How is Haemophilus influenzae primarily spread?
Through contact and aerosols.
p.37
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What organism is the most likely cause of a 12-year-old male's condition with enlarged tonsils, malaise, fever, and sore throat, showing gram-positive cocci that are catalase negative, beta hemolytic, and bacitracin sensitive?
B. Streptococcus pneumoniae.
p.22
Neisseria and Associated Infections
Which of the following is a characteristic of Neisseria meningitidis infection?
Spreads through respiratory droplets.
p.16
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What is Actinomycosis characterized by?
Chronic disease characterized by abscess and inflammation.
p.16
Normal Flora and Opportunistic Infections
What is a major component of dental plaque associated with A. naeslundii?
Common in the oral cavity and may contribute to dental caries and periodontal disease.
p.13
Mycoplasma and Atypical Pneumonia
What is passive immunization in the context of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Antitoxin for non-immune exposed individuals.
p.3
Normal Flora and Opportunistic Infections
What is the role of normal flora in the human body?
Normal flora protect against harmful microbes; disruption may lead to opportunistic infections like Clostridium difficile colitis.
p.38
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What infection is Streptococcus pneumoniae primarily associated with?
Most common cases of pneumonia.
p.29
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
Where is Legionella pneumophila naturally found?
In freshwater environments like lakes and streams.
p.26
Mycobacteria and Associated Infections
How does Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmit?
Through inhalation of droplets affecting alveolar macrophages in the lungs.
p.13
Mycoplasma and Atypical Pneumonia
What are the general characteristics of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Smallest self-replicating organisms, no cell wall, highly pleomorphic, and cell membrane rich in sterols.
p.28
Mycoplasma and Atypical Pneumonia
How are Mycobacterium Other Than Tuberculosis (MOTT) generally treated?
They are generally sensitive to normal anti-tuberculous drugs.
p.4
Koch's Postulates and Infection Cycle
Can viruses be grown in pure culture and do they cause disease in experimental hosts?
Viruses can be grown in pure culture but do not cause disease in experimental hosts.
p.3
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
How do facultative and obligate pathogens differ in their reproduction?
Facultative pathogens can reproduce inside or outside a host, while obligate pathogens can only reproduce inside a host.
p.16
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What are the types of Actinomycosis?
Cervicofacial, thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic.
p.16
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What are alternative treatments for Actinomycosis?
Erythromycin and clindamycin.
p.36
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
Which Rickettsia species is responsible for causing Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
C) Rickettsia rickettsii.
p.26
Mycobacteria and Associated Infections
What are the symptoms of Tuberculosis?
Persistent cough, weight loss, night sweats, fever, fatigue, loss of appetite.
p.8
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What is the characteristic of gamma (γ) hemolytic streptococci?
Non-hemolytic (e.g., some Group D streptococci like S. bovis).
p.31
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What is the primary method of diagnosing Legionella pneumophila infections?
Immunofluorescence assay.
p.16
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What methods are used for laboratory diagnosis of Actinomycosis?
Microscopic examination, culture using semi-selective media, and molecular analysis.
p.36
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
What is the primary characteristic of Chlamydia that classifies it as an 'energy parasite'?
B) It relies on host cells for ATP and nutrients.
p.19
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What type of bacteria is Neisseria?
Gram-negative diplococci.
p.14
Mycoplasma and Atypical Pneumonia
What is a unique characteristic of Mycoplasma?
Lack of cell wall and pleomorphism.
p.6
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
Who are considered high-risk populations for Staphylococcus aureus infections?
Immunocompromised individuals and drug abusers.
p.24
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
What type of bacteria is Haemophilus influenzae?
Gram-negative, small pleomorphic coccobacillus.
p.6
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What are the laboratory diagnosis characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus?
Catalase positive, coagulase positive, yellow or gold colonies on blood agar.
p.6
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What agar is used to grow Staphylococcus aureus and what does it ferment?
Mannitol Salt Agar; it ferments mannitol, turning the medium yellow.
p.21
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What types of vaccines are available for meningococcal infections?
Types A, B, C, W-135, and Y.
p.31
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What is a key preventive measure against the spread of Legionella in water systems?
Regular chlorination of water.
p.26
Mycobacteria and Associated Infections
What are the major diseases caused by Mycobacteria?
Tuberculosis and Leprosy.
p.25
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
Which diseases are associated with H. parainfluenzae?
Pneumonia and endocarditis.
p.16
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
What are the general characteristics of Nocardia?
Gram-positive, filamentous bacilli, strictly aerobic, and catalase positive.
p.13
Mycoplasma and Atypical Pneumonia
What are the symptoms of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection after 2-3 weeks?
Tracheobronchitis, fever, chills, malaise, sore throat, headache, cough.
p.4
Koch's Postulates and Infection Cycle
What are Koch’s Postulates designed for?
Koch’s Postulates are specifically designed for bacteria, not viruses.
p.13
Mycoplasma and Atypical Pneumonia
How is Mycoplasma pneumoniae primarily spread?
Via respiratory droplets.
p.3
Koch's Postulates and Infection Cycle
Why might some microorganisms, like viruses, not fulfill Koch’s Postulates?
Some microorganisms cannot be isolated in culture, and viruses require a host to replicate.
p.29
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
What is the morphology of Legionella pneumophila?
Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, pleomorphic, flagellated, and non-spore-forming.
p.29
Normal Flora and Opportunistic Infections
In which systems is Legionella commonly found?
Water systems like showerheads, air cooling systems, hot tubs, and plumbing systems.
p.14
Normal Flora and Opportunistic Infections
Where is Mycoplasma salivarium commonly found?
In dental plaque and gingival crevices.
p.14
Normal Flora and Opportunistic Infections
In which population is Mycoplasma salivarium more prevalent?
People with periodontal diseases.
p.14
Normal Flora and Opportunistic Infections
How is Mycoplasma salivarium transmitted?
Through dental aerosols and respiratory droplets.
p.13
Mycoplasma and Atypical Pneumonia
What is the size range of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
0.1-0.2 μm width and 1-2 μm length.
p.28
Mycoplasma and Atypical Pneumonia
What is the primary mode of transmission for Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
C) Inhalation of droplets.
p.28
Mycoplasma and Atypical Pneumonia
Which symptom is characteristic of tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
B) Persistent cough with phlegm.
p.11
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What are the general characteristics of Corynebacterium?
Gram-positive, catalase-positive, non-spore forming, non-motile rods; pleomorphic with clubbed ends; aerobic or facultatively anaerobic; slow growth.
p.15
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
What is the oxygen requirement for Actinomyces?
Facultative or strictly anaerobic.
p.11
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What disease does C. diphtheriae cause?
Diphtheria, by releasing a toxin.
p.11
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What type of media does C. diphtheriae grow on?
Blood agar and trypticase soy agar; selective media includes Tinsdale agar.
What are the methods for culture and diagnosis of tuberculosis?
Slow culture growth on egg-based, agar-based, and liquid media; Ziehl-Neelsen stain for microscopy; PCR for nucleic acid amplification.
What is the standard therapy duration for tuberculosis?
Long-term combination therapy for 6–9 months.
p.22
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What is the primary difference between N. gonorrhoeae and N. meningitidis in the CTA test?
N. gonorrhoeae is maltose negative, N. meningitidis is maltose positive.
p.38
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
Immunity against Haemophilus influenzae infection depends on the development of which antibody?
Antibody against capsular polysaccharide.
p.19
Neisseria and Associated Infections
On what type of agar is Neisseria cultivated?
Blood agar or chocolate agar.
p.13
Mycoplasma and Atypical Pneumonia
What antibiotics are effective against Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Tetracycline or erythromycin; penicillin is ineffective.
p.4
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What is the morphology of Staphylococcus aureus?
Gram-positive cocci in grape-like clusters.
p.21
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What is one method for diagnosing meningococcal infections?
Microscopic examination of CSF.
p.11
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What is the diphtheria toxin?
An exotoxin secreted by C. diphtheriae that inhibits protein synthesis in host cells.
p.17
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
How can Nocardia survive within the human body?
By living inside macrophages.
p.35
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
What disease is caused by C. psittaci?
Psittacosis, with respiratory symptoms.
What laboratory methods are used for diagnosing Haemophilus influenzae?
Microscopic observation, culture on chocolate agar, latex particle agglutination, PCR.
p.37
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What organism is MOST LIKELY involved in a root canal infection with gram-positive cocci in clusters that are catalase positive, coagulase positive, and beta hemolytic?
A. Staphylococcus aureus.
p.7
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
Which infection is most commonly associated with Staphylococcus saprophyticus?
Urinary tract infections (UTIs).
p.29
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
How is Legionella pneumophila primarily spread?
Through contaminated aerosols.
p.18
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What is the treatment of choice for Actinomyces infections?
Sulfonamides, specifically trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole.
p.26
Mycobacteria and Associated Infections
What is the morphology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Weakly gram-positive, rod-shaped, non-motile, non-spore forming, aerobic.
p.13
Mycoplasma and Atypical Pneumonia
How does Mycoplasma pneumoniae evade the immune system?
By changing surface antigens and fusing with host cells.
p.8
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What type of hemolysis is associated with S. pneumoniae and viridans streptococci?
Alpha (α) hemolytic: Partial hemolysis.
p.19
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What is the carbohydrate utilization result for N. gonorrhoeae?
Glucose positive, maltose negative.
p.8
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What are the virulence factors of Streptococcus pyogenes?
M protein, F protein, pyrogenic toxins, hemolysins, and enzymes like streptokinase.
p.24
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
What are the growth requirements for Haemophilus influenzae?
Fastidious growth requirements (X and V factors).
p.12
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What is the role of the B subunit in Diphtheria Toxin?
It binds to the host cell receptor.
p.21
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What is the emergency treatment for suspected meningococcal infection?
Antibiotics before diagnosis.
p.21
Neisseria and Associated Infections
Which antibiotics are used for confirmed cases of meningococcal infection?
Penicillin plus ceftriaxone.
p.12
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What areas of the body does Diphtheria primarily affect?
The upper respiratory tract, including the oropharynx and nasopharynx.
p.11
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
How is diphtheria toxin production regulated?
By the diphtheria toxin repressor (DtxR), which responds to environmental iron concentrations.
p.11
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What happens to toxin production in high iron conditions?
High iron suppresses toxin production.
p.3
Koch's Postulates and Infection Cycle
What are the steps in the Genitourinary tract Infection Cycle?
Adhesion, entry, replication, spread.
p.7
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What is the main cause of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) in Staphylococcus aureus infections?
Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1).
p.31
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
What are the general characteristics of Treponema pallidum?
Gram-negative, corkscrew-shaped, highly motile, strictly extracellular pathogen.
p.16
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What forms as a result of chronic suppuration in Actinomycosis?
Granuloma formation and fibrotic 'walling off'.
p.18
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
What type of media is used for culturing Actinomyces?
Blood agar and SDA (Sabouraud Dextrose Agar).
p.26
Mycobacteria and Associated Infections
What is a characteristic feature of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection?
Formation of granulomas with a necrotic core and surrounding immune cells.
p.19
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What test is used for differentiating Neisseria species based on carbohydrate utilization?
CTA (Cystine Tryptic Agar) test.
p.17
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
What makes Nocardia acid-fast?
The presence of mycolic acid in its cell wall.
p.12
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What does the A subunit of Diphtheria Toxin do?
It has catalytic activity and transfers ADP-ribose from NAD to elongation factor 2 (EF-2).
p.24
Virulence Factors and Pathogenic Mechanisms
What is the role of LOS (Lipooligosaccharide) in Haemophilus influenzae?
It acts as an endotoxin, toxic to epithelial cells.
p.34
Chlamydia and Rickettsia
What assay uses antibodies tagged with fluorescent dyes?
Immunofluorescence assay.
p.12
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What does the membrane formed by Diphtheria consist of?
Bacteria, fibrin, dead cells, and blood cells.
p.12
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What are common symptoms of Diphtheria?
Sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and weakness.
p.30
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What type of agar is used to culture Legionella?
Cysteine–charcoal–yeast extract agar under 5% CO2.
p.23
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
On which type of agar can the whooping cough bacterium be cultured?
Blood agar or charcoal blood agar.
p.23
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What is the primary virulence factor of the whooping cough bacterium?
Adhesions such as filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), fimbriae, and pertactin.
p.23
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What effect does pertussis toxin have on host cells?
ADP-ribosylation affects host cell signaling.
p.26
Mycobacteria and Associated Infections
What is the causative agent of Tuberculosis?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum.
p.28
Mycoplasma and Atypical Pneumonia
Which species are included in Mycobacterium Other Than Tuberculosis (MOTT)?
M. avium, M. intracellulare, M. kansasii, M. marinum, M. fortuitum.
p.19
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What are the growth requirements for Neisseria?
Aerobic with increased CO2 concentration (5%).
p.26
Mycobacteria and Associated Infections
What are the virulence factors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Surface-exposed lipids (PDIM, PGL).
p.13
Mycoplasma and Atypical Pneumonia
What is the primary method for laboratory diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae?
Culture from sputum and throat swabs, cold agglutination test, and PCR.
p.4
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
Which zoonotic disease is spread through contact with infected animal fluids?
Ebola; it is spread through contact with infected animal fluids and human-to-human transmission.
p.8
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What is the morphology of Streptococci?
Gram-positive cocci arranged in chains or diplococci.
p.30
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What serious condition does Legionella cause?
Legionnaires’ disease (legionellosis).
p.30
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What are common symptoms of Legionnaires’ disease?
Lung infection, cough, shortness of breath, fever, muscle aches, headaches.
What are the potential diseases caused by Haemophilus influenzae?
Pneumonia, otitis media, and meningitis.
p.34
Chlamydia and Rickettsia
What test is used for screening syphilis?
Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) Test.
p.34
Chlamydia and Rickettsia
What is the purpose of ELISA in the context of viral infections?
For detecting viral proteins.
p.17
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
Name three medically important species of Nocardia.
N. asteroides, N. brasiliensis, N. caviae.
p.35
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
What is the treatment for Chlamydia infections?
Azithromycin or doxycycline.
What is a key characteristic of Mycobacterium leprae?
It causes leprosy and is transmitted through prolonged contact.
p.35
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
How are Rickettsia transmitted to humans?
By arthropod vectors (fleas, lice, mites, ticks).
p.39
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
What is the most common way syphilis is spread?
Through contact with an infected person’s sore during sexual activity.
p.33
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What are alternatives to Penicillin G for treating syphilis?
Tetracycline and doxycycline.
p.20
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What is the function of beta-lactamase in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
It hydrolyzes beta-lactam antibiotics.
p.28
Mycoplasma and Atypical Pneumonia
What is the pathogenicity of Mycobacterium Other Than Tuberculosis (MOTT)?
Low pathogenicity but can cause pulmonary infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals.
p.14
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What is the mechanism of action of the diphtheria toxin?
It inhibits protein synthesis.
p.6
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What is a key control measure to prevent Staphylococcus aureus infections?
Cleanliness, hand washing, and aseptic handling of wounds.
p.21
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What are the symptoms of meningitis?
Fever, headache, stiff neck, increased cranial pressure.
p.21
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What is the incidence of meningitis in children under 1 year old?
10-100 children per 100,000.
p.8
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What is a common clinical manifestation of Streptococcus pyogenes?
Pharyngitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, necrotizing fasciitis, rheumatic fever, and glomerulonephritis.
p.4
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
Is Staphylococcus aureus motile or non-motile?
Non-motile and non-spore forming.
p.12
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What is the effect of Diphtheria Toxin on protein synthesis?
It inhibits protein synthesis, leading to cell death.
p.30
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
Who is at increased risk for Legionnaires’ disease?
People 50 years or older, smokers, those with chronic lung disease, weakened immune systems, and underlying illnesses.
p.6
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
Which morphology best describes Staphylococcus aureus?
Gram-positive cocci arranged in grape-like clusters.
p.23
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
What type of bacterium causes whooping cough?
Gram-negative coccobacillus.
p.32
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What are the stages of syphilis?
Primary stage (chancre) and secondary stage (rashes, fever, etc.).
p.32
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What are common symptoms of the secondary stage of syphilis?
Rashes, fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, hair loss, headaches, muscle aches, weight loss, fatigue.
p.23
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What does tracheal cytotoxin do?
Kills ciliated respiratory epithelial cells.
p.32
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What are some virulence determinants of the syphilis-causing organism?
Outer membrane proteins, hyaluronidase, fibronectin.
p.32
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What is the relationship between syphilis and HIV?
Syphilis can increase susceptibility to HIV infection.
p.17
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
How is Nocardia diagnosed in the laboratory?
Microscopic examination of specimens.
p.1
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What is an endemic disease?
A disease that is constantly present in a population.
p.1
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What are zoonotic diseases?
Diseases that spread from animals to humans.
p.20
Neisseria and Associated Infections
How is Neisseria meningitidis spread?
Through respiratory droplets.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What are carbuncles?
Carbuncles are deep pus formations from clusters of furuncles.
p.9
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What is the morphology of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Gram-positive, alpha-hemolytic, aerotolerant anaerobic.
p.9
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What does a positive CAMP test indicate for Group B streptococci?
Positive for *S. agalactiae*.
p.8
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
Which streptococci are classified as beta (β) hemolytic?
S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae.
p.15
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
What type of bacteria is Actinomyces?
Gram-positive, filamentous bacilli.
p.4
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What are the catalase and coagulase characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus?
Catalase positive and coagulase positive.
p.15
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
Are Actinomyces fastidious or easy to grow?
Fastidious and slow-growing.
p.15
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
What type of organisms are Actinomyces classified as?
True bacteria, not fungi.
p.11
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What is the role of potassium tellurite in Tinsdale agar?
It inhibits gram-negative bacteria and most normal upper respiratory flora.
p.6
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What is Staphylococcus saprophyticus commonly associated with?
Urinary tract infections (UTIs), particularly in young sexually active females.
p.32
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What type of parasite is responsible for syphilis?
Obligate human parasite, fastidious, and difficult to culture in vitro.
p.1
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What are microbes?
Tiny living organisms found everywhere.
p.17
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What are the symptoms of lung infections caused by Nocardia?
Cough, shortness of breath, fever.
p.35
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
What symptoms are associated with Rickettsial infections?
Maculopapular rash, edema, hemorrhage.
p.1
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What types of infections can bacteria cause?
Infections such as tuberculosis and strep throat.
p.1
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
When do fungi cause infections?
When they overgrow, such as in yeast infections and athlete’s foot.
p.39
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
How does the reticulate body of Chlamydia psittaci replicate?
By binary fission, forming an inclusion granule.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What do leukocidins do?
Leukocidins kill immune cells like PMNs and macrophages.
p.9
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What are the symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia?
Fever, cough, chest pain.
p.6
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What type of drugs are often required to treat Staphylococcus aureus infections?
β-lactamase-resistant drugs (methicillin, nafcillin).
p.11
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
Where can Corynebacterium be found?
In soil, water, plants, and food products.
p.17
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
On which types of agar does Nocardia grow?
Blood agar and Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA).
p.17
Types of Microbes and Pathogens
Where is Nocardia commonly found?
Ubiquitous in soil and water.
p.17
Normal Flora and Opportunistic Infections
In which areas of the human body can Nocardia be present?
Healthy gingiva and periodontal pockets.
p.35
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
What are the diseases caused by C. trachomatis?
Trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, genital infections, LGV.
p.12
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
How is Diphtheria diagnosed in the laboratory?
By culture on tellurite agar and Elek's immunodiffusion test.
p.11
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What is lysogenic conversion?
Integration of phage genome into bacterial genome, which can convert non-pathogenic bacteria to pathogenic.
p.30
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What is a key prevention strategy for Legionnaires’ disease?
Reducing Legionella growth and spread in water systems.
What is the culture method for Mycobacterium leprae?
No in vitro culture method; it can grow in mouse footpads.
p.1
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What is the difference between facultative and obligate pathogens?
Facultative pathogens can live outside or inside a host, while obligate pathogens can only survive inside a host.
p.39
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
During which stages is syphilis contagious?
During the primary and secondary stages.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What are enterotoxins and what do they cause?
Enterotoxins cause food poisoning, diarrhea, and vomiting.
p.2
Koch's Postulates and Infection Cycle
What are Koch's Postulates?
Criteria to establish a microbe as the cause of a disease.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What condition does exfoliatin lead to?
Exfoliatin leads to scalded skin syndrome.
p.2
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What are some routes of infections?
Airborne, touch, bodily fluids, ingestion, and animal bites.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What type of infections can pneumonia caused by Staphylococcus aureus lead to?
Lung infections with abscesses.
p.9
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
How does *S. pyogenes* respond to bacitracin?
*S. pyogenes* is bacitracin-sensitive; *S. agalactiae* is resistant.
p.21
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What are the symptoms of meningococcemia?
Upper respiratory infection, fever, skin rash, shock.
p.8
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What is the drug of choice for treating Streptococcus infections?
Penicillin; erythromycin is used for penicillin allergies.
p.8
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What is a common cause of neonatal infections associated with Streptococcus agalactiae?
Sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis.
p.15
Normal Flora and Opportunistic Infections
What role do Actinomyces play in human infections?
They cause infections as endogenous opportunists.
p.17
Koch's Postulates and Infection Cycle
What are the main transmission routes for Nocardia?
Inhalation and traumatic inoculation into the skin.
What is the BCG vaccination used for?
Prevention of tuberculosis.
What are the two forms of leprosy caused by Mycobacterium leprae?
Lepromatous and tuberculoid leprosy.
p.34
Chlamydia and Rickettsia
What is the life cycle of Chlamydia characterized by?
Two forms: Elementary Body (infective) and Reticulate Body (replicative).
p.17
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What skin conditions can Nocardia cause?
Cellulitis and subcutaneous abscesses.
p.2
Normal Flora and Opportunistic Infections
What is normal flora?
Microorganisms that naturally reside in the body without causing harm.
p.2
Normal Flora and Opportunistic Infections
Why is normal flora important?
It prevents colonization by harmful microbes.
p.2
Normal Flora and Opportunistic Infections
What can disruption of normal flora lead to?
Diseases like Clostridium difficile infection.
p.2
Normal Flora and Opportunistic Infections
What is the carrier state?
Individuals who harbor pathogens but do not show symptoms.
p.33
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What is a method NOT used for laboratory diagnosis of Treponema pallidum?
Contaminated water testing.
p.2
Koch's Postulates and Infection Cycle
What is the fourth criterion of Koch's Postulates?
The microbe must be re-isolated from the infected host.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What is osteomyelitis?
Osteomyelitis is a bone infection, common in children.
p.15
Normal Flora and Opportunistic Infections
Which species of Actinomyces is associated with human infections?
A. israelii and A. naeslundii.
p.11
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What are the two life cycles of bacteriophages?
Lytic cycle (used by virulent phages) and lysogenic cycle (used by temperate phages).
What condition does Mycobacterium bovis cause?
Scrofuloderma with enlarged cervical lymph nodes.
p.35
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
What are the general characteristics of Rickettsia?
Obligate intracellular parasites, gram-negative, pleomorphic, aerobic, non-motile.
p.2
Opportunistic Infections
What are opportunistic infections?
Infections that occur in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as HIV patients and transplant recipients.
p.1
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What are pathogens?
Microbes that cause disease when the immune system is weakened or when they enter sterile body areas.
p.32
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What is congenital syphilis?
Syphilis transmitted from mother to fetus, causing tooth malformations.
p.17
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What are some virulence factors of Nocardia?
Catalase, superoxide dismutase, cord factor.
p.32
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What are the modes of transmission for syphilis?
Unprotected sexual activity, congenital transmission, blood transfusion, sharing needles.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
Why are lipases important in skin infections?
Lipases break down lipids, which is crucial for skin infections.
p.2
Koch's Postulates and Infection Cycle
What is the first criterion of Koch's Postulates?
The microbe must be found in diseased individuals.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What are the characteristics of impetigo?
Impetigo presents with vesicles containing clear/yellowish fluid and is highly contagious.
p.9
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What is Otitis Media?
Middle ear infection, common in children.
p.24
Clinical Manifestations
What are common clinical manifestations of Haemophilus influenzae infections?
Respiratory infections, epiglottitis, otitis media.
p.32
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
How is syphilis primarily transmitted?
Through sexual contact with an infected sore.
p.12
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What is the primary method of prevention for Diphtheria?
Active immunization with boosters every 10 years.
p.12
Corynebacterium and Diphtheria Toxin
What type of immunity is correlated with protection against Diphtheria?
Humoral immunity, specifically neutralizing antibodies (antitoxin).
p.32
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What complications can arise from untreated syphilis?
Dermatological, venereal, cardiovascular, neurological complications.
p.30
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
Is there a vaccine available for Legionnaires’ disease?
No, there are no vaccines available.
p.20
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What is a key pathogenicity mechanism of Neisseria gonorrhoeae related to its surface proteins?
Pilin undergoes antigenic variation.
What antileprotic drugs are used for treating leprosy?
Dapsone, rifampicin, clofazimine.
How is whooping cough primarily spread?
Via respiratory droplets.
p.23
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What are the clinical manifestations during the catarrhal stage of pertussis?
Rhinorrhea and high communicability.
p.23
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What characterizes the paroxysmal coughing stage of pertussis?
Characteristic whoop and elevated WBC.
p.20
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What are common clinical symptoms of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in males?
Urethral infection, yellow discharge, dysuria, swollen testicles.
p.20
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What is the treatment for Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections?
Penicillin or ceftriaxone.
p.2
Koch's Postulates and Infection Cycle
What is the third criterion of Koch's Postulates?
The microbe introduced to a healthy host must cause disease.
p.2
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What are the portals of entry for infections?
Skin, respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal tract.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What is the epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus?
It is a common normal flora of skin and nasal passages and a major cause of nosocomial infections.
p.9
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What is the main characteristic of meningitis caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Inflammation of membranes around the brain/spinal cord.
p.9
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What is the Quellung reaction used for?
To identify *S. pneumoniae* via capsular swelling.
p.35
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
What laboratory methods are used for diagnosing Chlamydia infections?
Giemsa staining, immunofluorescence, ELISA, NAAT (PCR).
p.24
Immunity and Prevention
What type of vaccine is used for prevention against Haemophilus influenzae?
Hib conjugate vaccines for children.
p.1
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What is the microbiome?
A collection of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses) in specific environments.
p.32
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What is neurosyphilis?
A form of syphilis that affects the brain and nervous system.
p.30
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What type of environment is Legionella naturally found in?
B) Freshwater environments.
p.20
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What is the role of LOS (Lipooligosaccharide) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
It is toxic for ciliated cells.
p.2
Normal Flora and Opportunistic Infections
Where are key locations for normal flora in the body?
Skin, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract, and urogenital system.
p.20
Neisseria and Associated Infections
How does Neisseria gonorrhoeae acquire iron?
Through transferrin/lactoferrin binding proteins.
p.39
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
Can syphilis infect only the genital organs?
No, this statement is incorrect.
p.20
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What is a significant epidemiological fact about Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
It is a common STD primarily affecting ages 15-29.
p.1
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What defines an epidemic?
An outbreak that occurs more frequently than usual.
p.39
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
What happens to reticulate bodies in the life cycle of Chlamydia psittaci?
They are reorganized into elementary bodies.
p.39
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
What is the Gram stain classification of Rickettsiae?
They are not Gram-positive; this statement is incorrect.
p.9
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What is the laboratory diagnosis for streptococci based on catalase test?
Catalase test is negative for streptococci (positive for staphylococci).
p.34
Chlamydia and Rickettsia
What are the general characteristics of Chlamydia?
Gram-negative, coccoid, non-motile, aerobic, obligate intracellular parasites.
What antibiotics are used for treating Haemophilus influenzae infections?
Ampicillin or cephalosporins, depending on β-lactamase production; tetracycline for non-typable infections.
p.1
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What can cause microbial infections?
Bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites.
p.2
Opportunistic Infections
What are some examples of opportunistic infections?
Pneumonia and tuberculosis.
p.33
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
How may syphilis progress in HIV-positive individuals?
Faster than in HIV-negative individuals.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What enzyme does coagulase produce and what is its significance?
Coagulase causes plasma clotting, which is important for abscess formation.
p.33
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What is the primary mode of transmission for Treponema pallidum?
Sexual contact with an infected person.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What is the effect of hemolysins on red blood cells?
Hemolysins cause lysis of red blood cells.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What syndrome is caused by Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin (TSST-1)?
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS), which leads to excessive cytokine release.
p.39
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
What type of parasite are Rickettsiae?
Obligate intracellular parasites.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What are the symptoms of Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)?
High fever, low blood pressure, and organ failure.
p.9
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What is the treatment for most strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Most strains are susceptible to penicillin; vancomycin is used for resistant strains.
p.39
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
How does Treponema pallidum enter the body?
Through minor cuts in the skin or mucous membranes.
p.35
Chlamydia and Rickettsia Pathogenesis
What diseases are caused by R. prowazekii?
Epidemic typhus, Brill-Zinsser disease.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What role does hyaluronidase play in bacterial infections?
Hyaluronidase facilitates bacterial spread by breaking down hyaluronic acid.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What is the function of staphylokinase?
Staphylokinase breaks down blood clots.
p.2
Normal Flora and Opportunistic Infections
What are the types of carriers?
Incubating carriers and convalescent carriers.
p.1
Microbial Infection and Pathogenesis
What is a pandemic?
The global spread of an infection.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What are the symptoms of food poisoning caused by enterotoxins?
Symptoms appear within 1-6 hours.
p.9
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What vaccines are available for preventing infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae?
Vaccines for children under 2 and adults over 65.
p.20
Neisseria and Associated Infections
What is a common diagnostic method for Neisseria gonorrhoeae?
Gram staining of urethral/endocervical exudates.
p.2
Koch's Postulates and Infection Cycle
What is the second criterion of Koch's Postulates?
The microbe must be isolated and cultured.
p.5
Staphylococcus Characteristics and Infections
What is a furuncle?
A furuncle is an infection of hair follicles.
p.9
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What does a positive CAMP test indicate?
Enhances hemolysis by *Staphylococcus aureus*.
p.9
Streptococcus Classification and Clinical Manifestations
What is the association of *S. sanguinis*?
Associated with infective endocarditis.
