What do the mid-clavicular planes run through?
The midpoint of the clavicles.
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Bony Landmarks of the Abdomen
What is the costal margin and its vertebral levels?
The costal margin is located between T9 and L3.
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Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen
What is the origin of the Iliotibial tract/band (ITB)?
It originates from the iliac tubercle.
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Bony Landmarks of the Abdomen
What forms the costovertebral angle?
The costovertebral angle is formed by the 12th ribs and the vertebral column.
What is the supracristal plane (L4)?
A plane that lies on the highest point of the iliac crest, marking the bifurcation of the aorta and serving as a surface marker for lumbar puncture.
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Regions of the Abdomen
What organs are found in the Umbilical region?
Umbilicus, parts of small intestine, duodenum.
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Common Abdominal Conditions
What condition is associated with the Iliotibial tract in long-distance runners?
ITB syndrome, which causes lateral knee pain.
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Common Abdominal Conditions
What conditions can occur in the Left Flank region?
Obstruction of ureter, pyelonephritis, early appendicitis, lymphomas.
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Bony Landmarks of the Abdomen
Where is the iliac tubercle located?
The iliac tubercle is located 2 inches behind the ASIS on the outer aspect of the iliac crest.
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Bony Landmarks of the Abdomen
What is the significance of the sacrum in abdominal anatomy?
The sacrum is a key bony landmark in the posterior aspect of the abdomen.
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Bony Landmarks of the Abdomen
What is the location of the xiphoid process?
The xiphoid process is located at T9.
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Regions of the Abdomen
What organs are found in the Pubic region?
Bladder, sigmoid colon, female reproductive organs.
What is the subcostal plane (L3)?
A plane formed by joining the lowest points of the 10th ribs, passing through the origin of IMA and the 3rd part of the duodenum.
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Bony Landmarks of the Abdomen
Which vertebral levels correspond to the scapula?
The scapula corresponds to T2 to T7~T9.
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Bony Landmarks of the Abdomen
At which vertebral level is the spine of the scapula found?
The spine of the scapula is found at T3.
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Common Abdominal Conditions
What conditions are associated with the Left Groin region?
Appendicitis, cecum obstruction, ovarian cyst, ectopic pregnancy, hernias.
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Costovertebral Angle Tenderness
What does costovertebral angle tenderness indicate?
Possible inflammation of the kidney (pyelonephritis).
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Abdominal Examination Techniques
What are the four main steps of abdominal examination?
Inspection, Palpation, Percussion, Auscultation.
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Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen
What is the linea alba?
A midline tendinous line from the xiphisternum to the pubic symphysis where the aponeuroses of the abdominal muscles meet.
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Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen
What are tendinous intersections?
They are features of the rectus abdominis muscle.
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Regions of the Abdomen
What organs are located in the Right Hypochondrium region?
Liver, gallbladder, right kidney, small intestine.
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Regions of the Abdomen
What organs are located in the Left Hypochondrium region?
Spleen, colon, left kidney, pancreas.
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Bony Landmarks of the Abdomen
What are the locations of the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)?
The ASIS is located anteriorly, while the PSIS is located posteriorly.
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Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen
What does the linea semilunaris mark?
The lateral limit of the rectus abdominis from the 9th costal cartilage to the pubic tubercle.
What anatomical structures does the transpyloric plane (L1) pass through?
Pylorus of the stomach, neck of the pancreas, midpoint of the jugular notch and pubic symphysis, end of 9th costal cartilage, hila of kidneys, beginning and upper limit of the duodenum, and origin of SMA.
What does the trans-umbilical plane (L3-L4) run through?
The umbilicus horizontally.
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Quadrants of the Abdomen
What are the four quadrants of the abdomen?
Right upper quadrant, left upper quadrant, right lower quadrant, left lower quadrant.
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Abdominal Examination Techniques
What are the practical exposure guidelines for abdominal examination?
Below chest to below pubic crest.
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Common Abdominal Conditions
What are the two main types of abdominal injuries?
Blunt trauma and penetrating trauma.
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Bony Landmarks of the Abdomen
What is the location of the pubic tubercle?
The pubic tubercle is located at the ASIS.
What is the median sagittal plane?
A vertical plane that runs through the midline of the abdomen.
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Regions of the Abdomen
Which organs are found in the Epigastric region?
Stomach, liver, pancreas, duodenum, spleen, adrenal glands.
What is the intertubercular plane (L5)?
A plane formed by joining the bilateral iliac tubercles.
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Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen
What anatomical feature does the umbilicus indicate?
Where the abdominal aorta bifurcates.
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Surface Anatomy of the Abdomen
Where does the inguinal ligament extend from?
From the ASIS to the pubic tubercle.
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Bony Landmarks of the Abdomen
What is the iliac crest and its vertebral levels?
The iliac crest is located between L3 and L4.
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Bony Landmarks of the Abdomen
What is the pubic crest?
The pubic crest is a bony landmark in the lower abdomen.
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Costovertebral Angle Tenderness
What is another name for costovertebral angle tenderness?
Positive Murphy’s punch sign.
