p.90
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What is a landslide?
A general term that includes many different kinds of mass movement.
p.33
Darcy's Law and Groundwater Flow
What does Darcy's law state about flow rate?
The flow rate Q is proportional to the cross-sectional area A times the hydraulic gradient.
p.32
Darcy's Law and Groundwater Flow
What does Darcy's law describe?
The flow of a fluid through a porous medium.
p.11
Soil Horizons and Properties
What is a major feature of the kandic subsurface soil horizon?
Accumulation of low activity clays.
What is the significance of the number 87827039266?
It appears to be a numerical sequence or identifier, but without context, its significance is unclear.
p.39
Saltwater Intrusion and Ghyben-Herzberg Relation
What is saltwater intrusion?
The movement of saline water into fresh water aquifers.
p.21
Aquifers and Their Types
What is an Aquitard?
An underground layer that prevents the flow of groundwater from one aquifer to another.
p.8
Aquifers and Their Types
What is specific retention?
The portion of groundwater that remains as a film on particles or in pore spaces.
p.124
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What direction do Polar Easterlies blow in the Northern Hemisphere?
From North-East to South-West.
p.15
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What are the two different zones where groundwater occurs in nature?
Unsaturated zone and saturated zone.
p.16
Groundwater Movement and Zones
Where does flow occur in the unsaturated zone?
Beneath the land surface and above the groundwater table.
p.137
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is El Niño?
A climate pattern that affects weather significantly.
p.105
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What happens when the wind blows in a curved path?
The centrifugal force acts on the wind, outward from the center of curvature.
p.54
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What does the Antarctic plate cover?
The entire lithospheric Antarctica continent.
p.52
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
How many large plates is the lithosphere divided into?
Six large plates and many smaller plates.
p.118
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Where does the Foehn wind blow?
Along the Northern slope of the Alps, affecting Switzerland.
p.100
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How do the northern trade winds move due to the Coriolis effect?
They move away from the subtropical high in a clockwise direction out of the northeast.
p.58
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What is seismology?
The science that studies various aspects of seismic waves generated during earthquakes.
p.17
Aquifers and Their Types
What happens to hydraulic pressure below the water table?
It increases with increasing depth.
p.125
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How are the westerlies deflected in the Southern Hemisphere?
To the left, becoming North Westerlies.
p.48
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
How thick are tectonic plates in oceanic areas?
Between 5 to 100 kilometers.
p.15
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What is the saturated zone?
The layer where soil and rock are fully saturated with water.
p.118
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are hot winds characterized by?
Intense heat and low relative humidity.
p.5
Porosity and Permeability of Rocks
What is necessary for liquids or gases to flow through a material?
Voids or interconnected pore spaces.
p.61
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What are the two basic types of seismic waves?
Body waves and Surface waves.
p.137
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What weather conditions are experienced in the northern U.S. and Canada during El Niño?
Drier and warmer than usual.
p.32
Darcy's Law and Groundwater Flow
What factors influence the flow of water through aquifers?
Porosity and permeability of geological structures.
p.61
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What generates body waves?
The release of energy at the focus of the earthquake.
p.35
Hydraulic Characteristics of Geological Formations
What is flow in granular media?
The movement of fluids through materials composed of grains, such as sand or gravel.
p.40
Saltwater Intrusion and Ghyben-Herzberg Relation
What causes saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers?
The pumping of groundwater and the higher density of seawater compared to freshwater.
p.76
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What is the range of the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale?
From imperceptible shaking to catastrophic destruction.
p.100
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How do the southern trade winds diverge?
They diverge out of the subtropical high toward the equatorial trough from the southeast in a counterclockwise direction.
p.33
Darcy's Law and Groundwater Flow
What factors influence the flow rate according to Darcy's law?
The cross-sectional area A and the hydraulic gradient.
p.87
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What do the volcanoes of the circum-Pacific belt and mid-continental belt represent?
They represent volcanic activity along convergent plate boundaries.
p.21
Aquifers and Their Types
What is an Aquiclude?
An Aquitard that does not allow groundwater to pass through at all.
p.17
Aquifers and Their Types
How does recharge occur in the saturated zone?
By percolation of water from the land surface through the unsaturated zone.
p.94
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What are some indicators of creep?
Curved tree stems, tilted monuments, distorted fences, and bends in lower parts of telephone or electric poles.
p.125
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
From where do the westerlies blow?
From the horse's latitude (high pressure belt) to the temperate low pressures.
p.4
Porosity and Permeability of Rocks
How does permeability differ from porosity?
Porosity measures how much water can be retained, while permeability measures how easily water can pass through.
p.29
Aquifers and Their Types
What is an unconfined aquifer?
An aquifer not overlain by any confining layer but has a confining layer at its bottom.
p.94
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What is solifluction?
The failure of saturated soil or rock debris in active layers in periglacial regions.
p.98
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What does the Earth-atmosphere system maintain a balance between?
The energy that reaches Earth from the sun and the energy that flows from Earth back out to space.
p.120
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the effect of Harmattan on the weather in the Western coast of Africa?
The weather suddenly becomes dry and pleasant.
p.55
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
Where is the Cocos Plate located?
Between Central America and the Pacific Plate.
p.98
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What can cause changes in the Earth-atmosphere system?
Natural phenomena like volcanoes or human activities.
p.19
Hydraulic Characteristics of Geological Formations
What is an aquiclude?
A geological formation that does not allow water to pass through.
p.51
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What happens at transform faults?
There is neither construction nor destruction of the plate; the relative motion is generally parallel to the fault line.
p.106
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What causes the Coriolis force?
The rotation of the Earth.
p.17
Aquifers and Their Types
What is the preferred path of moisture movement in the saturated zone?
Horizontal movement toward aquifer discharge areas.
p.125
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Why do westerlies blow more strongly in the Southern Hemisphere?
Because uniform water expanses predominates landmasses.
p.13
Porosity and Permeability of Rocks
What are the characteristics of rock materials that affect groundwater movement?
Porosity, Permeability, Specific yield, Specific retention capacity.
p.130
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How extensive are local winds?
They are local in extent.
p.28
Aquifers and Their Types
What is a confined aquifer?
An aquifer where groundwater is held under pressures greater than atmospheric pressure by confining layers.
p.107
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Up to what height does frictional force affect the wind?
Up to 1 km above the surface.
p.83
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What are the main types of volcanic materials discharged during eruptions?
Gases and vapour, lavas, fragmental materials, and ashes.
p.85
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What forces the ascent of magma during a volcanic eruption?
An enormous volume of gases and vapor.
p.87
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
Where are common volcanic eruptions typically found?
Along destructive or convergent plate boundaries.
When is a hazard considered a disaster?
When it affects a certain population.
What are the potential consequences of hazards?
Economic disruptions and environmental damage.
p.17
Aquifers and Their Types
What is the saturated zone?
The area below the surface where water is available to supply wells and springs, correctly referred to as groundwater.
p.70
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What is the Benioff zone?
A deep active seismic area in a subduction zone.
p.8
Aquifers and Their Types
How does specific retention change with grain size?
It increases with decreasing grain size.
p.97
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What does Earth's energy budget describe?
The balance between radiant energy from the sun and energy flowing back to space.
p.19
Hydraulic Characteristics of Geological Formations
What is an aquifer?
A geological formation that can store and transmit water.
p.80
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What is the enlarged form of the volcanic vent called?
Volcanic crater or caldera.
p.65
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
How do the speeds of surface waves compare to body waves?
Surface waves travel slower than body waves.
p.138
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is normally brought to the surface by upwelling?
Cold and nutrient-rich water.
p.42
Saltwater Intrusion and Ghyben-Herzberg Relation
What is the Ghyben-Herzberg relation?
The hydrostatic equilibrium relationship between columns of fresh and high density seawater.
p.99
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What happens at high latitudes regarding radiant energy?
More energy is emitted than absorbed.
p.96
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What happens when there is a sudden burst of heavy rain?
Rainwater cannot infiltrate fast enough and enters the river via surface runoff.
p.71
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
How do the effects of volcanic earthquakes compare to tectonic earthquakes?
Volcanic earthquakes affect a smaller area than tectonic earthquakes.
p.130
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Where are local winds confined?
To the lowest levels of the troposphere.
p.105
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What characterizes the gradient wind in terms of pressure zones?
It occurs when there is a low pressure zone surrounded by high pressure, or vice versa.
p.40
Saltwater Intrusion and Ghyben-Herzberg Relation
Why does seawater lie underneath freshwater in coastal aquifers?
Because seawater has a higher density than freshwater.
p.96
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What is the result of increased surface runoff during heavy rain?
A sudden and large increase in the river’s discharge.
p.121
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are Karaburun Winds and where do they occur?
Winds similar to Foehn, blowing in Java (Indonesia) and harmful to the tobacco crop.
p.97
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are some factors that reflect the sun's energy back to space?
Clouds, atmospheric molecules, aerosols, and Earth's land, snow, and ice surfaces.
p.109
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
When are jet streams typically strongest?
In the winter, due to greater temperature contrast between cold continental and warm oceanic air masses.
p.40
Saltwater Intrusion and Ghyben-Herzberg Relation
What is the effect of the pressure difference between saltwater and freshwater columns?
It causes a flow of saltwater to the freshwater column until pressure equalizes.
p.29
Aquifers and Their Types
What is another name for an unconfined aquifer?
Water table or phreatic aquifer.
p.98
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the result of the Earth-atmosphere system's attempts to restore balance?
Changes in the Earth's temperature.
p.97
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What type of energy does the Earth system emit to space?
Thermal radiant energy, mainly in the infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
p.142
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What happens to the waters off the Pacific coast during La Niña?
They are colder and contain more nutrients than usual.
p.15
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What is the unsaturated zone?
The layer where soil and rock are not fully saturated with water.
p.90
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
How can landslides be classified?
Based on the material involved and the type of movement.
p.119
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are hot winds characterized by?
Intense heat and low relative humidity.
p.8
Aquifers and Their Types
What is specific yield?
The ratio of the volume of water that moves from a water-filled rock due to gravity to the total volume of rock.
p.39
Saltwater Intrusion and Ghyben-Herzberg Relation
What causes saltwater intrusion?
Groundwater withdrawal from coastal wells, constructing navigation channels, or oil field canals.
p.142
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Which cold-water species are attracted to the California coast during La Niña?
Species like squid and salmon.
p.80
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What is the function of the volcanic pipe?
It ejects volcanic materials.
p.94
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What is creep in geological terms?
Extremely slow movement that cannot be seen but can be observed indirectly.
Can the occurrence of natural disasters be controlled by humans?
No, but their impacts can be minimized with better mitigation and management measures.
p.35
Aquifers and Their Types
What does saturated flow refer to in aquifers?
The movement of fluids when all pore spaces are filled with water.
p.19
Hydraulic Characteristics of Geological Formations
What are the four classifications of geological formations based on hydraulic properties?
Aquifer, aquitard, aquiclude, and aquifuge.
p.99
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What drives atmospheric and oceanic circulations globally?
The difference between incoming and outgoing radiant energy.
p.65
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What are surface waves?
Waves that travel on the surface of the Earth.
p.138
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What effect does El Niño have on marine life off the Pacific coast?
It weakens or stops upwelling, reducing nutrient availability.
p.130
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are tertiary or local winds?
Winds that blow in a particular locality due to local differences in temperature and pressure.
p.5
Porosity and Permeability of Rocks
What factors determine permeability in soil?
The size of pore space and interconnectivity of the spaces.
p.17
Aquifers and Their Types
What is the water table?
The level in the saturated zone where hydraulic pressure equals atmospheric pressure.
p.11
Soil Horizons and Properties
What is a characteristic feature of a hardpan in soil?
Strongly cemented by silica.
p.125
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How are the westerlies deflected in the Northern Hemisphere?
To the right, becoming South Westerlies.
p.101
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are trade winds known for?
Being constant, steady winds consistent in their direction.
p.84
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What generates heat deep within the Earth?
The disintegration of radioactive elements.
p.108
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How does the temperature difference between air masses affect the jet stream?
The greater the temperature difference, the faster the wind blows in the jet stream.
p.20
Aquifers and Their Types
How can water be extracted from an aquifer?
By drilling a well and using water pumps or manually with a rope and bucket.
p.124
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are the main characteristics of Polar Easterlies?
Extreme coldness, stability, and low moisture content.
What is a hazard?
A phenomenon or natural condition with the potential to cause loss of lives, injury, and destruction of properties.
p.16
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What is the unsaturated zone?
The area immediately below the land surface that contains both water and air.
p.6
Hydraulic Characteristics of Geological Formations
What does hydraulic conductivity represent?
The ability of a geologic structure to transmit water.
p.120
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the Simoom wind known for?
Causing dust storms and obstructing visibility.
p.4
Porosity and Permeability of Rocks
What does permeability measure in rocks or soil?
The capability to transmit water through its pore spaces.
p.137
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How does El Niño affect the Pacific jet stream?
It causes the jet stream to move south of its neutral position.
p.118
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the effect of the Foehn wind?
It melts snow, makes the weather pleasant, and aids in the early ripening of grapes.
p.108
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What causes the formation of the jet stream?
The thermal effect between two air masses of very different temperature and the impact of Coriolis force.
p.51
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What are ocean ridges and where are they located?
They are linear features situated along constructive plate margins, where two tectonic plates are moving away from each other.
p.110
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are Rossby waves?
Large-scale undulations in the westerly winds related to an ideal form of motion.
p.76
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
How many levels of intensity are on the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale?
12 increasing levels of intensity.
p.136
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What effect does El Niño have on ocean water?
Warm water is pushed back east toward the west coast of the Americas.
p.130
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What causes local winds?
Local differences in temperature and pressure.
p.105
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
When does the gradient wind occur?
During cyclonic or anticyclonic movement of air around low and high pressure zones.
p.115
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the Loo?
A hot and dry wind blowing in Northern India and Pakistan from the North-West and West to the East.
p.21
Aquifers and Their Types
What is an Aquifuge?
Another term for an Aquiclude, which does not allow groundwater to pass.
p.84
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What causes the origin of magma?
Lowering of melting point due to reduction in pressure from overlying load.
p.109
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the jet stream?
Narrow zones of very high wind speed, often exceeding 100 miles per hour.
p.124
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What type of precipitation is primarily caused by Polar Easterlies?
Mainly in the form of snow.
p.103
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
From where do polar easterlies originate?
From high-pressure areas of the polar highs at the North and South Poles.
p.98
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What happens if there is an imbalance in the Earth’s energy budget?
The Earth's temperature will eventually increase or decrease to restore energy balance.
p.81
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
Which plate is subducted under the continental crust?
The oceanic plate, which has higher density.
p.51
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What type of plate margin do ocean ridges represent?
Constructive plate margins.
p.73
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What does a seismogram reflect?
The changing intensity of the vibrations.
p.99
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What would a change in the regional distribution of radiant energy affect?
Weather and ocean circulation patterns.
p.125
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are the names given to the westerlies in the Southern Hemisphere?
Roaring forties, furious fifties, and shrieking sixties.
p.109
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are the three kinds of jet streams?
Polar jet stream, subtropical jet, and tropical easterly jets.
p.117
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are hot winds characterized by?
Intense heat and low relative humidity.
p.141
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What happens to the waters off the Pacific coast during La Niña?
They become colder and contain more nutrients than usual.
p.72
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What are the three types of earthquakes based on depth of origin?
Normal (shallow), intermediate, and deep-focus earthquakes.
p.87
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What causes the volcanoes of the island arcs and festoons off the east coast of Asia?
Subduction of oceanic crust beneath a continental plate.
p.100
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are the trade winds?
Winds that blow out of the subtropical highs toward the equatorial trough in both hemispheres.
p.76
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What does the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale measure?
The strength of an earthquake based on observations.
p.16
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What is the preferred path of moisture movement in the unsaturated zone?
Vertical movement by percolation toward the saturated zone.
p.124
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What direction do Polar Easterlies blow in the Southern Hemisphere?
From South-East to North-West.
p.21
Aquifers and Their Types
What is the function of an Aquitard?
To prevent the movement of groundwater between aquifers.
p.19
Hydraulic Characteristics of Geological Formations
What is an aquitard?
A geological formation that restricts water flow but can still store some water.
p.80
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What types of materials are included in volcanic materials?
Lavas, volcanic dusts and ashes, fragment materials.
p.122
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What defines cold winds?
Winds that induce a cold wave due to their temperature being below the freezing point.
p.4
Porosity and Permeability of Rocks
Are all soils permeable?
Yes, all soils, including stiff clay, have some level of permeability due to voids.
p.115
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What effect does the Loo have on temperature?
It raises the temperature abruptly and may threaten sunstroke.
p.78
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What shape is a volcano usually?
Circular or nearly circular.
p.4
Porosity and Permeability of Rocks
What is the average rate of water transmission through permeable soils?
A few centimeters per day.
p.42
Saltwater Intrusion and Ghyben-Herzberg Relation
What is the significance of the Ghyben-Herzberg principle?
It is widely used by hydrogeologists to study seawater and freshwater movement.
p.5
Hydraulic Characteristics of Geological Formations
What does hydraulic conductivity refer to?
The movement of water through soil or rock type.
p.92
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
Where are rock slides commonly found?
In rocky areas, especially when joints are filled with clay.
p.120
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Where is the Brickfielder wind found?
In the Victoria province of Australia.
p.73
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What can scientists determine from seismograms?
Time, epicenter, focal depth, type of faulting, and energy released.
p.79
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What is the shape of the vent in a volcanic cone?
Circular or nearly circular.
p.121
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the Santa Ana wind and where does it blow?
A warm wind blowing in Argentina and Uruguay from the Andes towards the plains, also called cool Foehn.
p.142
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How does La Niña affect marine life?
It supports more marine life and attracts more cold-water species.
p.141
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How does La Niña affect marine life?
It supports more marine life due to increased nutrients.
p.6
Hydraulic Characteristics of Geological Formations
What happens to water flow as hydraulic conductivity increases?
It becomes easier for water to flow through the medium.
p.20
Aquifers and Their Types
What is an aquifer?
An underground layer of rocks that can hold water.
p.119
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Which direction does the Black Roller wind blow?
From the South-West to the North-West.
p.21
Aquifers and Their Types
What materials typically make up Aquitards?
Layers of clay or non-porous rocks.
p.35
Darcy's Law and Groundwater Flow
What is meant by steady-state flow?
A condition where the flow rate remains constant over time.
p.96
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What can lead to floods besides prolonged rainfall?
Brief periods of heavy rain.
p.71
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
How far can the effects of a volcanic explosion be felt?
In an area 10 to 20 miles around its base.
p.51
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What is the role of trenches in tectonic plate boundaries?
Trenches are situated along convergent or destructive margins, where the oceanic lithosphere is destroyed and recycled back into the Earth.
p.65
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What is the direction of vibrations in S-waves?
Perpendicular to the wave direction in the vertical plane confined to the Earth's surface.
p.81
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What happens at the zones where one tectonic plate goes down under another?
They are sites of most of the world’s active and explosive volcanoes.
p.65
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
How does the velocity of surface waves compare to that of S-waves?
The velocity of surface waves is slightly less than that of S-waves.
p.100
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Why are the trade winds also known as tropical easterlies?
Because they tend to blow out of the east.
p.66
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What are the characteristics of surface waves?
They have low velocity, low frequency, and long wavelength.
p.106
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How does the Coriolis force act on a moving body?
It acts at a right angle to the direction of motion.
p.31
Darcy's Law and Groundwater Flow
What does Darcy's law assume about the flow conditions?
The flow is continuous and steady.
p.121
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the Koimbang wind known for?
It is a warm and dry wind blowing in California (USA).
p.44
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What do the different rock types in India share in common?
Some similarity in the occurrence of groundwater.
p.66
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What type of ground movement do Love waves exhibit?
Complex horizontal ground movement.
p.106
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
In which direction does the Coriolis force act in the northern hemisphere?
To the right of the direction of motion.
p.22
Aquifers and Their Types
How does an aquitard affect groundwater flow?
It retards groundwater flow and behaves like a semi-confining or impermeable leaky layer.
p.105
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What forces balance to create the resultant wind?
Pressure gradient force, centrifugal force, and Coriolis force.
p.6
Darcy's Law and Groundwater Flow
How is the average linear velocity of water flow calculated?
By dividing the volumetric flow rate by the effective porosity.
p.112
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What causes the formation of Rossby waves in the Earth's ocean and atmosphere?
The rotation of the planet.
p.115
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are hot winds characterized by?
Intense heat and low relative humidity.
p.78
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What is a volcano?
A vent or opening through which heated materials are ejected from the Earth's interior.
p.4
Porosity and Permeability of Rocks
What is the permeability of soil related to?
The gaps or voids present between soil particles.
p.5
Porosity and Permeability of Rocks
What plays a main role in determining permeability?
The shape and arrangement of soil grains.
p.94
Groundwater Movement and Zones
At what slope inclination can solifluction occur?
At slopes less than 5 degrees.
p.20
Aquifers and Their Types
What is the purpose of water pumps in relation to aquifers?
To pull water out from the underground layer.
p.56
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What are the characteristics of trenches?
They are long narrow depressions with relatively steep sides.
p.99
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How does the atmosphere and oceans restore the radiant energy imbalance?
By transporting heat from the tropics to the poles.
p.122
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is Mistral?
A cold local wind in Spain and France blowing from North-West to South-East, causing a sudden drop in air temperature below freezing point.
p.120
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What type of wind is the Norwester?
A warm, dry, and gusty wind in Northern New Zealand.
p.58
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What does seismology provide information about?
The composition of the earth's interior.
p.110
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Why are horizontal winds stronger than vertical winds in weather systems?
Due to the extreme thinness of weather systems and stable layering of air with great variations in density.
p.115
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How does the Chinook wind affect the weather?
It blows along the Northern slope of the Alps, melting snow and making the weather pleasant.
p.74
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
How is the magnitude of an earthquake determined on the Richter scale?
From the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded by seismographs.
p.138
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What types of species can warmer waters during El Niño bring to normally cold areas?
Tropical species like yellowtail and albacore tuna.
p.103
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How are polar easterlies affected by the Coriolis effect?
They are deflected westward.
p.86
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
At what depth does the subducted plate margin begin to melt?
At a depth of 100 km or more in the upper mantle.
p.92
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What role does water play in rock slides?
Saturated clay acts as a lubricant, aggravating the sliding process.
p.109
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Where does the Polar jet stream form?
Near the interface of the Polar and Ferrel circulation cells.
p.136
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Why is El Niño associated with December?
Because it typically peaks around that time.
p.69
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What movements can tectonic plates perform to cause earthquakes?
They can converge, diverge, or slide past each other.
p.43
Saltwater Intrusion and Ghyben-Herzberg Relation
How does fresh water interact with sea water according to the Ghyben-Herzberg equation?
Fresh water forms a wedge into sea water.
p.11
Soil Horizons and Properties
Which option indicates organic matter accumulation in soil?
Organic matter Fe and Al oxides accumulation.
p.70
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
Where is the Benioff zone typically located?
Beneath volcanic island arcs and continental margins above active subduction zones.
p.20
Aquifers and Their Types
Why are aquifers sometimes called sponge rocks?
Because they act like sponges, holding water.
p.120
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
From which directions do Simoom winds blow in the Sahara desert?
From North-East and East to the West.
p.70
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What causes earthquakes in the Benioff zone?
Differential motion resulting from subduction.
p.2
Porosity and Permeability of Rocks
What is porosity in the context of rocks?
The amount of air space or void between soil particles.
p.48
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What is a tectonic plate?
A gigantic, irregularly shaped rigid slab of rock that moves slowly over the asthenosphere.
p.103
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are polar easterlies?
Dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from polar highs towards subpolar lows.
p.78
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What materials are typically ejected from a volcano?
Gases, water, liquid lava, and fragments of rocks.
p.52
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What character does the Pacific plate have?
Almost oceanic in character.
p.116
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are the characteristics of hot winds?
Intense heat and low relative humidity.
p.107
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How does the magnitude of frictional force change with height?
It decreases with height.
p.84
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What geological processes contribute to the reduction in pressure leading to magma formation?
Fractures caused by the splitting of tectonic plates and their movement in opposite directions.
p.74
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What is the purpose of the Richter scale?
To compare the size of earthquakes.
p.138
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How does the decrease in phytoplankton affect marine life?
It impacts fish that eat phytoplankton and the predators that eat those fish.
p.91
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What is a slump in geological terms?
A type of landslide characterized by rotational failure surfaces, commonly found in soil.
What happens when the stability of a slope changes?
It may lead to landslides.
p.43
Saltwater Intrusion and Ghyben-Herzberg Relation
What does the Ghyben-Herzberg equation describe?
The interface between salt water and fresh water.
p.52
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What types of crust do many tectonic plates comprise?
Both continental and oceanic crust.
p.124
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Why can Polar Easterlies cover long distances?
They are unimpeded by barriers.
p.110
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How do Rossby waves differ from familiar waves like those on the sea?
They are dominated by nearly horizontal wind patterns.
p.115
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What agricultural benefit does the Chinook wind provide?
It aids in the early ripening of grapes.
p.43
Saltwater Intrusion and Ghyben-Herzberg Relation
What assumption does the Ghyben-Herzberg relation make about the boundary between salt and fresh water?
It assumes a sharp boundary with no dispersion.
p.93
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What are the two types of flows based on soil cohesion?
Earth flows (non-cohesive soil) and mudflows (cohesive soil).
p.91
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What is rock fall?
The free falling action of rocks that are not in contact with the ground.
p.44
Aquifers and Their Types
Name one of the groundwater provinces in India.
The Precambrian Crystalline province.
p.91
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
Where is rock fall commonly observed?
On vertical slopes and rock cliffs subjected to undercutting.
p.122
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are Gregale winds?
Winter winds in the central part of the Mediterranean region of Southern Europe.
p.110
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What causes the existence of Rossby waves?
The rotation and spherical shape of the Earth.
p.137
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What weather conditions are observed in the U.S. Gulf Coast and Southeast during El Niño?
Wetter than usual with increased flooding.
p.121
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What type of winds are found in the Tarim basin in Central Asia?
Dust-laden fast-blowing winds blowing towards the North-East.
p.6
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What causes the slow rate of movement of groundwater?
The tremendous amount of friction produced by water moving through spaces between particles of sand and gravel.
p.42
Saltwater Intrusion and Ghyben-Herzberg Relation
Who developed the Ghyben-Herzberg relation?
Badon-Ghyben in 1888 and Herzberg in 1901.
p.22
Aquifers and Their Types
What is an aquitard?
A geological formation with low to medium permeability that transmits limited quantities of groundwater.
p.61
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What affects the velocity of body waves?
The density of the material.
p.124
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How do Polar Easterlies affect the regions they traverse?
They influence the climates of those regions.
p.79
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What are the structures formed by accumulated volcanic materials called?
Volcanic cones or volcanic mountains.
p.86
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What happens when two convergent plates collide in a Benioff zone?
The heavier plate margin is subducted beneath the lighter plate boundary.
p.13
Groundwater Movement and Zones
Which option includes all the characteristics affecting groundwater movement?
(4) (a), (b), (c) and (d).
p.55
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What type of boundaries does the Philippine Plate have?
Subduction boundaries on both eastern and western sides.
p.54
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
Which continental regions are contained within the India-Australia-New Zealand plate?
Australia, peninsular India, and New Zealand.
p.89
Landslides and Slope Stability
What is the purpose of studying landslides?
To identify weak zones, classify hill slopes, and minimize the impacts of landslides.
p.44
Aquifers and Their Types
How many groundwater provinces are delineated in India?
Eight groundwater provinces.
p.103
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is a characteristic of the strength of polar easterlies?
They are often weak and irregular.
p.95
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What is runoff?
Water that flows on the land’s surface, making up about 10% of Earth’s water.
p.28
Aquifers and Their Types
Under what condition can a confined aquifer behave like an unconfined aquifer?
When the water level falls below the base of the overlying confining layer.
p.81
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What type of geological feature is the Pacific Ring of Fire?
A ring of subduction zones.
p.104
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What forces act on a parcel of air at upper levels in the atmosphere?
Pressure gradient force and Coriolis force.
p.102
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the general flow direction of the westerlies?
Poleward out of the subtropical high pressure cells.
p.28
Aquifers and Their Types
What geological formations can form confined aquifers in volcanic rocks?
Interflow spaces and vesicular beds.
p.104
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How do geostrophic winds move in relation to isobars?
They blow parallel to the isobars.
p.50
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
Which plates are among the largest?
The Pacific and Antarctic Plates.
p.140
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What weather conditions can La Niña cause in the Pacific Northwest and Canada?
Heavy rains and flooding.
p.107
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the frictional force?
The drag near the surface that acts opposite to the direction of motion.
p.101
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Where are trade winds most consistent?
When they cross the eastern sides of the oceans near the eastern portion of the subtropical high.
p.2
Porosity and Permeability of Rocks
How is porosity determined?
By studying the shape and arrangement of soil particles.
p.111
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
In which part of the atmosphere do jet streams occur?
In the upper limit of the troposphere.
p.101
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How does the area of the trade winds change throughout the year?
It moves north and south a few degrees of latitude with the sun.
p.2
Porosity and Permeability of Rocks
What processes occur in the void spaces of soil particles?
Infiltration, groundwater movement, and storage.
p.48
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What does the lithosphere carry?
Both granitic continental crust and basaltic oceanic crust.
p.85
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What is meltwater?
Water derived from the melting of ice and snow.
p.78
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
Where do the materials ejected by a volcano come from?
The highly heated interior of the Earth.
p.2
Porosity and Permeability of Rocks
How is the porosity of soil defined mathematically?
As the ratio of the volume of pore space in a unit of material to its total volume.
p.58
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What is the 'focus' in an earthquake?
The place of occurrence of the earthquake.
p.31
Darcy's Law and Groundwater Flow
What aspect of the soil mass is considered in Darcy's law?
The total cross-sectional area.
p.101
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What happens to the trade winds after they cross large expanses of ocean?
They have a high potential for stormy weather.
p.95
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What is a flood?
An event during which the volume of water in a stream/river exceeds its normal limits.
p.79
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What is the opening at the summit of a volcanic cone called?
Volcanic vent or volcanic mouth.
p.89
Landslides and Slope Stability
What is bedrock in relation to landslides?
The basement rocks of the hill, which may be massive, fresh, structurally weak, or deformed.
p.109
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Where does the subtropical jet stream form?
Near the boundary of the Ferrel and Hadley circulation cells.
p.86
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What causes magma to ascend during a volcanic eruption?
The enormous volume of accumulated explosive gases.
p.92
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What are complex landslides?
Landslides that involve weathered rock material sliding along single or multiple failure surfaces.
p.114
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the Hadley Cell and its location?
A thermally induced cell located between 10° to 30° latitudes, with rising air along the Equator.
p.44
Aquifers and Their Types
What characterizes the Cenozoic Fault Basin province?
It is one of the groundwater provinces based on geological features.
p.28
Aquifers and Their Types
Where can typical examples of flowing artesian wells be found in South India?
In the Cuddalore sandstone of Tamil Nadu and the Rajhamundry sandstone in Andhra Pradesh.
p.50
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What is the size range of tectonic plates?
From a few hundred to thousands of kilometers across.
p.53
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What does the African Plate cover?
The entire African continent, surrounded by oceanic lithosphere.
p.138
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What happens to phytoplankton during El Niño?
There are fewer phytoplankton due to reduced nutrients.
p.94
Groundwater Movement and Zones
In which regions is solifluction commonly found?
In periglacial regions where freeze and thaw is common.
p.11
Soil Horizons and Properties
What type of accumulation is not a feature of the kandic subsurface soil horizon?
Carbonate clays accumulation.
p.19
Hydraulic Characteristics of Geological Formations
What is an aquifuge?
A geological formation that is completely impermeable to water.
p.44
Aquifers and Their Types
What types of rock are found in India?
Rock types of different ages from Archaean to Recent.
p.116
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is a Chinook wind?
A hot and dry wind that blows along the Eastern slope of the Rockies.
p.111
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How wide is the belt of jet streams typically?
A few hundred kilometers.
p.40
Saltwater Intrusion and Ghyben-Herzberg Relation
How does the density of seawater affect pressure in aquifers?
The pressure under a column of saltwater is greater than that under a column of the same height of freshwater.
p.69
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What are tectonic earthquakes?
Earthquakes that occur when the crust is subjected to strain due to tectonic plate movements.
p.107
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What happens to centrifugal force when wind moves in a curved path?
It acts away from the center of curvature of the path.
p.81
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
Where are the volcanoes mainly situated in relation to the trenches?
On the continental side of the trenches.
p.73
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What does the motion of the ground surface beneath a seismograph affect?
The response of the seismograph and the resulting seismogram.
p.28
Aquifers and Their Types
What is a flowing artesian well?
An artesian well where the water level stands above the land surface.
p.83
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What are the two types of vapour involved in volcanic eruptions?
Phreatic vapour and magmatic vapour.
p.109
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
When do tropical easterly jets occur?
During the Northern Hemisphere summer in tropical regions.
p.113
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
In which direction do surface winds move in atmospheric tricellular circulation?
From high to low-pressure areas.
p.109
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What typically triggers the formation of tropical easterly jets?
Where dry air encounters more humid air at high altitudes.
p.53
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What type of lithosphere does the Pacific Plate consist of?
Entirely oceanic lithosphere.
p.89
Landslides and Slope Stability
How are slopes categorized in the context of landslides?
By understanding the angle of inclination and its relation to various environmental factors.
p.62
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What is the speed comparison between P waves and S waves?
P waves are faster than S waves.
p.140
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What happens to warm water during La Niña events?
It is pushed more toward Asia.
p.140
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What does upwelling during La Niña bring to the surface?
Cold, nutrient-rich water.
p.114
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the role of Easterly winds in the Polar Cell?
Sinking air along the poles moves towards sub-polar lows, completing the polar cell circulation.
p.114
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the Walker Cell and its significance?
A horizontal air circulation cell in the Southern Hemisphere responsible for upwelling along the South American Coast.
p.53
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
Where is the eastern boundary of the American Plate located?
Along the western sides of the Mid-Atlantic ridges.
p.108
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What happens at higher altitudes when warm and cold air masses are quite deep?
Higher altitudes experience progressively larger air pressure differences, leading to very strong winds.
p.35
Hydraulic Characteristics of Geological Formations
What characterizes flow in homogeneous systems?
Flow occurs uniformly throughout the medium due to consistent properties.
p.85
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What causes the origin of gases and vapor in volcanic eruptions?
Heating of water that reaches underground through percolation of rainwater and meltwater.
p.86
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What type of volcanic eruptions are associated with destructive or convergent plate boundaries?
Explosive type of volcanic eruptions.
p.92
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What is a rock slide?
A movement of rocks along planar weak surfaces or joints that dip towards the slope.
p.52
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
How are the major plates, other than the Pacific plate, named?
After the continents embedded in them.
p.56
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
Where do trenches typically occur?
Near continental margins or associated with island arc systems.
p.103
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What latitude range do polar easterlies occur?
Between 60 to 90 degrees latitude in each hemisphere.
p.76
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
Does the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale have a mathematical basis?
No, it is an arbitrary ranking based on observed effects.
p.122
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is Bora?
An extremely cold and dry North-Easterly wind along the shore of the Adriatic Sea.
p.61
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What happens to body waves when they encounter materials of different densities?
They reflect or refract, known as seismic reflection and seismic refraction.
p.56
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What process leads to the formation of trenches in the ocean?
The subduction of a denser oceanic plate under another plate.
p.29
Aquifers and Their Types
What does the water level in wells penetrating an unconfined aquifer indicate?
The position of the water table in the surrounding aquifer.
p.125
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What role do the westerlies play in weather systems?
They contribute to the formation of extra-tropical cyclones.
p.2
Porosity and Permeability of Rocks
What does the total amount of water that can be contained in rock depend on?
The proportion of the gaps in a given volume of rock.
p.22
Aquifers and Their Types
What is an aquiclude?
A geological formation with very low permeability that does not transmit any groundwater.
p.104
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the effect of surface friction on winds aloft?
Winds aloft are not affected by surface friction.
p.13
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What is specific yield?
The amount of water that can be drained from a saturated rock material.
p.83
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What compounds can be ejected along with volcanic gases?
Sulphurated hydrogen, hydrochloric acid, and volatile chlorides of iron and potassium.
p.140
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is another name for La Niña?
El Viejo or anti-El Niño.
p.102
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What causes the westerlies to become westerly?
The Coriolis effect, which is more noticeable at higher latitudes.
p.104
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What happens to a parcel of air as it moves in response to a pressure gradient?
It is turned progressively sideways until forces balance.
p.62
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What materials can P waves travel through?
Solid, liquid, and gaseous materials.
p.51
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What occurs when one tectonic plate dives under another?
The oceanic lithosphere is destroyed and recycled back into the interior of the Earth.
p.116
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Where does the Chinook wind blow from and to?
From the Southern part of Colorado to British Columbia in Canada.
p.91
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
Where are slumps commonly found?
In areas of intensely weathered rocks or on soil-rich slopes.
p.13
Porosity and Permeability of Rocks
What does porosity refer to in the context of groundwater movement?
The volume of voids or spaces in rock materials.
p.122
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is Norte?
The polar wind in Central America in winter, known as Northern or Northerly in the Southern US.
p.63
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
How do secondary waves displace material?
At right angles to their path of travel.
p.106
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the relationship between the Coriolis force and the speed of the moving body?
The Coriolis force is proportional to the speed of the moving body.
p.83
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What are some examples of volcanic gases released during eruptions?
Carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide.
p.91
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What causes toppling failure in rocks?
When rocks are dislodged along very high angle slopes.
What man-made structures can be damaged by landslides?
Roads, railways, tunnels, and buildings in hilly regions.
p.50
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What is the asthenosphere?
A semi-viscous layer of the Earth.
p.123
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What characterizes the Levanter wind?
A strong Easterly cold wind in Southern Spain.
p.140
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How does La Niña affect the jet stream?
It pushes the jet stream northward.
p.62
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What causes density differences in the material through which P waves travel?
The compressions and expansions of the waves.
What factors can cause the stability of a slope to change?
Several factors acting alone or together.
p.58
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What is the 'epicentre'?
The place on the earth's surface that experiences the seismic event first, located perpendicular to the focus.
p.85
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What are the two types of volcanic eruptions?
Violent explosive central type and quiet fissure type.
How do landslides impact the landscape?
They change the geomorphic conditions and modify topography and drainage.
p.50
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What type of plate is the Pacific Plate?
It is largely an oceanic plate.
What resources can landslides destroy?
Forests and other natural resources.
p.44
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What factors contributed to the delineation of groundwater provinces in India?
Varied climatic, geomorphic, geological, and hydrological conditions.
p.13
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What does specific retention capacity refer to?
The amount of water retained in rock material after drainage.
p.22
Aquifers and Their Types
What is an aquifuge?
A geological formation with low permeability and porosity that does not transmit or contain appreciable quantities of groundwater.
p.95
Groundwater Movement and Zones
How does prolonged rainfall lead to flooding?
It saturates the ground, preventing the soil from storing water and increasing surface runoff.
p.117
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are some local names for the Sirocco wind in Africa?
'Khamsin' in Egypt, 'Gibli' in Libya, 'Chilli' in Tunisia.
p.95
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What happens to rainwater when the ground is saturated?
It enters the river much faster, leading to higher discharge levels and potential floods.
p.114
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the primary feature of the Polar Cell?
It is a thermally direct cell that is strongest during winter, extending from 65° to 90° latitudes.
p.53
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
Where does the Pacific Plate form an active transform fault?
In the California region of the U.S.A.
p.123
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is a Puna wind?
A cold local wind in the Andes region.
p.62
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
Why are P waves called primary waves?
Because they are the first to arrive during an earthquake.
p.122
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is a Blizzard?
A weather phenomenon affecting polar regions of Canada and the USA, causing temperatures to drop below freezing point.
p.48
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What is the thickness of tectonic plates in continental areas?
More than 200 kilometers.
p.40
Saltwater Intrusion and Ghyben-Herzberg Relation
What happens when two columns of saltwater and freshwater are connected at the bottom?
The pressure difference causes a flow of saltwater to the freshwater column.
p.106
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
In which direction does the Coriolis force act in the southern hemisphere?
To the left of the direction of motion.
p.85
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What determines the type of volcanic eruption?
The intensity of gases and vapor and the nature of the crustal surface.
p.89
Landslides and Slope Stability
What can influence the bedrock in a landslide scenario?
Tectonic forces from the deep interior or nearby structures like dams.
p.63
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
Through what type of materials can secondary waves travel?
Only through solid materials.
p.89
Landslides and Slope Stability
What is the significance of slope in landslides?
Slope is a common factor for landslides and relates to the angle of inclination of the land surface.
p.63
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What is the direction of vibration in secondary waves?
Perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation.
p.89
Landslides and Slope Stability
What factors can affect the degree of slope in landslide studies?
Geomorphic conditions, bedrock, nature of overburden, vegetation, and drainage systems.
p.114
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What climatic conditions are associated with the Hadley Cell?
Tropical monsoons and desert climates.
p.123
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are Virasen winds?
Sea breezes along the Western coasts of Peru and Chile.
p.123
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the Southern Buster?
A fast blowing cold and dry wind in New South Wales, Australia.
p.116
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What effect does the Chinook wind have on the environment?
Leads to snow melting and green grass sprouting even in winter.
p.121
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What characterizes the Zonda wind?
A warm and dry wind blowing in Japan.
p.81
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What is the 'Pacific Ring of Fire'?
A collection of volcanoes bordering the Pacific Ocean.
p.43
Saltwater Intrusion and Ghyben-Herzberg Relation
What is a limitation of the Ghyben-Herzberg equation regarding fresh water discharge?
It assumes fresh water discharges into the ocean at a single point, which is an impossibility.
p.50
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
How is the Eurasian Plate classified?
It may be called a continental plate.
p.28
Aquifers and Their Types
In which types of rocks can groundwater occur in confined conditions?
Igneous and metamorphic rocks, in joints and fractures.
p.113
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How do upper atmospheric winds move compared to surface winds?
In the opposite direction.
p.113
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How does atmospheric tricellular circulation affect Earth?
It influences Earth's climate.
p.62
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
How do P waves vibrate in relation to wave propagation?
They vibrate parallel to the direction of wave propagation.
p.140
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How do winter temperatures change during a La Niña year in the North?
They are cooler than normal.
p.113
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What does atmospheric tricellular circulation explain?
The meridional circulation of the atmosphere.
p.13
Porosity and Permeability of Rocks
What is permeability in relation to groundwater?
The ability of rock materials to transmit water.
p.22
Aquifers and Their Types
What is the primary characteristic of an aquiclude?
It totally excludes groundwater flow.
p.93
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is a snow avalanche?
Fast moving snow along steep slopes.
p.22
Aquifers and Their Types
What is another name for an aquiclude?
Confining or impermeable layer.
p.62
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What are the two types of body waves?
Primary waves (P) and Secondary waves (S).
p.123
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the Pampero?
Cold polar winds blowing fast in the Pampas region of South America.
p.102
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How do the westerlies compare to trade winds in terms of direction consistency?
The westerlies tend to be less consistent in direction than the trade winds.
p.117
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are the local names for the Sirocco wind in Spain and the Canary Islands?
'Leveche' in Spain and 'Laste' in the Canary and Madeira islands.
p.102
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What latitudinal range do the westerlies occur in?
Between about 35° and 65°N and S latitudes.
p.63
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
Why are secondary waves called 'secondary'?
Because they arrive later than primary waves.
p.123
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are Papagayo winds known for?
Fast blowing North-Easterly cold and dry winds in the coastal region of Mexico.
p.53
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What does the American Plate cover?
Most of the North and South American continents and the eastern part of Russia, including the Kamchatka peninsula.
p.123
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the Joran wind?
A cold wind from the Jura mountains (Switzerland) to Lake Geneva (Italy).
p.69
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What other factors can trigger earthquakes besides tectonic plate movements?
Human activities and volcanic eruptions.
p.92
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What is a debris slide?
A slide of weathered rock material comprising rocks and soil mix along rotational failure surfaces.
p.79
Volcanic Eruptions and Their Components
What type of volcano is associated with explosive eruptions?
Explosive type or central eruption type.
p.44
Aquifers and Their Types
What is the Indo-Gangetic Alluvial province known for?
It is one of the eight groundwater provinces in India.
p.117
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Why is the Sirocco wind also known as blood rain?
Due to the reddish sand brought from the Sahara desert.
p.63
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
What type of waves are secondary waves classified as?
Transverse or transitional waves.
p.44
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What is the significance of grouping areas into groundwater provinces?
It helps in understanding groundwater occurrence and management.
p.114
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What is the Ferrel Cell and its latitude range?
A thermally indirect cell extending from 30 to 60° latitude, induced by dynamic forces.
p.62
Seismic Waves and Measurement of Earthquakes
Why are P waves referred to as compression waves?
Because they travel through materials as a succession of compressions and expansions.
p.114
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What causes the circulation in the Walker Cell?
Differences in surface pressure and temperature over the Western and Eastern tropical Pacific Ocean.
p.140
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How do winter temperatures change during a La Niña year in the South?
They are warmer than normal.
p.95
Groundwater Movement and Zones
What causes flooding in rivers?
When a river’s discharge exceeds its channel’s volume, causing it to overflow onto the floodplain.
p.86
Tectonic Plates and Earthquake Mechanisms
What type of volcanic eruption occurs when magma reaches the Earth's surface?
Violent volcanic eruption.
p.93
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What can trigger a snow avalanche?
Earthquake, rain, vibrations due to blasting, flying aircrafts, and human interventions.
p.123
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What are Maestro winds?
North-Westerly winds in the central part of the Mediterranean region.
p.140
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What effect does La Niña have on trade winds?
They become even stronger than usual.
p.140
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What effect can La Niña have on hurricane seasons?
It can lead to a more severe hurricane season.
p.102
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
In which hemisphere do the westerlies attain their greatest consistency and strength?
In the Southern Hemisphere.
p.123
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Where do Ponant winds occur?
Cold Westerly winds in the Mediterranean region, especially the Corsica coast.
p.102
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
Why do the westerlies have greater consistency in the Southern Hemisphere?
Because there is less land to affect the development of winds.
p.123
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
What defines the Bise wind?
An extremely cold and dry wind in France and Switzerland.
p.114
Weather Patterns and Global Wind Systems
How does the Walker Cell affect weather patterns?
It creates a pressure gradient from East to West, influencing rainfall in Australia.
