p.37
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What are the two main factors for maintaining successful weight loss?
Voluntary exercise and low energy density/low-fat diets.
p.14
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the association of VLDL with heart disease?
General association with obesity, low HDL, and heart disease.
p.45
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
Is it common for people to be 'fat' and 'fit'?
It's possible but unusual.
p.76
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
How does subcutaneous fat compare to visceral fat in terms of health risk?
Subcutaneous fat and small fat cells pose a lesser risk than visceral fat and large fat cells.
What are lipids?
Lipids are a group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents, including fats and oils.
p.61
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Why are univariate estimates of risk for individual factors confounded?
Because multiple risk factors often occur together biologically.
p.70
Types of Dietary Fats
What is the tendency of big fat cells and visceral fat cells regarding fatty acids?
They release more fatty acids into the bloodstream and are more lipolytic.
p.82
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What is the purpose of the updated Nutrition Facts label?
To provide clearer information about the nutritional content of food products.
p.55
Impact of Body Composition on Health
How does REE relate to Fat Free Mass?
REE shows relative constancy across different levels of Fat Free Mass.
p.95
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What additional information might participants want on nutrition labels?
Other nutritional statistics that are not currently listed.
p.49
Impact of Body Composition on Health
How does body fatness affect health outcomes in men?
Excess body fat can lead to various health issues, increasing the risk of mortality.
p.1
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
What is the relationship between dietary fats and blood lipids?
Different types of dietary fats can raise or lower blood lipid levels, affecting overall health.
p.56
Impact of Body Composition on Health
Who are some of the authors of the study on total body skeletal muscle mass?
Richard V. Clark, Ann C. Walker, Robin L. O’Connor-Semmes, among others.
p.80
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What organization regulates food packaging labels?
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
p.83
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What information is provided about servings on a nutrition label?
Servings and number of servings per container.
p.83
Understanding Nutrition Labels
How are nutrient quantities expressed on a nutrition label?
In actual amounts and as % Daily Values based on a 2000 calorie diet.
p.22
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Are there sensitive individuals to CHO-Induced HPTG?
Yes, there are sensitive individuals.
p.14
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What does a high level of HDL indicate regarding heart disease?
It has an inverse relation to heart disease, meaning high levels are good.
p.18
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
What is a key consequence of carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia?
Elevated triglyceride levels in the blood.
p.83
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What does the % Daily Value represent on a nutrition label?
The percentage of nutrients based on a 2000 calorie diet.
p.93
Understanding Nutrition Labels
Which franchises are required to display calorie information?
Franchises with 20 or more stores nationwide.
p.50
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is defined as 'unfit' in the context of cardiorespiratory fitness?
The lowest 20% in each age group.
p.51
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the relationship between lean unfit men and CVD mortality?
Lean unfit men have higher CVD mortality than obese fit men.
p.87
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
How can activity affect sodium needs?
Activity can increase sodium needs.
p.95
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What is the purpose of comparing nutrition information in this activity?
To determine which food is more nutrient dense and which is more energy dense.
p.29
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What would happen if you ate a cup of ice cream (500 Kcal) every midnight for 10 years?
You would likely gain almost a pound (~3,500 Kcal) of fat every week.
p.73
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Who defined insulin resistance?
Berson and Yallow in 1970.
p.56
Impact of Body Composition on Health
What method is used to estimate total body skeletal muscle mass in humans?
Creatine (methyl-d3) dilution.
p.56
Impact of Body Composition on Health
In which journal was the study on total body skeletal muscle mass published?
Journal of Applied Physiology.
p.30
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is adaptive energy expenditure (EE)?
The variation in calories burned each day in response to increased or decreased energy intake.
p.84
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What information does the serving size on a food label provide?
The size of a single serving and how many servings are in a package.
p.50
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Who has higher cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality: lean unfit men or obese fit men?
Lean unfit men have higher CVD mortality than obese fit men.
p.58
Impact of Body Composition on Health
Are all types of body fat the same?
No, different types of body fat have different effects on health.
p.90
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What does the % DV section on nutrition labels indicate?
The percent of each nutrient in a single serving in terms of the daily recommended amount.
p.68
Types of Dietary Fats
What is lipoatrophy?
The absence of subcutaneous body fat.
p.68
Types of Dietary Fats
What are glitazones?
Drug therapies that increase subcutaneous fat.
p.70
Types of Dietary Fats
What is lipoatrophy?
The absence of subcutaneous body fat.
p.82
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What significant change has been made regarding serving sizes on the Nutrition Facts label?
Serving sizes are now more realistic and reflect how much people actually eat.
p.93
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What can you use to make an informed decision on your menu choice?
The calories displayed next to a menu item.
p.92
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What is a common issue with seemingly healthy foods like yogurt or oatmeal?
They may be full of added sugar.
p.92
Understanding Nutrition Labels
Why is it important to check nutrition labels?
To identify added sugars and fiber content in foods.
p.58
Impact of Body Composition on Health
What is the significance of understanding body fat types?
It helps in addressing obesity-related health issues effectively.
p.18
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
How can CHO-induced HPTG affect health?
It can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
p.49
Impact of Body Composition on Health
What is the relationship between body fatness and mortality in men?
Higher body fatness is correlated with increased mortality rates in men.
p.36
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is suggested by the phrase 'fat stores are harsh masters with a long memory'?
That a high weight can be defended for many years.
p.37
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What type of diet is associated with successful long-term weight loss?
Low energy density and low-fat diets.
p.22
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What factors increase sensitivity in individuals?
Obesity, insulin resistance/glucose intolerance, baseline increased fasting triglycerides, and post-menopausal state in women.
p.88
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What is the recommended limit for added sugars in a diet?
Should be limited to 10% of calories per day.
p.87
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
From what sources can cholesterol be found?
Cholesterol is only found in animal sources.
p.18
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
What does CHO-induced HPTG stand for?
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia.
p.61
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is commonly observed in individuals who develop cardiovascular disease (CVD)?
Modest increases in several risk factors rather than marked elevations in a single risk factor.
p.1
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What role do blood lipoproteins play in the body?
Blood lipoproteins transport lipids through the bloodstream and are crucial for lipid metabolism.
p.18
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
What dietary changes can help manage CHO-induced HPTG?
Reducing carbohydrate intake and increasing fiber consumption.
p.29
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the effect of reducing food intake by 500 Kcal/day for 10 years?
You would likely lose almost a pound a week indefinitely.
p.81
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What key changes were made in the New Nutrition Facts Panel?
Changes include updated serving sizes, added sugars, and clearer calorie counts.
p.83
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What calorie information is included on a nutrition label?
Calorie information and quantities of nutrients per serving.
p.63
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is a syndrome?
A complex of concurrent things.
p.94
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What type of foods are considered the healthiest according to the statement?
Foods that don’t have labels or nutrition facts panels.
p.89
Understanding Nutrition Labels
Is there a %DV listed for protein on nutrition labels?
No, there is no %DV next to protein.
p.51
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the surprising conclusion about fitness and body composition?
Being lean but unfit can be more dangerous than being obese but fit.
p.78
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What information can be found on food labels?
Nutritional information, ingredients, serving size, and expiration date.
p.95
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What should you look for on the nutrition label during the activity?
Nutrient density and energy density of the packaged foods.
p.68
Types of Dietary Fats
What is 'metastatic fat syndrome'?
The consequences of fat accumulation in non-adipose tissues like the liver, muscle, and pancreas.
p.30
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What does the Overfeeding and Underfeeding Study by Leibel et al. focus on?
The relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure.
p.27
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
How does voluntary exercise contribute to weight loss maintenance?
It helps to increase energy expenditure and maintain muscle mass, which is crucial for long-term weight management.
p.23
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
What can happen when people increase carbohydrate intake?
They may experience hypertriglyceridemia (HPTG) and low HDL levels.
p.54
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What happens to calorie expenditure when body composition changes to more muscle and less fat?
You burn more calories even while resting.
p.40
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What does it mean to be thin but 'unfit'?
It refers to individuals who may have a low body weight but lack cardiovascular fitness or strength.
p.52
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What is the relationship between fitness and health outcomes?
Fitness is related to better health outcomes.
p.52
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
How does the fitness/fatness debate affect public health approaches to obesity?
It changes the approach by emphasizing fitness over weight alone.
p.88
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What should you notice about carbohydrate components in a product?
The types of carbohydrates included.
p.50
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Which group has higher all-cause mortality: lean unfit men or obese fit men?
Lean unfit men have higher all-cause mortality than obese fit men.
p.73
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is insulin resistance?
A state where greater-than-normal amounts of insulin are required to elicit a quantitatively normal response.
p.68
Types of Dietary Fats
What is the tendency of big fat cells and visceral fat cells regarding fatty acids?
They release more fatty acids into the bloodstream and are more lipolytic.
p.29
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the caloric equivalent of gaining almost a pound of fat?
Approximately 3,500 Kcal.
p.95
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What might surprise participants when reviewing nutrition labels?
Unexpected nutritional statistics or ingredients listed.
p.78
Understanding Nutrition Labels
How can food packaging influence consumer behavior?
Attractive packaging can draw attention and influence purchasing decisions.
p.70
Types of Dietary Fats
What are glitazones?
Drug therapies that increase subcutaneous fat.
p.49
Impact of Body Composition on Health
Is the correlation between body fatness and mortality the same for all men?
No, it can vary based on individual health conditions and lifestyle choices.
p.40
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
Can a person be 'fat' and 'fit'? How?
Yes, through regular aerobic exercise and maintaining cardiovascular health.
p.52
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What is the definition of 'fitness'?
The capacity to do aerobic work.
p.84
Understanding Nutrition Labels
How can you determine the quantity in the entire food package using the serving size?
By multiplying the serving size by the number of servings in the package.
p.92
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What misconception might consumers have about multi-grain bread?
It is marketed as healthier but may not contain any fiber.
p.87
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
What is the recommended daily sodium intake for most Americans?
Less than 2300 mg per day.
p.14
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
How does high triglyceride (TG) levels affect HDL?
High TG causes low HDL due to the exchange of free cholesterol from HDL to VLDL.
p.78
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What role do food labels play in consumer health?
They provide essential information that helps consumers make healthier choices.
p.57
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the primary focus of the NST 10 lecture by Marc K. Hellerstein?
The epidemic of obesity and its health consequences.
p.81
Understanding Nutrition Labels
Why are serving sizes important in the New Nutrition Facts Panel?
They help consumers understand the amount of nutrients they are consuming based on typical portions.
p.83
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What nutrients provide energy?
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
p.22
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
What is CHO-Induced HPTG?
Carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia.
p.58
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What are the consequences of overweight and obesity?
They include synergistic effects of multiple risk factors, known as 'Metabolic Syndrome'.
p.14
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the relationship between LDL-C and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease?
Strong association; every 1% increase in LDL-C results in a 2% increase in heart attacks.
p.18
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
What is the primary cause of CHO-induced HPTG?
Excessive carbohydrate intake.
p.78
Understanding Nutrition Labels
Why is it important to read food labels?
To make informed dietary choices and understand nutritional content.
p.55
Impact of Body Composition on Health
What does REE represent?
Resting Energy Expenditure.
p.37
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
Is marathon running necessary for successful weight loss maintenance?
No, the exercise is doable and not limited to marathon running.
p.49
Impact of Body Composition on Health
What factors may influence the correlation between body fatness and mortality?
Factors such as age, lifestyle, and overall health can influence this correlation.
p.86
Types of Dietary Fats
What types of fats should be limited in intake?
Saturated and trans fats.
p.86
Types of Dietary Fats
Why are saturated and trans fats listed as important to limit?
Because Americans tend to overconsume them.
p.23
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
Why is carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia (HPTG) frustrating for the public?
It is confusing due to the common belief that avoiding fats is sufficient for managing blood lipids.
p.23
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
What is the public's common question regarding diet?
What are we supposed to eat?
p.40
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
Why is it important to care about fitness?
Fitness is crucial for overall health, reducing the risk of chronic diseases, and improving quality of life.
p.89
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What factors influence individual protein requirements?
Body size, activity level, goals, and health.
p.88
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What does 'total sugars' include?
Natural sources of sugars.
p.87
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
What is the impact of dietary cholesterol on blood cholesterol levels?
Dietary cholesterol has a relatively small impact on cholesterol levels in our blood.
p.76
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Which type of fat poses a greater risk for metabolic and cardiovascular disease?
Visceral fat and large fat cells.
p.73
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What did Berson and Yallow discover in early type 2 diabetics?
High blood insulin levels alongside high blood glucose.
p.36
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
How does the human body respond when we lose weight?
By reducing calories burned and increasing appetite.
p.36
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What does the body do to defend against weight loss?
It actively works against us by reducing energy expenditure and increasing appetite.
p.81
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What is the purpose of the New Nutrition Facts Panel?
To provide updated information on the nutritional content of food products.
p.61
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is well established regarding multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
Synergistic risk from multiple factors occurring together.
p.27
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What is the dynamic nature of energy balance?
It refers to the adaptive changes in metabolism and energy expenditure that occur with weight loss.
p.46
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What does a significant p-value (p < 0.002) indicate in this study?
The results are significantly different from the low CRF group.
p.40
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
How many people are considered 'fat' and 'fit'?
The exact number varies, but many individuals can be fit despite higher body fat percentages.
p.52
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
Can a person be 'fat' and 'fit'? Give an example.
Yes, for example, sumo wrestlers.
p.62
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What does Insulin Resistance Syndrome refer to?
A condition associated with Metabolic Syndrome.
p.60
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
What metabolic condition is linked to obesity and can lead to heart disease?
Diabetes, including glucose intolerance and impaired fasting glucose.
p.83
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What micronutrient information is provided on a nutrition label?
Actual quantities and % Daily Values of micronutrients based on a 2000 calorie diet.
p.88
Understanding Nutrition Labels
Why is dietary fiber considered important?
It is an important nutrient for healthy Americans.
p.76
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What complicates the relationship between body composition and health risk?
Factors such as cardiorespiratory fitness, body fat distribution, and insulin resistance.
p.78
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What is the primary purpose of food packaging?
To protect food from contamination and extend its shelf life.
p.37
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What is the definition of successful long-term weight loss?
Losing more than 30 pounds for over 5 years.
p.37
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What is the recommended amount of voluntary exercise for successful weight loss maintenance?
Approximately 3,000 KCal per week.
p.1
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
How can diet affect cardiovascular disease?
Diet can influence cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and overall heart health, impacting the risk of cardiovascular disease.
p.36
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Why do most diets fail to keep weight off?
Because the body actively works against weight loss efforts.
What are examples of saturated fats?
Animal fats and milk products.
p.81
Understanding Nutrition Labels
How does the New Nutrition Facts Panel help consumers make healthier choices?
By providing clearer and more relevant nutritional information.
p.47
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What are the key factors studied in relation to mortality in men?
Cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition, and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality.
p.25
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
What type of carbohydrates have little to no effect on triglycerides (TG) or HDL?
Mostly complex carbohydrates, not simple sugars, especially fructose.
p.25
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
Why is carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia (HPTG) frustrating for the public?
Because it is confusing and counterintuitive to the advice of avoiding fats.
p.21
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
What role does fiber or whole food intake play in triglyceride levels?
It results in a reduced effect on triglycerides.
p.43
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Can a person be thin but 'unfit'?
Yes, thin individuals can also be unfit.
p.43
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Why is fitness important?
It impacts overall health and well-being.
p.55
Impact of Body Composition on Health
Why is understanding the relationship between LBM and REE important?
It helps in assessing metabolic health and energy needs.
p.40
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What is the definition of 'fitness'?
The capacity to do aerobic work.
p.7
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the primary function of VLDL?
Transport of lipids, especially triglycerides, from the liver to tissues.
p.7
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the role of HDL in the body?
Reverse transport of cholesterol from tissues to the liver.
p.8
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the primary function of lipoproteins?
To transport lipids through lymph and blood.
p.79
Understanding Nutrition Labels
When is Exam 1 scheduled?
Monday, September 30th from 7:10 - 8pm.
p.72
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is a potential issue with adipose fat storage capacity in humans?
Humans may not be efficient at making new fat cells.
p.17
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What two conditions are associated with metabolic syndrome?
Dyslipidemia and hypertension.
p.11
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the main function of VLDL?
To deliver triglycerides to adipose and other tissues.
p.10
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the density and size of chylomicrons compared to other lipoproteins?
They are the largest and least dense lipoproteins.
p.9
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What are the main characteristics that differentiate lipoproteins?
Size, density, lipid content, protein content, and function.
p.15
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
What effect do saturated fats have on blood lipoproteins?
They raise LDL cholesterol and VLDL triglyceride.
p.35
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What characteristics do individuals with long-term weight loss maintenance typically have?
They exhibit specific behaviors and strategies that support sustained weight loss.
p.15
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
How do trans-fatty acids influence LDL cholesterol?
They worsen LDL cholesterol.
p.9
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
Which lipoprotein has the highest percentage of protein?
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein).
p.9
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What are the main components of lipoproteins?
Triacylglycerol (TAG), cholesterol, and apolipoproteins.
p.13
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the size and density characteristic of HDL?
It is the smallest and most dense of lipoproteins.
p.67
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
How does insulin affect ovarian hormone production in PCOS?
It stimulates ovarian hormone production, disturbing normal periods.
What are dietary lipids?
Fats and oils consumed through food.
p.41
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
How does lung function affect cardiorespiratory fitness?
It is important for the oxygenation of blood.
p.2
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What are modifying factors in lipid metabolism?
Factors such as genetics, physical activity, and diet that can influence lipid levels.
p.68
Types of Dietary Fats
What is the real problem with body fat?
When fat spills into non-adipose tissues, rather than just being stored under the skin.
p.70
Types of Dietary Fats
What is 'metastatic fat syndrome'?
The consequences of fat accumulation in non-adipose tissues like the liver, muscle, and pancreas.
p.57
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What are some factors discussed in relation to obesity?
Confounding factors that contribute to the epidemic.
p.57
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Which universities is Marc K. Hellerstein associated with?
University of California Berkeley and University of California at San Francisco.
p.86
Types of Dietary Fats
What is the recommended approach to fat intake?
Limit saturated and trans fats while consuming good fats.
p.44
Impact of Body Composition on Health
What was the focus of the study by Farrell et al. regarding women?
Percentage of women with moderate or high cardiorespiratory fitness by body mass index.
p.8
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What are lipoproteins composed of?
Lipid plus protein, including cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, fat-soluble vitamins, and proteins (apolipoproteins).
p.25
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
What factors can mitigate the effects of carbohydrates on triglycerides and HDL?
Weight loss, exercise, replacing fat with protein, and including fiber.
p.8
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What role do apolipoproteins play in lipoproteins?
They interact with enzymes or receptors in tissues, allowing tissue recognition of specific lipoproteins.
p.21
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
How does changing the ratio of complex to simple sugars affect triglycerides?
Even a change from 60/40% to 40/60% can alter triglyceride levels.
p.72
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What occurs when fat spills into the rest of the body?
It can lead to health problems.
p.26
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
What is the relationship between carbohydrate intake and heart disease in dietary interventions?
Low fat/high carbohydrate diets are associated with less heart disease.
p.35
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What are some alternatives to gaining weight for achieving energy balance?
Both healthy and unhealthy options exist.
p.74
Functions of Lipids in the Body
What role does insulin play in protein metabolism?
Insulin increases protein synthesis and reduces protein breakdown.
p.35
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What does the Dynamic Energy Balance Equation imply?
It highlights the complexities of energy intake and expenditure in weight management.
p.6
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
How does higher cholesterol intake affect synthesis by tissues?
It partially suppresses synthesis, especially in the liver.
p.3
Functions of Lipids in the Body
Name a type of steroid hormone derived from lipids.
Estrogens, testosterone, cortisol, or aldosterone.
p.77
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Which demographics have seen a radical transformation in obesity prevalence over the past 30 years?
The poor, minorities, less developed countries, and youth.
p.59
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What type of liver disease is associated with obesity?
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).
p.39
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What is 'fitness'?
Fitness refers to the overall physical health and ability to perform physical activities.
p.38
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
Why is voluntary activity important in maintaining long-term weight loss?
It helps in stabilizing weight loss and improving fitness.
p.12
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What can high levels of VLDL lead to?
High levels of LDL cholesterol.
p.2
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What is a common question regarding dietary recommendations?
What are we supposed to eat?
p.28
Energy Balance and Obesity
What is often stated as the cause of obesity?
A state of energy imbalance (intake > expenditure).
p.46
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What factors were adjusted for in the RR analysis of all-cause mortality?
Age, smoking, and baseline health status.
p.23
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
What is commonly advised regarding fat intake for blood lipids?
People are told to avoid fat intake to manage LDL cholesterol.
p.54
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
How does exercise affect calorie burning?
It burns calories during activity and increases muscle mass, leading to higher calorie burn at rest.
p.28
Energy Balance and Obesity
What does the stability of weight suggest about energy balance?
It indicates a finely balanced energy intake and expenditure.
p.53
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Why might fitness be important for overall health?
It can significantly alter risk factors for various diseases.
p.62
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the 'Deadly Quartet' in relation to Metabolic Syndrome?
A term used to describe the combination of obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance.
p.62
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What does Familial Dyslipidemic Hypertension indicate?
A genetic predisposition to high cholesterol and blood pressure, related to Metabolic Syndrome.
p.60
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
How does cigarette smoking relate to heart disease?
It is a risk factor associated with obesity and cardiovascular disease.
p.42
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
Can a person be 'fat' and 'fit'? Give an example.
Yes, for example, sumo wrestlers.
p.24
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
Why is nuance important in dietary recommendations to the public?
Because different diets can have varying effects on cholesterol levels and heart disease risk.
p.42
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
Can a person be thin but 'unfit'?
Yes, thin individuals can also be unfit.
p.19
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
Is there a threshold for carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia?
The text suggests there may be a threshold, but it is not clearly defined.
p.10
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
How do chylomicrons enter the bloodstream?
They enter the lymph and then the blood.
p.16
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the Multiple Risk Factor Syndrome?
A condition where multiple risk factors contribute to cardiovascular disease.
p.13
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the primary function of HDL?
Reverse cholesterol transport, removing cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues and delivering it to the liver.
p.20
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
What is the effect of exercise on triglyceride levels?
Modest increase in TG only.
p.91
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What are major sources of empty calories?
Added sugars and processed foods.
p.20
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
What happens to triglyceride levels when fat is replaced with protein?
Results in a modest increase in TG.
p.13
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What are the two fates of cholesterol after HDL endocytosis?
Used for hormone biosynthesis or catabolized into bile acids in the liver.
p.13
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the composition of HDL in terms of cholesterol and TAG?
High percentage of cholesterol relative to TAG.
p.38
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What is the effect of exercising 400 Kcal/day on weight loss?
Can keep losing weight on 1900 Kcal/day or stabilize weight loss.
p.59
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Which type of cancer is linked to obesity?
Colon, prostate, and breast cancers.
p.39
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
Can one person be 'fat' and 'fit'? How?
Yes, a person can be 'fat' and 'fit' if they engage in regular physical activity and maintain good cardiovascular health despite having a higher body fat percentage.
How do dietary fat types differ in developing countries?
They typically represent a small percentage of dietary energy.
p.57
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Who is the professor delivering the lecture on obesity?
Marc K. Hellerstein, M.D., Ph.D.
p.30
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What happens to calorie burning when energy intake increases?
Calorie burning increases.
p.53
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
How can fitness affect disease risk factors?
Fitness may alter risk factors such as blood lipids, blood pressure, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia.
What are essential fatty acids?
Fatty acids that the body cannot produce, such as linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic.
p.79
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What skill will students practice related to food labels?
Calculating energy and nutrient intake.
p.79
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What is the goal of learning about nutrition labels?
To make healthier dietary choices.
p.7
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What do chylomicra transport?
Fats and vitamins from the diet to tissues.
p.72
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What happens to the size of fat cells when glitazones are used?
The size of existing fat cells reduces while the number of fat cells increases.
p.8
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
How do apolipoproteins determine the function of lipoproteins?
By interacting with enzymes or receptors in tissues.
p.8
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the structure of apolipoproteins?
The outer surface is hydrophilic, while the inner core contains hydrophobic lipids.
p.11
Types of Dietary Fats
What is the primary component of VLDL?
Mostly triglycerides (TG) with some cholesterol.
p.71
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
How has the understanding of body fat and metabolic disease changed?
The realization that loss of subcutaneous fat can lead to metabolic syndrome challenges previous beliefs about body fat's protective role.
p.66
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What conditions are associated with metabolic syndrome?
Dyslipidemia and hypertension.
p.74
Functions of Lipids in the Body
How does insulin influence fat storage?
Insulin increases fat storage and reduces fat breakdown.
p.9
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the characteristic of HDL in terms of size and density?
Smallest size and most dense.
p.20
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
What is the relationship between high sugar intake and triglyceride levels?
High sugar intake is more likely to result in high TG.
p.20
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
Is carbohydrate-induced HPTG transient or avoidable?
The text suggests it may be transient but does not clarify if it is avoidable.
p.67
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What hormonal disorder is linked to insulin's effect on ovarian hormone production?
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS).
p.12
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the cholesterol to TAG ratio in LDL?
High ratio of cholesterol relative to TAG.
p.2
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
How does saturated fat affect LDL cholesterol levels?
Increased saturated fat intake can raise LDL cholesterol levels.
p.82
Understanding Nutrition Labels
How has the daily value percentage for certain nutrients changed on the Nutrition Facts label?
The daily values for some nutrients have been updated based on newer scientific evidence.
p.82
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What is the significance of the larger font for calorie counts on the updated label?
It makes it easier for consumers to notice and understand calorie content.
p.7
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
Why are fats not soluble in water?
They need to be packaged in lipoproteins to be carried in the blood.
p.7
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What are the main categories of lipoproteins based on density?
Chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL.
p.79
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What will students learn about in Lecture 2?
Food packaging and components of a food label.
p.25
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
What can happen if people increase carbohydrate intake while avoiding fats?
They may experience hypertriglyceridemia (HPTG) and low HDL levels.
p.44
Impact of Body Composition on Health
What is the relationship between BMI and cardiorespiratory fitness in women according to the study?
The study analyzes the percentage of women with varying levels of CRF across different BMIs.
p.72
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
How do glitazones affect adipose precursor cells?
They stimulate these cells to divide and differentiate into mature adipose cells.
p.21
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
What happens to triglycerides (TG) if sugars exceed 50% of dietary carbohydrates (CHO)?
There is a greater effect on triglycerides.
p.19
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
What is a common effect of high carbohydrate (CHO) diets?
They can lead to increased triglyceride (TG) levels in the blood.
p.19
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
What happens when there is a small change in carbohydrate content in the diet?
Even small changes can affect triglyceride levels, showing a dose-dependent effect.
p.72
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the uncertain mechanism of action for glitazones?
While they increase subcutaneous fat, the exact mechanism for their benefits is unclear.
p.10
Types of Dietary Fats
Where are chylomicrons made?
In enterocytes (small intestine absorptive cells).
p.43
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
How does the fitness and fatness debate affect public health approaches to obesity?
It may change the focus from weight alone to overall fitness.
p.74
Functions of Lipids in the Body
What is the primary function of insulin in the body?
Insulin acts as an anabolic hormone, promoting storage of glucose, fat, and protein.
p.6
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
What percentage of cholesterol in a typical Western diet comes from diet and synthesis?
Roughly 50% from each source.
p.13
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What happens to HDL upon receptor binding?
It undergoes endocytosis, being engulfed into the cell.
p.6
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
What effect does higher cholesterol intake have on intestinal absorption?
It reduces absorption efficiency.
p.6
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
Why is cholesterol widely discussed in relation to heart disease?
It is the most widely discussed lipid concerning risk for heart disease.
p.77
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the relationship between obesity and cardiovascular disease?
Obesity is associated with multiple risk factors for cardiovascular disease, known as Metabolic Syndrome.
p.59
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What reproductive dysfunction is linked to obesity?
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).
p.2
Functions of Lipids in the Body
What are the primary functions of lipids in the body?
Energy storage, insulation, and cellular structure.
p.2
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What role do blood lipoproteins play?
They transport lipids through the bloodstream.
p.41
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What is the significance of energy storage and mobilization capacity in cardiorespiratory fitness?
It supports sustained aerobic activity.
p.70
Types of Dietary Fats
What is the real problem with body fat according to the text?
When fat spills into non-adipose tissues, rather than just being stored under the skin.
p.27
Impact of Body Composition on Health
What is the significance of muscle mass as a biomarker?
Muscle mass is an important indicator of metabolic health and can influence weight management and overall fitness.
p.44
Impact of Body Composition on Health
What does CRF stand for in the context of fitness?
Cardiorespiratory Fitness.
p.85
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What should you check regarding calories when consuming food?
Total calories per serving.
p.85
Understanding Nutrition Labels
How should you adjust your calorie intake?
Think about how many servings you are consuming and adjust accordingly.
p.62
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is meant by Multiple Risk Factor Syndrome?
A term that encompasses various risk factors associated with Metabolic Syndrome.
p.43
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Is it common for people to be 'fat' and 'fit'?
It is possible but unusual based on data.
p.71
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
How does lipodystrophy relate to anti-HIV medicines?
Loss of subcutaneous fat due to antiretroviral medications leads to adverse metabolic consequences.
p.26
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
What type of diet is the Pritikin diet classified as?
A low fat/high carbohydrate and fiber diet.
p.74
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
What effect does insulin have on glucose storage?
Insulin increases glucose storage in the body.
p.9
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
Which lipoprotein has the highest percentage of triglycerides (TG)?
VLDL (Very Low-Density Lipoprotein).
p.20
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
How does complex carbohydrate intake affect triglyceride levels?
Causes a modest increase in TG.
p.9
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
Which lipoprotein is known as 'good' cholesterol?
HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein).
p.20
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
What is the effect of slowly inducing high carbohydrate intake on triglyceride levels?
Leads to a modest increase in TG.
p.75
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is a hypercoagulable state?
A condition where there is an increased tendency for blood to clot.
p.64
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What HDL cholesterol levels are considered a risk factor for men in Metabolic Syndrome?
HDL cholesterol < 40 mg/dL.
How much fat does the typical western diet calculate to per day?
~75-150 grams of fat per day.
p.3
Functions of Lipids in the Body
How do lipids contribute to insulation in the body?
They provide insulation and heat conservation in adipose tissue.
p.31
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
How much weight does an obese individual gain after a 10% increase?
12 kg (from 131 kg to 143 kg).
p.41
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What does cardiorespiratory fitness conceptually refer to?
The capacity of the body to do aerobic work.
p.12
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What occurs to cholesterol after endocytosis of LDL?
It is distributed in membranes or converted into bile acids in the liver.
p.81
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What does 'added sugars' refer to in the New Nutrition Facts Panel?
Sugars that are added to foods during processing or preparation, distinct from naturally occurring sugars.
p.27
Impact of Body Composition on Health
What is the 'fitness vs fatness' question?
It explores the relationship between physical fitness and body fat levels in terms of health outcomes.
p.46
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and all-cause mortality in women?
Higher CRF is associated with lower relative risk of mortality.
p.69
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Is all fat the same?
No, there are worse fats and better fats.
p.69
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What are the two types of fat location associated with obesity?
Central (internal) and gluteo-femoral (subcutaneous).
p.47
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Who are the authors of the study on cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality?
Chong Do Lee, Steven N Blair, and Andrew S Jackson.
p.47
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
In which journal was the study on cardiorespiratory fitness published?
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.
p.47
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the volume and page range of the study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition?
Volume 69, pages 373-380.
p.71
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the real problem associated with fat storage in the body?
Fat accumulation in non-adipose tissues like the liver, muscle, and pancreas, referred to as 'metastatic fat syndrome.'
p.16
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is Familial Dyslipidemic Hypertension?
A genetic condition that contributes to Metabolic Syndrome.
p.35
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is a common frustration with dieting?
Initial weight loss followed by a plateau where no further weight is lost.
p.9
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the primary function of LDL (Low-Density Lipoprotein)?
Transporting cholesterol; often referred to as 'bad' cholesterol.
p.3
Functions of Lipids in the Body
What do lipids provide precursors for in the body?
Several hormones and signaling molecules.
p.59
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Which disease characterized by high blood sugar is associated with obesity?
Diabetes mellitus (type 2).
p.41
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What is a key physiologic basis of cardiorespiratory fitness?
The capacity to deliver oxygen to tissues.
p.41
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What role do red blood cells and hemoglobin play in cardiorespiratory fitness?
They are crucial for oxygen carriage.
p.2
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the relationship between HDL and triglycerides (TG)?
Higher levels of HDL are generally associated with lower triglyceride levels.
p.30
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What happens to calorie burning when energy intake decreases?
Calorie burning decreases.
p.53
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What are some direct benefits of fitness on health?
Better mitochondrial function and improved perfusion of organs.
p.7
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What does LDL transport?
Cholesterol from the liver to tissues.
p.72
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the role of glitazones in treating Type 2 Diabetes (T2D)?
They increase subcutaneous fat and improve insulin resistance.
p.24
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
What is the impact of certain high carbohydrate diets on VLDL triglycerides?
They increase VLDL triglycerides, which lowers HDL cholesterol.
p.43
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the definition of 'fitness'?
The capacity to do aerobic work.
p.11
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What does VLDL stand for?
Very Low Density Lipoproteins.
p.19
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
What is the relationship between carbohydrate intake and the percentage of subjects affected?
The greater the increase in carbohydrate intake, the higher the percentage of subjects affected.
p.21
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
How does fructose affect triglycerides at any level of carbohydrates?
It makes triglyceride levels worse.
p.10
Types of Dietary Fats
What is the composition of chylomicrons?
~1% protein, mostly triglycerides (TG) of long-chain fatty acids, some cholesterol, fat-soluble vitamins, and other lipids.
p.45
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
Why is fitness important?
It relates to health outcomes.
p.16
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Why is understanding Metabolic Syndrome important?
It helps identify who is at risk for cardiovascular disease.
p.15
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
What is the effect of omega-3 fatty acids on VLDL triglyceride?
They reduce VLDL triglyceride.
p.65
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What are the common health issues associated with Metabolic Syndrome?
Pre-diabetes, big belly, hypertension.
p.33
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
How much weight does an obese individual gain after a 10% increase?
12 kg (from 131 kg to 143 kg).
p.15
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
What is the relationship between high VLDL triglyceride and HDL cholesterol?
Anyone with high VLDL triglyceride will have lower HDL cholesterol.
p.77
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What are some adverse health outcomes associated with obesity?
Multiple adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular disease.
p.12
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
How are LDLs formed in the blood?
From the metabolism of VLDL.
p.31
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the weight loss for an obese individual after a 10% decrease?
17 kg (from 132 kg to 115 kg).
p.41
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
How does cardiac output relate to cardiorespiratory fitness?
It is essential for the delivery of oxygen to working tissues.
p.2
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
What effect does diet have on blood lipid levels?
Diet can influence levels of LDL, HDL, and triglycerides.
p.53
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What example is given to illustrate the impact of fitness on health?
The health of Sumo wrestlers while active and after retiring.
p.60
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
What is dyslipidemia?
A condition characterized by high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, dense LDL, and high apoB.
p.24
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
What effect do high saturated fat diets have on LDL cholesterol?
They increase LDL cholesterol, which is a strong risk factor for heart disease.
p.42
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What is the definition of 'fitness'?
The capacity to do aerobic work.
p.24
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
What should people eat to avoid dyslipidemia?
A balanced diet that does not excessively include high saturated fats or high carbohydrates.
p.42
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
How many people are considered 'fat' and 'fit'?
The exact number varies, but there are individuals who fit this description.
p.26
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
What are the key components of the Mediterranean diet?
Whole grains, low simple sugars, olive oil, fish protein, moderate alcohol intake, and vegetables.
p.19
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
How does high VLDL-TG affect HDL-C levels?
High VLDL-TG lowers HDL-C levels.
p.35
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What factors influence weight gain among siblings?
Different energy expenditure levels.
p.15
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
How do mono-unsaturated fats, like olive oil, affect LDL cholesterol?
They tend to reduce LDL cholesterol and VLDL triglyceride.
p.34
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the adaptive nature of energy expenditure in response to weight changes?
Energy expenditure adjusts based on weight gain or loss.
p.15
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
What is the impact of cholesterol on blood LDL cholesterol levels?
It increases blood LDL cholesterol, but the impact is modest.
p.6
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
How significant is the effect of dietary cholesterol on blood cholesterol levels?
It has modest effects compared to other factors.
p.75
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What chronic diseases are associated with obesity and insulin resistance?
Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and certain cancers.
p.3
Functions of Lipids in the Body
What role do lipids play in myelination of nerve fibers?
They allow efficient electrical impulse propagation in the brain.
p.77
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What complicates the link between body fat and adverse health effects?
Confounding effects, including type of body fat and individual fitness.
p.39
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
Can someone be thin but 'unfit'?
Yes, a thin person can be 'unfit' if they do not engage in regular physical activity or have poor dietary habits.
p.12
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the primary function of LDL?
Deliver cholesterol to tissues, including the liver.
p.2
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
What is carbohydrate-induced hypertriglyceridemia?
A condition where high carbohydrate intake leads to elevated triglyceride levels.
p.40
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
How does the fitness and fatness debate change the approach to obesity?
It shifts the focus from solely weight loss to promoting overall fitness and health.
p.85
Understanding Nutrition Labels
Does 'fat-free' mean a product is calorie-free?
'Fat-free' doesn’t mean calorie-free and may contain more calories due to added sugars.
p.43
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Can a person be 'fat' and 'fit'?
Yes, examples include sumo wrestlers.
p.45
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What is the definition of 'fitness'?
The capacity to do aerobic work.
p.45
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
Can a person be 'fat' and 'fit'?
Yes, examples include sumo wrestlers.
p.45
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is a confounding factor in the fitness and fatness debate?
The relationship between fitness and fatness.
p.16
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What are some different names given to Metabolic Syndrome?
Syndrome X, Insulin Resistance Syndrome, Deadly Quartet.
p.6
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
What are the two sources of cholesterol in the body?
Diet and synthesis by cells.
p.64
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What fasting glucose level indicates a risk factor for Metabolic Syndrome?
Fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL.
p.74
Functions of Lipids in the Body
What is the effect of insulin on cell proliferation?
Insulin increases cell proliferation in other tissues.
p.64
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What waist circumference measurements indicate a risk factor for women in Metabolic Syndrome?
Waist circumference > 88 cm.
p.64
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What serum triglyceride level is a risk factor for Metabolic Syndrome?
Serum triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL.
p.77
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is likely to remain the leading public health problem in the world over the next generation?
Obesity and related disorders.
p.64
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What HDL cholesterol levels are considered a risk factor for women in Metabolic Syndrome?
HDL cholesterol < 50 mg/dL.
p.38
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What additional benefit comes from adding 5-10 pounds of lean mass?
Burns an extra 100-200 Kcal/day.
p.39
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
Why should we care about fitness?
Caring about fitness is important for overall health, reducing the risk of chronic diseases, and improving quality of life.
p.39
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the confounding factor in the fitness/fatness question?
The confounding factor is that fitness levels can vary independently of body fat percentage, complicating the understanding of health.
p.41
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What does capillarization of tissues contribute to in terms of fitness?
It enhances oxygen delivery to tissues.
p.69
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What shape of obesity is associated with worse health outcomes?
Central obesity, or 'apple' shaped.
p.69
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the difference between hypertrophic and hyperplastic obesity?
Hypertrophic obesity has big fat cells, while hyperplastic obesity has many small fat cells.
p.69
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Can the process of adipogenesis be modulated?
Yes, it can be influenced by various factors.
p.71
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What paradoxical effects are associated with lipoatrophy?
Individuals may exhibit features of metabolic syndrome despite the absence of subcutaneous fat.
p.26
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
What type of fats are emphasized in the Mediterranean diet?
Monounsaturated fats from olive oil.
p.42
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Does the fitness and fatness debate change the approach to obesity as a public health issue?
Yes, it suggests a more nuanced approach to obesity and fitness.
p.11
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What happens to VLDL after delivering triglycerides?
It undergoes transformation into LDL.
p.74
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
How does insulin affect glucose release from the liver?
Insulin decreases glucose release from the liver into the blood.
p.91
Understanding Nutrition Labels
What are empty calories?
Calories that contain little to no nutrients and are energy-dense.
p.13
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
How does HDL contribute to steroid hormone biosynthesis?
By delivering small amounts of cholesterol.
p.75
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What are common health issues linked to metabolic syndrome?
Hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
p.15
Effects of Dietary Constituents on Blood Lipids
How do carbohydrates affect VLDL triglyceride and HDL cholesterol?
They tend to increase VLDL triglyceride and reduce HDL cholesterol.
p.75
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
How does obesity contribute to Alzheimer's disease?
Through mechanisms related to insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunction.
p.67
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What condition is abbreviated as NAFLD/NASH?
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis.
p.41
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What is the operational definition of cardiorespiratory fitness?
Exercise capacity on a treadmill.
p.2
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
How are blood lipoproteins related to cardiovascular disease?
High levels of LDL cholesterol can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
p.52
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is a confounding factor in the fitness/fatness debate?
The relationship between fitness and fatness.
p.24
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
What is dyslipidemia?
An abnormal amount of lipids in the blood, increasing the risk for heart disease.
p.69
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Do adults make new fat cells?
Yes, through a process called adipogenesis.
p.71
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is lipoatrophy?
A rare genetic disease characterized by the absence of subcutaneous fat.
p.42
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
Why is it important to care about fitness?
Fitness impacts overall health and well-being.
p.26
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
Which type of protein is preferred in the Mediterranean diet?
Fish protein, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, over red meat.
p.16
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What does the term 'Deadly Quartet' refer to?
A combination of risk factors associated with Metabolic Syndrome.
p.45
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
How does the fitness and fatness debate affect public health approaches to obesity?
It may change the perspective on obesity as a public health or medical problem.
p.35
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Why do diets often fail in treating obesity?
It's easy to lose weight, but hard to maintain it.
p.20
Carbohydrate-Induced Hypertriglyceridemia
What is the effect on TG levels if no weight loss is allowed?
HPTG is persistent with only partial normalization.
p.64
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is one definition of Metabolic Syndrome?
Presence of at least three of the specified criteria.
p.64
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What waist circumference measurements indicate a risk factor for men in Metabolic Syndrome?
Waist circumference > 102 cm.
What is the typical macronutrient content of a western diet?
40-60% carbohydrates, 25-45% fat, 15% protein.
p.33
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is the weight loss for an obese individual after a 10% decrease?
17 kg (from 132 kg to 115 kg).
p.67
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What are the leading risk factors for colon cancer according to recent studies?
Obesity and sedentary lifestyle.
p.77
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
How does fitness level affect the risk of cardiovascular disease in obese individuals?
Obese individuals who are fit have a lower risk of cardiovascular disease than lean but unfit individuals.
p.41
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
What is necessary for tissues to consume oxygen effectively?
Mitochondrial mass and function of working tissues.
p.11
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
Can VLDL return to the liver?
Yes, after delivering triglycerides.
p.10
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What is the primary function of chylomicrons?
To deliver triglycerides (TG) to adipose and other tissues (muscle).
p.10
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
What happens to chylomicrons after delivering triglycerides?
They form a chylomicron remnant, which delivers cholesterol to the liver.
p.75
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is a key factor in the development of metabolic syndrome?
Obesity and insulin resistance.
p.3
Functions of Lipids in the Body
What are the major components of cell membranes?
Phospholipids and cholesterol.
p.75
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Which genetic factors are associated with metabolic syndrome?
Genes related to obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.
p.59
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What is a common type of diabetes associated with obesity?
Diabetes mellitus (type 2).
p.3
Functions of Lipids in the Body
What are prostaglandins?
Molecules related to signaling derived from lipids.
p.6
Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Disease
What are the essential functions of cholesterol in the body?
It is important for cell membranes and as a precursor for critical molecules.
What is the recommended energy intake from fat in a prudent diet?
<30% energy, with <7% from saturated fat and <1% from trans fat.
p.39
Role of Exercise in Weight Maintenance
How many people are 'fat' and 'fit'?
There are individuals who are classified as 'fat' but still maintain a high level of fitness through exercise and healthy habits.
p.67
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
What potential effect do high insulin levels have on colon cells?
They may stimulate colon cell proliferation.
p.12
Blood Lipoproteins and Their Functions
What happens to LDL upon receptor binding?
Undergoes endocytosis (is engulfed into the cell).
p.39
Metabolic Syndrome and Its Risk Factors
Does the concept of fitness change the approach to obesity as a public health issue?
Yes, focusing on fitness rather than just weight can lead to a more holistic approach to obesity, emphasizing health and well-being over appearance.
