Electron
Uranite is a rock that contains uranium.
She was Dr. Roentgen's wife and the subject of the world's first radiograph.
Other ionizing radiations include alpha particles, beta particles, and gamma rays.
Gamma rays are classified as Y; Hard X-rays are classified as HX; Soft X-rays are classified as SX.
Yes, X-rays can penetrate the human body.
B has a higher frequency than A.
Isotopes that undergo beta plus decay include carbon-11, potassium-40, nitrogen-13, oxygen-15, fluorine-18, and iodine-121.
Electrons orbit the nucleus.
An Alpha Particle (α) consists of two protons and two neutrons, essentially a helium nucleus, emitted during certain types of radioactive decay.
X-rays are invisible, electrically neutral, have no mass, travel at the speed of light in a vacuum, cannot be optically focused, and travel in straight lines.
3x10^16 Hz to 3x10^19 Hz
Fluoroscopy is an X-ray application that uses a continuous low-dose X-ray beam to produce real-time images of organs and bones.
X-rays cause chemical changes in radiographic and photographic films.
Gamma radiation has the highest penetration efficiency, followed by beta radiation, while alpha radiation has the lowest.
A has a longer wavelength than B.
Electromagnetic radiation exhibits both particle and wave characteristics.
Positively charged protons and non-charged neutrons.
Electromagnetic radiation consists of an electric and a magnetic field oscillating in phase, perpendicular to each other and to the direction of energy propagation.
Wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency, meaning shorter wavelengths correspond to higher frequencies and higher energy radiation, such as X-rays and gamma rays, while longer wavelengths correspond to lower frequencies, such as radio waves.
X-ray is a type of electromagnetic radiation.
Computed Tomography (CT)
After 24 hours, 7.5 mg of Technetium-99m will remain.
A radiograph is an image produced on a sensitive plate or film by radiation, such as X-rays.
Concrete, lead, and steel.
X-rays can produce secondary radiation.
The time it takes for the radiation activity to reduce to 50% of its original activity.
C. Waves and particles
Radiation is a process in which energetic particles or waves travel through a medium or space, described as either particles or rays, representing energy in motion.
He received the first Nobel Prize for Physics in 1901.
This process is called radioactive decay.
Electromagnetic waves, including X-Rays, exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties, with higher energy correlating to more particle-like behavior and lower energy corresponding to more wave-like behavior.
General Radiography
The substance can transition from its ground state to an excited state, leading to fluorescence.
X-Rays can knock off electrons from an atom and thus ionize it.
The energy (E) is given by the equation E = hc/λ.
Radio waves are classified as Extremely high frequency (EHF), Super high frequency (SHF), Ultra high frequency (UHF), Very high frequency (VHF), High frequency (HF), Medium frequency (MF), Low frequency (LF), Very low frequency (VLF), Voice frequency (VF), Ultra low frequency (ULF), Super low frequency (SLF), and Extremely low frequency (ELF).
The time it takes for the radiation activity to reduce to 50% of its original activity.
Beta particles have limited penetrating ability because of their negative charge.
Beta plus decay, or positron emission, occurs when a neutron is converted into a proton, emitting a positron, typically when the neutron to proton ratio is too small.
124 eV to 124 keV
High frequency, high energy, short wavelength
Plutonium 238, 239, 240 and Uranium 238 and 235 are common sources of alpha decay.
X-Ray Duality refers to the concept that X-rays exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties.
Alpha (Ejected Helium), Beta (Ejected Electron), Positron (Ejected Anti-Beta particle), Gamma (Ejected Energy)
Radiations with sufficiently high energy, such as X-rays and Gamma rays.
A faint glow coming from a barium platinocyanide paper.
Frequency (ν, f)
X-Ray was discovered on November 8, 1895.
The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all types of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, radio waves, microwaves, infrared, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays.
0.01 nm (10 pm) to 10 nm
Inversely
Electrical energy, Kinetic energy, Thermal energy, Electromagnetic energy
If inhaled or swallowed, the alphas emitted from an alpha emitter can deposit large amounts of energy in a small area of body tissue.
Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen is credited with the discovery of X-rays in 1895.
Beta decay occurs when the neutron to proton ratio is too great in the nucleus, causing instability.
In beta decay, a neutron is converted to a proton and an electron is emitted.
Approximately 124 eV to 124 keV.
Producing X-rays in a range of energies is useful for different diagnostic purposes.
Alpha emitting radioactive isotopes cannot penetrate the patient’s body to reach the image detector.
Beta particles can be shielded by plastic, glass, metal foil, or safety glasses.
The atom will give off excess energy as rays (waves) or particles.
The electromagnetic spectrum includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet radiation, X-rays, and gamma rays.
A Gamma Ray (γ) is a form of electromagnetic radiation emitted from the nucleus of a radioactive atom, characterized by its high energy and penetrating ability.
Alpha decay occurs when the nucleus has too many protons, causing excessive repulsion, resulting in the emission of an alpha particle consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons.
The top number, or mass number (A), represents the total number of protons and neutrons.
Energetic electromagnetic waves that can also be treated as moving particles called photons.
The bottom number, or atomic number (Z), represents the number of protons in the nucleus.
The discovery of X-rays.
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be changed from one form to another; the amount of energy in a system is constant.
Examples of ionizing radiation include alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and X-rays.
Wavelength (λ)
Energy from the low-vacuum tube.
X-rays have wavelength and frequency.
Approximately 0.1 to 1.0 Å.
10^4 to 10^5 eV.
Hertz (Hz).
An atom is the same size compared to a golf ball as a golf ball is compared to the Earth.
The stability of an atom is based on its proton to neutron ratio.
A Beta Particle (β) is a high-energy, high-speed electron or positron emitted during radioactive decay.
Protactinium-230 transforms into Thorium-230 through beta plus decay.
X-rays can cause certain substances to fluoresce, transitioning from their ground state to an excited state.
Extreme ultraviolet is classified as EUV; Near ultraviolet is classified as NUV.
Ac 228 89 + → − Beta Decay: Radium-228 decays to Actinium-228.
Infrared waves are categorized as Near infrared (NIR), Moderate infrared (MIR), and Far infrared (FIR).
Beta decay has a small mass, an electrical charge of -1, is emitted from the nucleus, and has a range in air of about 10 feet.
X-rays have higher energy and shorter wavelengths compared to visible light, allowing them to penetrate various materials.
Approximately 3x10^16 Hz to 3x10^19 Hz.
From 0.01 nm (10 pm) to 10 nm.
Joules (J) and electron volts (eV)
kVp stands for kilovoltage peak, which is the maximum energy of the X-ray beam.
3x10^19 to 3x10^18 Hz.
One common use of X-Rays in hospitals is in the evaluation of broken bones.
A. No mass
Dr. Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-Rays.
They are called radioactive atoms.
It was a static image with a 15-minute exposure.
A sheet of paper and the outer layer of skin can shield alpha radiation.
Alpha (α), Beta (β), and Neutron (n0) radiations.
Work
Low Energy Neutrons, Visible Light, Infrared, Microwave, Thermal radiation (heat), Radio Waves, Very Low Frequency (VLF), Extremely Low Frequency (ELF).
Plutonium-240 transforms into Uranium-236.
The two main types of radiation are ionizing radiation, which has enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms, and non-ionizing radiation, which does not have sufficient energy to ionize atoms.
Radiation induced damage, also known as Radiation Damage.
Electrical energy to Heat (thermal energy)
λ = c / f, where c is the speed of light (~3 × 10^8 m/s).
1 μm = 10^-6 m.
The discovery of X-rays was made by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895. He observed that a fluorescent screen glowed when exposed to a cathode ray tube, leading to the identification of X-rays as a new form of radiation.
Ionizing radiation includes alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and X-rays, which have enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from atoms. Non-ionizing radiation includes radio waves, microwaves, and visible light, which do not have enough energy to ionize atoms.
Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by its wavelength, frequency, and energy. It travels at the speed of light and can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties.
X-ray energy exhibits duality, behaving both as a wave and as a particle (photon). This wave-particle duality is fundamental to understanding X-ray interactions with matter.
X-ray source, detectors, and patient image
No
Mammography is an X-ray application used for breast cancer diagnosis through low-energy X-ray imaging.
Radiotherapy uses external beams of X-rays, often delivered by a linear accelerator or devices like Cyberknife, for cancer treatment.
Atoms are neutral.
X-rays can be absorbed, scattered, or transmitted through different materials depending on their energy and the material's density.
The number of electrons equals the number of protons.
They are capable of knocking one or more electrons off the target atoms, leading to ionization.
~ 34 eV.
In quantum mechanics, electrons are described by wave functions, which represent the probabilities of finding an electron in a certain position.
Röntgen observed that a fluorescent screen glowed even when it was not in the direct path of cathode rays.
Röntgen called the new rays 'X-rays', with 'X' representing an unknown factor.
Wavelength and frequency are inversely related.
p = hf, where p is momentum and f is frequency.
PET is a nuclear medicine imaging technique that produces a three-dimensional image of functional processes in the body.
Alpha, Beta (+/-), Gamma, X-Ray, High Energy Neutrons.
More than 100 keV and less than 10 picometers.
X-Ray Duality provides insights into the nature of electromagnetic radiation, allowing for advancements in imaging and radiation therapies.
Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
The emission wavelength is typically longer than the excitation wavelength due to energy loss.
X-rays form polyenergetic or heterogeneous beams.
One of the first medical applications of X-rays was to visualize bone fractures.
A gamma particle is an electromagnetic wave or photon that has no electrical charge and possesses great penetrating power.
X-Rays create images of the inside of the body, allowing healthcare providers to view bones and soft tissue, which helps in diagnosing various medical conditions.
Yes, X-Rays can be used in radiation therapy to target and kill cancer cells.
X-rays are highly penetrating, can ionize atoms, travel in straight lines, can be absorbed by dense materials, and can produce a photographic effect.
X-rays are highly penetrating electromagnetic radiation, travel at the speed of light, can ionize atoms, and have the ability to produce biological effects.
It detects pairs of gamma rays emitted indirectly by a positron-emitting radionuclide introduced into the body, which is attached to a biologically active molecule.
X-rays can be absorbed or scattered in the human body.
Images of tracer concentration in three-dimensional space within the body are reconstructed by computer analysis.
The removal of one or more electrons from an atom.
Radiograph
This notation indicates the atomic number (Z) and the mass number (A) of the element uranium (U).
Anti-Beta particle
Energy
Gamma radiation can easily travel several hundred feet in air.
The decay reaction is Plutonium-240 -> Plutonium-240 + Gamma.
The energy of electromagnetic radiation is directly proportional to its frequency and inversely proportional to its wavelength. Momentum is related to energy and can be expressed in terms of wavelength.
Shielding techniques involve using materials such as lead, concrete, or water to reduce exposure to radiation by absorbing or scattering radiation particles.
An alpha particle has a large mass, an electrical charge of +2, and a range in air of 1 to 2 inches.
Alpha radiation can be stopped easily, making it not a significant external hazard.
The dual nature of electrons refers to their ability to exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties.
A low-vacuum tube.
Electrical energy to Heat (thermal energy) + X-ray (electromagnetic energy)
X-rays move as photons or quanta, which are small, discrete bundles of energy.
The primary sources of radiation include natural sources such as cosmic rays, radon gas, and terrestrial radiation, as well as man-made sources like medical X-rays and nuclear power plants.
X-rays typically have wavelengths ranging from 0.01 to 10 nanometers.
Helium
X-rays can cause damage to living tissue.
A diagnostic X-ray beam consists of photons with many different energies.
The diagnostic range of kVp for X-rays is 30 to 150 kVp.
X-Rays are used for diagnostic imaging, such as detecting fractures, tumors, and infections, as well as in treatments like radiation therapy for cancer.
The double-slit experiment demonstrates the wave nature of electrons by showing interference patterns when electrons pass through two slits.
1 nm = 10^-9 m.
1 Å = 10^-10 m = 0.1 nm.
Planck's constant (h) = 6.63 × 10^-34 Js.
c = h / λ, where c is the speed of light and λ is wavelength.
Medical applications of radioactive decay include diagnostic imaging using radioactive tracers and therapeutic procedures, such as radiation therapy for cancer treatment.
An example of non-ionizing radiation is visible light, microwaves, and radio waves.
The de Broglie wavelength of an electron is a wavelength associated with its momentum, given by the formula λ = h/p, where h is Planck's constant and p is momentum.
Yes, protons and neutrons can be emitted as well.
Gamma decay occurs when the nucleus is at too high energy, falling to a lower energy state and emitting a high energy photon known as a gamma particle.
E = hf, where h is Planck's constant.
Micron (μm), nanometer (nm), and angstrom (Å).
X-Ray imaging is crucial in modern medicine as it provides a non-invasive method to diagnose and monitor various health conditions.
High energy neutrons can ionize atoms and penetrate materials deeply.
High energy neutrons are categorized according to speed.
High energy neutrons can make other objects or materials radioactive through neutron activation.
Types of radioactive decay include alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay, each involving the emission of particles or electromagnetic radiation from an unstable nucleus.
An atom consists of a nucleus and electrons.
