p.4
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
What is volume stress?
A stress that causes volume deformation on an object, defined as the ratio of the change in applied force to the surface area.
p.4
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What does the elastic modulus depend on?
The material being deformed and the nature of the deformation.
p.3
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
What is the formula for shear stress?
Shear stress = F/A (where F is the tangential force and A is the area).
p.15
Fluid Mechanics Overview
What does the notation with parentheses and slashes typically represent?
It may represent a mathematical or chemical expression.
p.12
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What is the focus of the study in fluid dynamics?
Fluids in motion, or hydrodynamics.
p.13
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What does Bernoulli's principle state about moving fluids?
Swiftly moving fluids exert less pressure than slowly moving fluids.
p.13
Applications of Fluid Mechanics
What is one application of Bernoulli's principle in everyday life?
It explains how lift is generated on an airplane wing.
p.2
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What is elastic behavior in solids?
The tendency of an object to return to its original shape and size when external forces are removed.
p.1
Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy
What does Archimedes' principle relate to?
Buoyancy and the upward force exerted on an object submerged in a fluid.
p.10
Pascal's Principle and Hydraulic Systems
What does Pascal's principle state about pressures in a hydraulic system?
The pressures exerted by the fluid are equal.
p.5
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What is Young's Modulus?
The ratio of tensile stress to tensile strain, measuring a solid's resistance to length change.
p.5
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What is the Shear Modulus?
The ratio of shear stress to shear strain, measuring resistance to motion of parallel planes within a solid.
p.6
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
Why is a negative sign inserted in the defining equation for bulk modulus?
To ensure that B is a positive number, as an increase in pressure causes a decrease in volume.
p.12
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What characterizes steady flow in fluids?
The velocity of fluid particles at any point remains constant over time.
Can absolute pressure be negative?
No, absolute pressure cannot be negative; the smallest absolute pressure is zero.
p.7
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What is Young's modulus used to determine?
The required cross-sectional area of a wire.
p.18
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
What is the average strain in a steel spike when a 30.0-kg hammer strikes it?
Calculated based on the hammer's speed and rebound speed.
How can you calculate the pressure at a depth h in a liquid?
By using the formula that incorporates the liquid's density and the depth.
p.1
Pascal's Principle and Hydraulic Systems
What is Pascal's principle?
A principle stating that pressure applied to a confined fluid is transmitted undiminished in all directions.
p.17
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What is the flow rate through a pipe of non-uniform size?
The flow rate (volume flux) is constant.
p.3
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
What happens to the volume of an object when it undergoes shear deformation?
No change in volume occurs.
p.1
Applications of Fluid Mechanics
What are some applications of fluid mechanics?
Breathing, blood flow, swimming, pumps, fans, turbines, airplanes, ships, rivers, windmills, pipes, missiles, icebergs, engines, filters, jets, and sprinklers.
p.14
Applications of Fluid Mechanics
What is a practical application of Bernoulli's equation mentioned in the text?
Water circulation in a hot water heating system.
p.17
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What does Bernoulli's equation summarize?
The sum of pressure, kinetic energy per unit volume, and gravitational potential energy per unit volume is constant along a streamline.
p.3
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
How is shear strain defined?
Shear strain = x/h (where x is the horizontal distance moved and h is the height of the object).
p.5
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What does a large Shear Modulus indicate?
The material is difficult to bend.
p.13
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
How is Bernoulli's equation related to physics?
It is a consequence of the conservation of energy.
p.13
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What does the equation of continuity imply about fluid entering and leaving a tube?
The volume of fluid entering one end equals the volume leaving the other end in the same time interval if no leaks are present.
What is the relationship between force and pressure?
Pressure is the ratio of the force acting perpendicular to a surface to the surface area (A) on which the force acts.
p.2
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
What is tensile strain?
The strain that occurs when the ends of a bar are pulled with equal and opposite forces, causing it to stretch.
p.18
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What will be the velocity and pressure in a 2.6-cm diameter pipe on the second floor if water is pumped at 0.50 m/s through a 4.0-cm diameter pipe?
Calculated using Bernoulli's equation.
p.10
Pascal's Principle and Hydraulic Systems
What is the formula used to calculate the force needed on the small piston to support a car?
F1/A1 = F2/A2, where F1 is the force on the small piston, A1 is its area, F2 is the weight of the car, and A2 is the area of the large piston.
p.10
Applications of Fluid Mechanics
What must be discussed in the group activity regarding Pascal's principle?
The conclusion about the output force and applications of Pascal's principle.
p.6
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What is the reciprocal of the bulk modulus called?
Compressibility of the material.
What is the SI unit of pressure?
N/m², called Pascal (Pa).
p.6
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
What is strain energy?
Energy stored in a stretched wire.
p.12
Types of Fluid Flow: Laminar vs. Turbulent
What factors affect laminar flow?
Density, compressibility, temperature, and viscosity of the fluid.
p.2
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
How is stress defined?
As the force per unit area causing deformation, measured in Pascals (Pa).
p.11
Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy
What factors determine whether an object floats or sinks in a fluid?
The object's density compared to the fluid's density and the buoyant force acting on it.
p.4
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
How is volume strain defined?
As the fractional change in volume, calculated as the change in volume divided by the original volume.
p.12
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What is incompressible flow?
The flow of a fluid that cannot be compressed, typical of most liquids.
p.12
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What distinguishes viscous fluids from non-viscous fluids?
Viscous fluids do not flow easily (like honey), while non-viscous fluids flow more easily (like water).
p.1
Fluid Mechanics Overview
What defines a fluid in physics?
A substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress or external force.
p.18
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
What diameter should a cable have to support a tension of 20 kN if a 1 mm diameter steel wire can support 0.2 kN?
It should have a diameter of a larger order of magnitude.
p.11
Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy
What does Archimedes' principle state?
Any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
p.4
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
What happens to stress and strain if the stress is sufficiently small?
The stress will be proportional to the strain.
p.10
Pascal's Principle and Hydraulic Systems
What is the relationship between the areas of the small and large pistons in a hydraulic lift?
The force applied to the small piston must be proportional to the area of the large piston to support the weight.
p.13
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What does the equation of continuity express?
Conservation of mass for an incompressible fluid flowing in a tube.
p.14
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What is the significance of the height change in Bernoulli's equation?
It accounts for potential energy changes in the fluid due to elevation.
p.5
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What is the Bulk Modulus?
The ratio of volume stress to volume strain, measuring resistance to changes in volume.
How does atmospheric pressure change with altitude?
It decreases with increase in altitude due to decrease in the density of the air.
p.18
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
What is the shearing force necessary to shear a steel bolt 1.00 cm in diameter?
Depends on the shear stress limit of steel.
Why is the net force on an object immersed in a liquid at rest equal to zero in the horizontal direction?
Because the forces acting on it are balanced.
What happens to the volume of a solid brass sphere when submerged in water?
The volume changes due to the increase in pressure.
p.13
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What happens to fluid velocity when the cross-sectional area of a tube decreases?
The fluid velocity increases.
p.6
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What happens when a shearing or tensile force is applied to a liquid?
The liquid simply flows in response.
What is the effect of shape on fluid pressure?
Fluid pressure does not depend on the shape of the container.
p.7
Density, Weight Density, and Specific Gravity
What is the formula for density (ρ)?
Density is the quantity of mass (m) per unit volume (V).
p.7
Density, Weight Density, and Specific Gravity
What is specific gravity (SG)?
The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard substance, usually pure water.
p.7
Density, Weight Density, and Specific Gravity
What is the specific gravity of aluminum if its density is 2,700 kg/m³?
SG = 2,700 kg/m³ / 1,000 kg/m³ = 2.7.
p.11
Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy
How can you determine the density of an unknown material using Archimedes' principle?
By comparing its weight in air and its weight when submerged in a fluid.
How does pressure in a fluid at rest vary?
It varies with depth according to the expression P = P₀ + ρgh.
p.17
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What does the equation of continuity for fluids state?
The product of the cross-sectional area A and the speed v at any point is a constant.
What is gauge pressure?
The pressure relative to atmospheric pressure, positive for pressures above and negative for pressures below atmospheric pressure.
p.2
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What happens beyond the elastic limit?
A force causes permanent and irreversible deformation called plastic deformation.
p.7
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
How can the diameter of a wire be determined?
By solving for the radius from the cross-sectional area.
p.11
Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy
Why does a rock appear to weigh less when submerged in liquid?
Because of the buoyant force acting on it.
What is the absolute pressure at an ocean depth of 1.0 x 10^3 m?
Calculated based on water density and depth.
What are the SI units of pressure?
Newton per square meter (N/m²).
p.14
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What does Bernoulli's equation relate to in fluid dynamics?
It relates pressure, velocity, and elevation in a fluid moving through a pipe.
p.1
Fluid Mechanics Overview
What is fluid mechanics concerned with?
The mechanics of fluids in motion (fluid dynamics) or at rest (fluid statics) and the forces on them.
p.12
Types of Fluid Flow: Laminar vs. Turbulent
What is streamline or laminar flow?
A type of flow where fluid layers slide smoothly past each other with constant velocity and pressure.
p.13
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What is the condition for the flow rate in a tube?
Av = constant, where A is the cross-sectional area and v is the fluid velocity.
p.18
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
What is the increase in length of a 200-kg load hung on a wire of length 4.00 m?
Depends on the wire's cross-sectional area and Young's modulus.
p.9
Pascal's Principle and Hydraulic Systems
What happens to pressure in a fluid when a force is applied to a small piston?
The pressure is transmitted throughout the fluid to a larger piston without any change.
p.2
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What are plastic materials?
Materials that do not regain their original shape and size when the deforming force is removed.
p.16
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
What is the elastic modulus?
The constant of proportionality between stress and strain.
p.16
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What assumptions can be made to understand fluid dynamics?
The fluid is non-viscous, incompressible, and in steady flow with no rotation.
p.15
Fluid Mechanics Overview
What is the format of the unknown solution presented?
It consists of a series of parentheses and slashes.
p.5
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What does Young's Modulus typically characterize?
A rod or wire stressed under tension or compression.
p.6
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
Do liquids have a shear modulus or Young's modulus?
No, because liquids do not sustain shearing or tensile stress.
p.5
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What does a large Bulk Modulus indicate?
The material does not compress easily.
p.2
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What are elastic materials?
Materials that regain their original shape and size when the deforming force is removed.
p.5
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What is the relationship between pressure and volume in the context of Bulk Modulus?
An increase in pressure causes a decrease in volume and vice versa.
p.1
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
What are the three kinds of stresses in fluid mechanics?
Tensile, shear, and volume stresses.
What is the characteristic of pressure at the same level in a fluid?
All points at the same level in a fluid have the same pressure.
What is the gauge pressure at the bottom of a 40-cm tall glass filled with water to a depth of 30 cm?
Calculated based on the water depth.
What is absolute pressure?
The total pressure, which is the sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure.
How does fluid pressure change with depth?
Fluid pressure increases with increase in the depth of the fluid.
What is gauge pressure?
The difference in pressure between a system and the surrounding atmosphere.
p.2
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What is elastic deformation?
A reversible deformation caused by a force applied within the elastic limit.
p.18
Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy
Is the buoyant force on a lead object greater than, less than, or equal to that on an iron object of the same volume?
Less than, because lead is denser than iron.
What pressure increase occurs inside an automobile engine block if the water freezes?
Depends on the bulk modulus of ice.
p.11
Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy
What is the relationship between buoyant force and displaced fluid?
The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
p.16
Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy
According to Archimedes' principle, what is the magnitude of the buoyant force?
It is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
p.12
Types of Fluid Flow: Laminar vs. Turbulent
What happens to fluid flow above a certain velocity?
The flow becomes turbulent, resulting in irregular movement and energy loss due to internal friction.
p.12
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What are the assumptions made in ideal fluid flow?
The fluid is non-viscous, steady, incompressible, and irrotational.
What is the relationship between gauge pressure and absolute pressure?
Absolute pressure is the sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure.
p.2
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
What is strain?
The measure of deformation defined as the change in configuration of a body divided by its initial configuration; it is a unitless quantity.
p.16
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
What does stress measure in a material?
The force producing a deformation.
p.1
Fluid Dynamics and Bernoulli's Equation
What is the equation of continuity in fluid mechanics?
It states that the mass flow rate of a fluid must remain constant from one cross-section of a pipe to another.
p.16
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
What is strain a measure of?
The degree of deformation.
p.11
Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy
What creates the net force on an object submerged in a fluid?
The difference in pressure between the top and bottom of the object due to fluid depth.
p.1
Elastic and Plastic Material Properties
What is the difference between elastic and plastic materials?
Elastic materials return to their original shape after deformation, while plastic materials do not.
p.8
Density, Weight Density, and Specific Gravity
What happens to the density of a liquid with increasing depth?
The density of a liquid will increase slightly with increasing depth, but this variation is usually negligible.
p.16
Stress, Strain, and Elastic Moduli
What are the three common types of deformation?
Young's modulus (elongation), shear modulus (internal sliding), and bulk modulus (volume change).
How is pressure defined in a fluid?
The force per unit area exerted by the fluid on a surface.
p.16
Pascal's Principle and Hydraulic Systems
What does Pascal's law state?
Pressure applied to an enclosed fluid is transmitted undiminished to every point in the fluid and the walls of the container.
p.16
Archimedes' Principle and Buoyancy
What is the buoyant force?
The upward force exerted by a fluid on a submerged object.
