals.
p.6
Porifera Body Structure and Function
What is the body structure of Porifera primarily composed of?
A mass of cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix (mesohyl).
What do fertilized eggs of Hydrozoans develop into?
Free swimming planula larvae.
What is the current classification of Cubomedusae?
They are now in their own class, Cubozoa (box jelly).
What are the specialized functions of Hydrozoan polyps?
Feeding, defense, or reproduction.
p.8
Porifera Body Structure and Function
How does the osculum differ from ostia in sponges?
Ostia are small pores through which water enters, while the osculum is the larger opening through which water exits.
What distinguishes precious corals from other gorgonians?
They are fused with red or pink calcareous spicules in addition to protein skeletons.
What do the guts of Anthozoans contain to aid digestion?
Septa, which increase surface area for digestion.
p.36
Characteristics of Cnidarians
What is the primary function of nematocysts?
Defense and prey capture.
p.41
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
What are statocysts in medusae?
Small calcareous bodies in fluid-filled chambers that help with balance.
p.15
Reproductive Strategies of Porifera
What are the two main types of reproduction in Porifera?
Asexual and sexual reproduction.
p.4
Characteristics of Porifera
Do sponges have specialized cells?
They have few specialized cells.
p.30
Characteristics of Cnidarians
What is the defining characteristic of organisms in Phylum Cnidaria?
They possess specialized cells called cnidocytes, which contain stinging structures.
p.26
Classification of Sponges
How many species are approximately classified under Calcarea?
Approximately 400 species.
p.26
Characteristics of Porifera
What is a notable characteristic of Calcarea species in terms of appearance?
They are small and drab in color.
p.10
Cell Types in Sponges
What are spicules made of?
Calcium carbonate or silica.
p.22
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
How do flagellated chambers function in sponges?
They are filled from incurrent canals and discharge to excurrent canals.
p.35
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
What are Cnidocytes?
Cells which contain nematocysts.
p.58
Phylum Ctenophora and its Features
What unique feature do Ctenophores possess for movement?
Ctenes, or comb-like plates of cilia.
Name three examples of Cnidarians.
Sea anemones, jellyfish, and corals.
p.42
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
What is a medusa in Cnidarians?
A mobile, bell-like, upside down polyp, commonly seen in jellyfish.
p.21
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
What do flagellated canals in Porifera resemble?
Asconoids, but are larger with a thicker body wall.
p.28
Classification of Sponges
How is Homoscleromorpha phylogenetically classified?
It is distinct from demospongia.
p.24
Classification of Sponges
What are the four main classes of Porifera?
Demospongia, Calcarea, Hexactinellida, and Homoscleromorpha.
p.15
Reproductive Strategies of Porifera
What is the process of sexual reproduction in Porifera?
Sperm is released into the water and taken in by another sponge for fertilization.
What does the polyp stage in Hydrozoans do?
Divides repeatedly and develops into a colony.
p.15
Reproductive Strategies of Porifera
What type of larvae do Porifera produce during sexual reproduction?
Free-swimming larvae called parenchymula.
p.37
Characteristics of Cnidarians
What muscle symptoms can occur with Irukandji syndrome?
Muscle cramps in arms, legs, stomach, and chest.
p.26
Porifera Body Structure and Function
What body structure types can be found in Calcarea species?
Species from all main body structures.
p.19
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
What are the main components of the aquiferous system in sponges?
Ostia, choanocytes, and oscula.
What is the primary function of choanocytes?
To filter particles out of the water.
p.61
Phylum Ctenophora and its Features
In what types of waters are comb jellies found?
Both warm and cold waters.
What is the bell diameter range for scyphozoans?
2 to 3 meters, depending on water depth.
p.21
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
Where is food digested in the flagellated canals?
By choanocytes in the radial canals.
What do a few Hydrozoans lack in their life cycle?
The medusae stage, developing instead into gamete-producing polyps.
p.14
Porifera Body Structure and Function
What are spicules made of?
Silica or calcium carbonate.
p.30
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
What type of digestive system do Cnidarians have?
They have a gastrovascular cavity that serves both digestive and circulatory functions.
p.19
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
What role do choanocytes play in the aquiferous system?
They create water currents and trap food particles.
p.31
Reproductive Strategies of Porifera
How do Cnidarians reproduce?
They can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
p.39
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
Where does intracellular digestion take place in Cnidarians?
In the lining of the gut.
What do reproductive polyps in Hydrozoans produce?
Minute, planktonic medusae.
What is a unique feature of some Hydrozoans regarding the polyp stage?
Some lack the polyp stage and develop directly into medusae.
p.15
Reproductive Strategies of Porifera
Can Porifera reproduce both sexually and asexually?
Yes, they can reproduce both ways depending on environmental conditions.
p.45
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
How does the mesoglea function in medusa?
It expands to form a gelatinous domed bell.
What is the mesohyl?
A gelatinous non-cellular matrix that holds cells in sponges.
p.31
Characteristics of Cnidarians
What are Cnidarians?
A diverse group of aquatic animals that include jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones.
p.31
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
How do Cnidarians capture prey?
Using their stinging cells to immobilize or kill prey.
p.58
Phylum Ctenophora and its Features
What is the reproductive strategy of Ctenophores?
They can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
p.27
Characteristics of Porifera
What unique ability do Hexactinellida sponges possess?
They can conduct electrical impulses.
p.35
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
How many openings does the mouth of a Cnidarian have?
Only one opening, which opens into a gut.
What are porocytes?
Cells that make up the pores entering into the sponge’s body.
p.16
Reproductive Strategies of Porifera
What type of larvae do Porifera produce after fertilization?
Free-swimming larvae that eventually settle to form new sponges.
p.61
Phylum Ctenophora and its Features
How do comb jellies capture their prey?
With long tentacles that have colloblasts (sticky cells).
p.60
Phylum Ctenophora and its Features
What is the body length range of comb jellies?
From a few millimeters to 2 meters.
p.58
Phylum Ctenophora and its Features
How do Ctenophores capture their prey?
Using sticky tentacles called colloblasts.
p.6
Porifera Body Structure and Function
What are spicules in the context of Porifera?
Structural elements that support the sponge's body.
How do choanocytes contribute to the sponge's water current?
The beating of their flagella creates the water current.
p.61
Phylum Ctenophora and its Features
What do comb jellies consume in large numbers?
Fish larvae and other plankton.
p.35
Structure and Function of Cnidarians
What triggers the nematocysts to protrude?
When cells are touched, water pressure causes them to protrude.
p.14
Porifera Body Structure and Function
How do skeletal structures benefit sponges?
They provide support and shape to the sponge body.
p.19
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
How does the aquiferous system contribute to the sponge's feeding process?
It allows the sponge to filter feed by drawing in water containing food particles.
p.31
Characteristics of Cnidarians
What is the role of Cnidarians in marine ecosystems?
They serve as both predators and prey, contributing to the food web.
p.24
Classification of Sponges
What is unique about the Homoscleromorpha class of Porifera?
They have a distinct cellular structure and lack a traditional skeleton.
p.19
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
What is the primary function of the aquiferous system in Porifera?
To facilitate water flow through the sponge for feeding, respiration, and waste removal.
What are pinacocytes?
The outer epidermal layer of cells in sponges.
p.30
Reproductive Strategies of Porifera
How do Cnidarians reproduce?
They can reproduce both sexually and asexually.
p.60
Phylum Ctenophora and its Features
What unique feature do comb jellies have on their body?
8 rows of combs that beat in waves.
p.60
Phylum Ctenophora and its Features
What visual effect is created by the beating of the combs in comb jellies?
A multicolor effect due to light refraction.
p.19
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
What is the purpose of oscula in sponges?
To allow water to exit the sponge after passing through the aquiferous system.
p.14
Porifera Body Structure and Function
What is spongin?
A fibrous protein that makes up the skeleton of some sponges.
p.14
Porifera Body Structure and Function
What role do spicules play in sponges?
They deter predators and provide structural support.
p.31
Characteristics of Cnidarians
What is a key feature of Cnidarians?
They possess specialized cells called cnidocytes, which contain stinging structures.
p.19
Aquiferous Systems in Sponges
What are ostia in the context of Porifera?
Small openings through which water enters the sponge.
p.58
Phylum Ctenophora and its Features
Do Ctenophores have a centralized nervous system?
No, they have a decentralized nerve net.
