The nucleus is a membrane-bound structure found only in eukaryotic cells. It acts as the control center of the cell, storing DNA or genetic material needed for cell division, metabolism, and growth.
The central vacuole is a large vacuole in plant cells that stores liquid, ions, and other substances. It sustains turgor pressure against the cell wall and contains cell sap, a combination of salts, enzymes, and other substances.
Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles that produce chemical energy stored in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by dissolving sugar and carbohydrate molecules, earning them the nickname 'Powerhouse of the Cell.'
Chloroplasts are organelles that contain chlorophyll, a green pigment necessary for photosynthesis. They capture light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into glucose.
Phloem cells are transport cells in vascular plants that move the food prepared by the leaves to other plant components.
Ribosomes are the smallest membrane-bound organelles and the sites for protein synthesis. They read the mRNA sequence and convert the genetic code into a specific string of amino acids to create proteins.
Leucoplasts are colorless plastids that lack photosynthetic pigments and are often present in non-photosynthetic tissues like seeds and roots. They store vital substances like protein, lipids, and carbohydrates.
Xylem cells are transport cells in vascular plants that move minerals and water from the roots to the leaves and other regions.
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and are known as 'suicidal bags.' They break down stale food, foreign objects, and worn-out organelles inside the cell. In plants, vacuoles perform the lysosomes' function.
The cell membrane is a semi-permeable membrane found within the cell wall that controls how certain molecules enter and leave the cell. It is made up of a thin layer of protein and complex lipids.
Collenchyma cells are tough or inflexible cells that provide support to the plants. They lack a hardening agent in their primary walls, which constrains plant growth.
The cell wall is a hard layer present on the outside of the plant cell which gives it strength and maintains high stability. It is made up of polysaccharides cellulose, pectin, and hemicellulose, and it supports and protects the cell.
Chromoplasts are colored plastids that produce and store pigments, giving ripe fruits and flowers their red, orange, and yellow colors. They attract insects and animals for seed dispersal.
The Golgi apparatus is responsible for modifying, packaging, and distributing synthesized macromolecules like proteins and lipids to different cell regions.
Plastids are membrane-bound organelles with their own DNA, necessary for storing starch and carrying out photosynthesis. Types include chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and leucoplasts.
Parenchyma cells are live cells that play a role in the development of leaves, cell metabolism, food generation, storage of organic materials, and gas exchange. They are usually more flexible due to their thinner walls.
Sclerenchyma cells are rigid cells due to the presence of a hardening chemical. They are typically found in all plant roots and mainly serve to support the plants.
