p.29
Common Types of Primary Bone Cancer
What is a characteristic X-ray pattern associated with osteosarcoma?
A typical 'sunburst' pattern.
p.14
Types of Bone Tumors: Benign vs. Malignant
Where are bone tumors typically localized in a mature skeleton?
In the diaphysis of long tubular bones.
p.13
Overview of Bone Tumors
How does the structure of a typical long bone differ between adults and children?
Children have epiphyseal discs for growth, while adults have epiphyseal lines.
p.14
Types of Bone Tumors: Benign vs. Malignant
Where are bone tumors typically localized in an immature skeleton?
In the metaphysis of long tubular bones.
p.36
Common Types of Primary Bone Cancer
What is multiple myeloma?
A type of cancer that affects plasma cells, which are a type of white blood cell found in the bone marrow.
p.12
Overview of Bone Tumors
What is the diaphysis of a long bone?
The long shaft of the bone.
p.4
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What is the first question to ask when studying an X-ray?
What is the clinical question or concern?
p.40
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What type of fractures are commonly seen in multiple myeloma?
Vertebral compression fractures.
p.23
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What does an X-ray show in relation to a giant cell tumor?
A giant cell tumor in the lower end of the radius bone in the wrist.
p.13
Overview of Bone Tumors
What is the epiphyseal disc?
A growth plate found in long bones.
p.40
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What are 'punched-out' areas in the context of multiple myeloma?
Areas seen in the skull and long bones on X-ray films.
p.23
Types of Bone Tumors: Benign vs. Malignant
What characteristic appearance is associated with benign bone tumors?
Characteristic 'soap-bubble' appearance.
p.23
Biopsy Procedures for Bone Tumors
What is the purpose of a biopsy in the context of bone tumors?
To obtain tissue for diagnosis.
What is the typical age group affected by Osteosarcoma?
Children, adolescents, and young adults under the age of 30.
p.17
Overview of Bone Tumors
What is the significance of the copyright notice?
It indicates the ownership of the work and the rights reserved by the copyright holder.
p.2
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What type of pain is commonly associated with bone tumors?
Deep ache, especially nocturnal pain.
p.26
Common Types of Primary Bone Cancer
What are the most common sites for Osteosarcoma?
Long bone metaphyses, especially around the knee and proximal humerus.
p.37
Overview of Bone Tumors
What causes the effects on bone in multiple myeloma?
Marrow cell proliferation and increased osteoclastic activity.
p.26
Overview of Bone Tumors
How does Osteosarcoma spread?
Rapidly outwards to the periosteum and surrounding soft tissues.
p.31
Physiotherapy in Bone Tumor Treatment
What type of training is provided for patients who undergo amputation due to osteosarcoma?
Training with prostheses.
p.5
Biopsy Procedures for Bone Tumors
What is the purpose of imaging studies in a needle biopsy?
To help direct the needle to the tumor.
p.1
Overview of Bone Tumors
What effect does a growing bone tumor have on healthy tissue?
It destroys healthy tissue and weakens bone.
p.12
Overview of Bone Tumors
What is the metaphysis in a long bone?
The region between the diaphysis and epiphysis.
p.4
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What anatomical area should be focused on in the X-ray?
Which specific bone or joint is being examined?
p.5
Biopsy Procedures for Bone Tumors
What is removed during an open biopsy?
Some tissue is surgically removed.
p.4
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What is important to evaluate in the X-ray findings?
What are the characteristics of the bone lesion?
p.21
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What is a common symptom of a giant cell tumor?
Pain at the nearest joint.
p.4
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What should be considered regarding the patient's age?
What is the age of the patient, as it influences the differential diagnosis?
p.5
Biopsy Procedures for Bone Tumors
Why should biopsy procedures be delayed until after imaging studies?
Because biopsy may alter the CT and MRI appearances.
p.10
Biopsy Procedures for Bone Tumors
What is the purpose of a biopsy in bone tumor management?
To confirm diagnosis and assess the nature of the tumor.
p.21
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What might be found during a physical examination of a giant cell tumor?
A palpable mass with warmth of the overlying tissues.
p.7
Staging Systems for Bone Tumors
What are extracompartmental tumors (T2)?
Tumors where cancer has grown through the bone wall.
p.7
Prognosis of Bone Cancer
What does the term 'metastases' refer to?
Spread of cancer from one part of the body to another.
p.9
Staging Systems for Bone Tumors
What does T3 indicate in the staging of bone tumors?
Discontinuous tumors in the primary bone site.
p.19
Common Types of Primary Bone Cancer
What are the most common sites for giant cell tumors?
Epiphyses ends of distal femur, proximal tibia, and distal radius.
p.29
Common Types of Primary Bone Cancer
What is the Codman triangle in relation to bone tumors?
A triangular area of new bone formation rising from the bone.
p.17
Overview of Bone Tumors
What does copyright protect?
Original works of authorship, including literary, dramatic, musical, and artistic works.
p.35
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What has increased long-term survival rates for Ewing's sarcoma to greater than 50%?
The development of multi-disciplinary therapy including chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery.
p.1
Overview of Bone Tumors
What causes bone tumors to develop?
When cells within a bone divide uncontrollably, forming a lump or mass of abnormal tissue.
p.2
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What are some symptoms of bone tumors?
Pain, swelling, history of trauma, neurological symptoms, and pathological fractures.
p.1
Types of Bone Tumors: Benign vs. Malignant
Are most bone tumors benign or malignant?
Most bone tumors are benign.
p.33
Common Types of Primary Bone Cancer
What type of cancer is Ewing's sarcoma?
A type of primary bone cancer.
p.20
Overview of Bone Tumors
What are giant cells formed by?
The fusion of several cells.
p.18
Physiotherapy in Bone Tumor Treatment
What role does physiotherapy play in osteochondroma treatment?
To maintain functional mobility, including range of motion, strength, and restoring proper biomechanics post-operatively.
p.32
Common Types of Primary Bone Cancer
What type of cells is Ewing's sarcoma believed to arise from?
Endothelial cells in the bone marrow.
p.20
Overview of Bone Tumors
What characteristic do giant cells exhibit when viewed under a microscope?
They show multiple nuclei.
p.38
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What is a common immune system presentation in multiple myeloma?
Recurrent bacterial infections.
p.10
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What is a key principle in the management of bone tumors?
Multidisciplinary team approach.
p.33
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What are the possible appearances of periosteal reaction in Ewing's sarcoma?
'Onion skin' or 'sunburst' appearance.
At what age range does Ewing's sarcoma most commonly occur?
Between the ages of 10 to 20 years.
p.4
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What other imaging modalities should be considered?
Should MRI, CT, or bone scans be utilized for further evaluation?
Which gender is more affected by Ewing's sarcoma?
Males are affected more than females.
p.24
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What is the treatment for inoperable or multiply recurrent giant cell tumors?
Radiotherapy, which carries a significant risk of malignant transformation.
p.9
Staging Systems for Bone Tumors
What is the staging system used for primary malignant tumors of bone?
American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System.
p.39
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What radiological finding is characteristic of multiple myeloma?
Multiple 'punched-out' lytic lesions.
p.16
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What unusual movement might occur due to osteochondroma?
Snapping of tendon over the tumor.
p.16
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What is a potential limitation in movement caused by osteochondroma?
Restricted range of motion.
p.16
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What does an X-ray reveal in cases of osteochondroma?
A well-defined exostosis emerging from the metaphysis, co-extensive with the parent bone.
p.16
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
Where was the swelling located in the osteochondroma case?
In the lower thigh on the right side.
p.13
Overview of Bone Tumors
What happens to the epiphyseal disc in adults?
It becomes an epiphyseal line, indicating that growth has stopped.
p.43
Physiotherapy in Bone Tumor Treatment
What type of exercise programs may be beneficial for individuals with multiple myeloma?
Short, low-intensity exercise programs.
p.18
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What is the treatment approach for non-symptomatic osteochondroma?
Observation and regular monitoring.
p.18
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
When is pain medication used for osteochondroma?
Only if symptoms of pain are present.
p.17
Overview of Bone Tumors
Who holds the copyright for the mentioned work?
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University.
p.37
Overview of Bone Tumors
What are the common bone effects associated with multiple myeloma?
Osteoporosis and lytic lesions throughout the skeleton.
p.17
Overview of Bone Tumors
What does 'All Rights Reserved' imply?
The copyright holder retains all rights provided by copyright law.
p.15
Types of Bone Tumors: Benign vs. Malignant
What are the most common sites for osteochondroma?
Distal femur, proximal humerus, and proximal tibia.
p.11
Prognosis of Bone Cancer
How does the presence of metastasis affect bone cancer prognosis?
It generally worsens the prognosis.
p.33
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What are typical findings of Ewing's sarcoma on X-rays?
An area of bone destruction predominantly in the mid-diaphysis.
p.27
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What effect does Osteosarcoma have on limb movement?
Decreased movement of the affected limb.
p.30
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
In what situation might amputation be considered for osteosarcoma patients?
When it may be more appropriate in some cases.
p.10
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What is the management approach for benign, symptomatic, or enlarging tumors?
Local (marginal) excision or curettage for benign cysts.
p.9
Staging Systems for Bone Tumors
What does G1 represent in histological grading?
Low grade, well differentiated.
p.32
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What causes numbness, tingling, or paralysis in Ewing's sarcoma patients?
Nerve compression from the tumor.
p.7
Staging Systems for Bone Tumors
What is the focus of the Enneking Staging System?
Primary malignant bone tumors.
p.19
Common Types of Primary Bone Cancer
Can giant cell tumors affect other areas besides the limbs?
Yes, they can also affect the sacrum and vertebrae.
p.26
Common Types of Primary Bone Cancer
What type of tumor is Osteosarcoma?
A highly malignant tumor arising within the bone.
p.8
Overview of Bone Tumors
What are the Enneking stages used for?
To classify bone tumors based on their growth and spread.
p.43
Physiotherapy in Bone Tumor Treatment
What is a critical intervention for individuals at risk for pathologic fractures?
Implementation of fall prevention programs.
p.3
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What might be observed regarding the mass in a bone tumor?
The mass can be discrete or ill-defined, soft or hard, and may be pulsatile.
p.11
Prognosis of Bone Cancer
What factors influence the prognosis of bone cancer?
Overall stage of disease, presence of metastasis, skip lesions, histologic grade, and tumor size.
p.12
Overview of Bone Tumors
What is the epiphyseal disc also known as?
Growth plate or physeal plate.
p.35
Physiotherapy in Bone Tumor Treatment
What should be taught to a child if amputation is performed due to Ewing's sarcoma?
How to use the prosthesis.
p.6
Staging Systems for Bone Tumors
What type of bone tumors does the Enneking Staging System primarily address?
Primary benign bone tumors.
p.28
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What are typical symptoms of osteosarcoma?
Swelling or a mass and limited range of motion in the nearby joint.
p.28
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What is a characteristic X-ray finding in osteosarcoma?
A 'cumulus cloud' appearance, which is a white, cloud-like lesion.
p.38
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
How does multiple myeloma affect the circulatory system?
It causes anemia, leading to weakness and fatigue.
p.6
Staging Systems for Bone Tumors
What characterizes aggressive lesions in bone tumors?
They exhibit rapid growth and potential for invasion.
p.28
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What is the 'sunburst' pattern in osteosarcoma?
Formation of new bone that radiates outwards from the cortex.
p.16
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What is a common symptom of osteochondroma?
A painless mass near a joint, often in the knee or shoulder.
p.42
Prognosis of Bone Cancer
Why is kidney function important in determining prognosis for multiple myeloma?
It is one of the factors that can influence patient outcomes.
p.6
Types of Bone Tumors: Benign vs. Malignant
What are benign bone tumors?
Tumors that are non-cancerous and typically do not spread.
p.32
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What are common symptoms of Ewing's sarcoma?
Pain, warm and tender swelling, generalized illness, fever, numbness, tingling, or paralysis.
p.38
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What urinary system complications can arise from multiple myeloma?
Renal insufficiency and kidney stones.
p.7
Types of Bone Tumors: Benign vs. Malignant
What characterizes high grade (G2) malignant bone tumors?
Very aggressive and metastasize early.
p.16
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What changes might occur in blood flow due to osteochondroma?
Changes in blood flow can occur.
p.43
Physiotherapy in Bone Tumor Treatment
What is a key focus of physiotherapy in multiple myeloma?
Prevention and management of skeletal muscle wasting, cancer-related fatigue, and pathologic fractures.
p.2
Overview of Bone Tumors
How can age be useful in the context of bone tumors?
Age may be a useful clue in diagnosing bone tumors.
p.15
Types of Bone Tumors: Benign vs. Malignant
What is an osteochondroma?
An overgrowth of cartilage at the edge of the physeal plate that develops into a bony protuberance still covered by a cap of cartilage.
p.8
Types of Bone Tumors: Benign vs. Malignant
What characterizes extracompartmental bone cancer?
The cancer has grown through the bone wall.
p.31
Physiotherapy in Bone Tumor Treatment
What impairments does physiotherapy aim to correct in osteosarcoma patients?
Balance and coordination impairments.
p.11
Prognosis of Bone Cancer
What does the overall stage of bone cancer incorporate?
It incorporates factors like presence of metastasis, skip lesions, histologic grade, and tumor size.
p.18
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What are the indications for surgery in osteochondroma cases?
Pain with activity, pressure on a nerve or blood vessel, presence of a larger cartilage cap, and fully matured bone growth.
p.11
Prognosis of Bone Cancer
What are skip lesions in the context of bone cancer?
Discontinuous lesions within the same bone.
p.30
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What is the purpose of a Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan in osteosarcoma diagnosis?
To detect small tumors that have spread.
p.34
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What is the purpose of a PET scan in the context of Ewing's sarcoma?
To find small tumors and may show multiple areas of 'hot' lesions.
p.37
Epidemiology of Bone Tumors
Is multiple myeloma common before the age of 40?
No, it is uncommon before the age of 40.
p.20
Common Types of Primary Bone Cancer
What type of tumor is associated with giant cells?
Giant cell tumor of bone.
p.24
Types of Bone Tumors: Benign vs. Malignant
What are the characteristics of giant cell tumors?
Well-confined, slow-growing lesions with benign histology.
p.11
Prognosis of Bone Cancer
Why is tumor size important in assessing bone cancer prognosis?
Larger tumors may indicate a more advanced disease and poorer prognosis.
p.6
Staging Systems for Bone Tumors
What are active lesions in the context of bone tumors?
Bone tumors that show signs of growth or activity.
p.28
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What does the presence of a Codman triangle indicate in osteosarcoma?
An elevation of the periosteum from the surface of the bone.
p.38
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What skeletal system issues are associated with multiple myeloma?
Bone destruction, localized bone pain, pathological fractures, and vertebral collapse.
p.27
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What is a physical examination finding in Osteosarcoma?
Tenderness over the bone.
p.7
Types of Bone Tumors: Benign vs. Malignant
What are the two grades of malignant bone tumors?
Low grade (G1) and high grade (G2).
p.10
Diagnosis and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What is done for suspected malignant tumors?
More detailed examination to confirm diagnosis and staging.
p.32
Common Types of Primary Bone Cancer
Which bones are primarily affected by Ewing's sarcoma?
Long tubular bones (e.g., femur, tibia).
p.24
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What is intracystic curettage?
A treatment method for benign bone tumors involving scraping out the tumor.
p.7
Staging Systems for Bone Tumors
What are intracompartmental tumors (T1)?
Tumors that are still inside the bone.
p.16
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What appearance might large osteochondroma lesions have?
A 'cauliflower' appearance, with degeneration and calcification in the center of the cartilage cap.
p.2
Overview of Bone Tumors
What is a common characteristic of bone tumors regarding symptoms?
Patients may be completely asymptomatic until the abnormality is discovered on X-ray.
p.3
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What changes in the overlying skin may indicate a bone tumor?
Changes such as warmth in the skin.
p.8
Types of Bone Tumors: Benign vs. Malignant
What characterizes intracompartmental bone cancer?
The cancer has not grown through the bone wall or spread to other parts of the body.
p.3
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
How can a bone tumor affect nearby joints?
It may cause effusion or limitation of movement.
p.22
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What is a common physical examination finding in giant cell tumors?
A palpable mass with warmth of the overlying tissues.
p.35
Physiotherapy in Bone Tumor Treatment
Why must caution be taken during post-operative physiotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma?
Due to the impaired healing process caused by chemotherapy.
p.28
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What is a common physical examination finding in osteosarcoma?
Tenderness over the bone.
p.22
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What characteristic appearance may giant cell tumors show on X-rays?
A 'soap-bubble' appearance.
p.41
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What role do corticosteroids play in multiple myeloma treatment?
They are used as part of the treatment regimen.
p.37
Epidemiology of Bone Tumors
Which gender is more affected by multiple myeloma?
Males are affected more than females.
p.41
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What is a significant risk for patients with multiple myeloma?
They are prone to infections.
p.22
Common Types of Primary Bone Cancer
Where is a giant cell tumor commonly located in the body?
In the lower end of the thighbone.
p.41
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What prophylactic measures can help prevent infections in multiple myeloma patients?
Influenza vaccine, antibiotics during chemotherapy induction, and intravenous immunoglobulin for recurrent infections.
p.41
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What is important for pain management in multiple myeloma?
Pain control and treatment of pathological fractures.
p.4
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What is the significance of comparing previous imaging?
How do the current findings compare to previous imaging studies?
p.10
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What are some treatment options for malignant bone tumors?
Amputation, limb-sparing operations, and different types of adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy, radiotherapy).
p.19
Types of Bone Tumors: Benign vs. Malignant
Are giant cell tumors cancerous?
They are aggressive non-cancerous tumors.
p.9
Staging Systems for Bone Tumors
What does T2 indicate in tumor size classification?
Tumors greater than 8 cm.
p.3
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What is a common physical examination finding in bone tumors?
Swelling or tenderness in the area of the tumor.
p.31
Physiotherapy in Bone Tumor Treatment
What is a key focus of physiotherapy for osteosarcoma patients?
Early postsurgical mobility training, strength and endurance restoration.
p.25
Physiotherapy in Bone Tumor Treatment
What role does physiotherapy play in the treatment of giant cell tumors?
It helps in pain reduction, improved mobility, and restoring previous levels of function.
p.35
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What is the typical treatment sequence for Ewing's sarcoma?
Preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgical resection and maintenance chemotherapy, along with adjuvant radiotherapy.
p.25
Physiotherapy in Bone Tumor Treatment
How can physiotherapy improve a patient's daily activities?
By improving cardiovascular fitness to prevent fatigue.
p.35
Physiotherapy in Bone Tumor Treatment
What is the focus of pre-operative physiotherapy for Ewing's sarcoma?
Strengthening of the affected limb and aerobic conditioning.
p.25
Physiotherapy in Bone Tumor Treatment
What is one goal of physiotherapy related to joint health?
To decrease joint stiffness.
p.5
Biopsy Procedures for Bone Tumors
What is a needle biopsy?
A procedure where a needle is inserted into the tumor to remove tissue under local anesthetic.
p.34
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What does MRI often reveal in cases of Ewing's sarcoma?
A large soft tissue component.
p.41
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What supportive measures are important in treating multiple myeloma?
Correcting fluid balance, anemia, and hypercalcemia.
p.4
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What should be assessed regarding the patient's history?
What is the patient's medical history and symptoms?
p.39
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What renal issue is associated with multiple myeloma?
Renal insufficiency, indicated by raised creatinine levels and electrolyte disturbances.
p.15
Types of Bone Tumors: Benign vs. Malignant
Can osteochondromas occur in flat bones?
Yes, they can also occur in flat bones such as the ilium and scapula.
p.11
Prognosis of Bone Cancer
What is the significance of histologic grade in bone cancer prognosis?
It helps determine the aggressiveness of the tumor.
p.30
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What is the common treatment approach for osteosarcoma?
Combination of chemotherapy and surgery.
p.33
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What can the lesion in Ewing's sarcoma be like?
It may be purely lytic or have variable amounts of reactive new bone formation.
p.24
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What is the treatment for well-confined giant cell tumors?
Curettage and packing with bone chips.
p.42
Prognosis of Bone Cancer
What factors determine the prognosis for patients with multiple myeloma?
Stage of the disease, age of patient, health condition at diagnosis, kidney function, growth rate of cancer cells, and certain chromosome changes.
p.24
Management and Treatment Options for Bone Tumors
What is the treatment for more aggressive giant cell tumors or recurrent lesions?
Excision followed by bone grafting or prosthetic replacement.
p.42
Prognosis of Bone Cancer
How does the stage of the disease affect prognosis in multiple myeloma?
It is one of the key factors determining prognosis.
p.6
Staging Systems for Bone Tumors
What is the significance of staging in bone tumors?
It helps determine the treatment approach and prognosis.
In which age group do giant cell tumors typically occur?
Young adults, approximately 20 to 40 years.
p.19
Types of Bone Tumors: Benign vs. Malignant
What is a potential risk associated with giant cell tumors?
They have the potential to transform into an osteosarcoma.
p.7
Overview of Bone Tumors
What is an overview of bone tumors?
A general summary of the types, characteristics, and staging of bone tumors.
p.22
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What type of lesion is typically seen in giant cell tumors on X-rays?
A destructive (lytic) epiphyseal/metaphyseal lesion.
p.27
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What is a common symptom of Osteosarcoma?
Pain that may worsen at night and gradually increases in severity.
p.22
Imaging Techniques for Bone Tumors
What is the typical border appearance of giant cell tumors on X-rays?
Usually have a nonsclerotic and sharply defined border.
p.39
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
What is often elevated in multiple myeloma and indicates inflammation?
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).
p.27
Symptoms and Diagnosis of Bone Tumors
How does Osteosarcoma affect the range of motion in nearby joints?
It may cause a limited range of motion.
p.6
Overview of Bone Tumors
What is an overview of bone tumors?
A general understanding of the types, characteristics, and implications of bone tumors.
p.9
Staging Systems for Bone Tumors
What does G4 represent in histological grading?
High grade, undifferentiated.
p.9
Staging Systems for Bone Tumors
What does M1b indicate in metastasis classification?
Metastases to other distant sites, including distant lymph nodes.
p.1
Common Types of Primary Bone Cancer
What is the difference between primary and secondary bone cancer?
<p>Primary bone cancer originates from the bone, while secondary bone cancer originates from other body parts, and spreads to other organs, like lung cancer.</p>
