The Nazis aimed for Germany to be economically self-sufficient, known as Autarky, which they believed could only be achieved through conquest abroad.
Victor Emmanuel III proposed to Mussolini to form a new government.
The crisis began when Germany missed a reparations payment, leading to the French invasion of the Ruhr.
The Tsar's government was characterized by autocracy, support from the Church, control by nobles, a repressive secret police (Okhrana), and press censorship.
Trotsky believed that revolution was not a single event but a continuous process, with uprisings occurring from country to country.
Popular support can be attributed to propaganda, the promise of national revival, and the suppression of dissent, which created an environment where opposition was dangerous and loyalty was rewarded.
Economic poverty of Russian farmers, an outdated farming economy, land shortages, and the economic crisis aggravated by World War I, which saw prices rise by 600%.
Communism is a political ideology aiming to create a society without social classes, without state, and without private property.
A highly unequal and rural society, land shortages, economic crisis aggravated by World War I, and rejection of political and military authoritarianism.
Totalitarian regimes capitalized on the economic instability by promising stability, employment, and national rejuvenation, which garnered public support and allowed them to consolidate power.
The Communists were divided into moderate Mensheviks, who wanted Communism without a revolution, and extremist Bolsheviks, who sought a violent proletarian revolution.
Totalitarianism is a form of government in which the state’s power is unlimited and controls virtually all aspects of public and private life, largely using terror.
The Republic of Weimar was blamed for Germany losing the war.
The Nazis pushed campaigns against working women to decrease male unemployment, promoting the idea that women's primary role was in the home.
The Tsar was forced to abdicate, leading to the establishment of a provisional government by the Duma, which was later toppled by Lenin in October 1917.
Ideology provided a framework for the regimes' goals and justifications, while coercion through state violence and repression ensured compliance and eliminated opposition.
The term 'totalitarian' was first used in 1924 by Italian liberal Giovanni Amendola to denounce the Italian State's extensive control.
The literacy rate was around 51% in 1926.
The Bolsheviks changed the government from an autocratic system to a communist party-led government, implementing communist laws and nationalizing all industries.
Political violence was seen as a continuation of the war, accepted as fighting against the Republic or Revolutionaries.
The theory provided Germans with a reason to explain their defeat and fostered hatred towards the Weimar Republic, ultimately aiding Hitler's rise to power.
In the 1930 elections, the Nazis won 6.5 million votes and 107 seats in the Reichstag, becoming the second largest party, while the Communists obtained 4.5 million votes and 77 seats.
The Nazis considered the differences between men and women as natural, viewing men as warriors and women as destined to be wives and mothers. Certain professions were deemed inappropriate for married women.
Lenin was born into a warm, loving middle-class family, and after his father's death, he was influenced by the execution of his brother for plotting against the tsar, which led him to radical writings.
Totalitarian regimes are dictatorships that aim to control the whole life of the population, encompassing economic, political, social, and cultural aspects.
Hitler became chancellor on January 30, 1933, after refusing the vice chancellor position and demanding to be made chancellor.
The basic concept of Fascism was that the State was absolute, and individuals and groups were all relative to it.
1. A single political party led by an omnipresent leader controls society and represses individual freedom through terror. 2. The regime is organized against democracy. 3. The State is everything, and the individual is nothing.
Ideology serves as a set of beliefs that justifies the omnipotence of a leader and aims to control all aspects of social life.
The SA was a private group of thugs organized by Hitler to quash disorder at party meetings and attack rival parties.
The death of Lenin in 1924 and the subsequent ideological conflict between Trotsky and Stalin, leading to Stalin's victory and the stalinization of the regime.
Mussolini claimed that 'Everything is in the State', while Nazi proponents referred to it as the 'total State'.
Hannah Arendt argued that Nazi and State communist regimes were new forms of government, not merely updated versions of old tyrannies.
Factors included a moral and political crisis post-war, economic difficulties, and Mussolini's ability to attract support by addressing middle-class fears of radicalism and disorder.
Lenin banned religion, destroyed churches, and implemented labor laws that provided an 8-hour workday, unemployment benefits, and pensions.
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ended the war with Germany but resulted in significant territorial losses for Russia, including Ukraine and the Baltic states.
Hitler chose the swastika as the Nazi party emblem in 1920.
Both regimes featured a single-party state, state control over society, use of propaganda, and enforcement methods such as police states, but differed in ideology and specific policies.
1917 Russian revolutions, 1922 Mussolini's March on Rome, and 1933 Hitler becoming chancellor.
Mussolini proclaimed, 'Everything within the state, nothing against the state, nothing outside the state.'
Lenin introduced nationalization of industries, banned private enterprise, and implemented strict centralized management of trade and production.
It left countries like Russia, Italy, and Germany weakened, facing major economic and social difficulties, and political tensions inherited from the end of the war.
The 'stab-in-the-back' theory claimed that the German Army had been betrayed by subversive politicians, leading to the November revolution of 1918 and the acceptance of the Treaty of Versailles.
The Bolsheviks stabilized their regime through the support of the peasantry and by implementing strict rules during the Civil War, establishing the first totalitarian regime in Europe.
The regimes were highly effective in maintaining power through a combination of propaganda, censorship, state control, and the use of terror against dissenters.
The main goal was to end the class struggle and establish a dictatorship of the proletariat, leading to a classless and stateless society where everyone is equal.
The NSDAP became the first parliamentary group after the elections, securing 230 seats with Hermann Göring as Reichstag President.
The NEP was a policy that replaced war communism, allowing for small private property in agriculture and introducing a mixed economy with limited pluralism, foreign investments, and a private handicraft sector.
Soviets took power through revolution, Fascists through a coup, and Nazis through a mix of intimidation and electoral participation.
Hitler initially wanted to become an artist but had a poor record at school.
While in prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf, which described his political philosophy and plans for the conquest of Europe.
The collapse of the American Stock Exchange in 1929 triggered an economic depression that destabilized Weimar Germany, leading to high unemployment and political turmoil.
The pact presented Hitler and Stalin as twin dictators, codifying the concept of totalitarianism.
The creation of a dictatorship led by the Bolsheviks, nationalization of all industries, and strict centralized management of trade and production.
Mussolini secured a new electoral law that provided any party with 25% of the votes in a general election would receive two-thirds of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies.
The Beer Hall Putsch was an abortive attempt by Adolf Hitler and his Nazi followers to seize power in Munich on November 8, 1923. Although it failed and resulted in Hitler's imprisonment, it gained him notoriety and laid the groundwork for his rise to dictatorship in Germany.
He became involved in the NSDAP (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei) in 1920.
He plotted to take over Munich in a revolution.
All three states lacked a democratic culture, had been authoritarian until WW1, and sought national cohesion and unity.
Trotsky was a key figure in the Red Army and a favorite of Lenin, but after Lenin's death in 1924, he was dismissed by Stalin and eventually exiled in 1929.
One objection is that it focuses entirely on central decisions, neglecting the importance of local implementation and the evolution of regimes in changing contexts.
The CHEKA served as the secret police, arresting, torturing, and killing opponents to establish a totalitarian state.
War Communism involved government takeover of larger factories, military discipline for workers, and forced requisitioning of surplus food from peasants.
The 1929 crisis led to the rise of two major political parties: the Communist Party and the Nazi Party (NSDAP), as many turned to these parties amid the economic turmoil.
The exchange rate rose from 18,000 marks per dollar to one hundred million marks per dollar by September 1923.
The Cheka was the political police that enforced the dictatorship led by the Bolsheviks and suppressed opposition.
The Weimar Republic faced a political crisis with four Reichstag dissolutions from 1930 to 1933.
The Nazi Party showed sturdy growth in the 1920s due to strong support from the middle classes, who viewed them as the 'last hope against unemployment' and a bulwark against communism.
Nationalists and racists blamed the Treaty of Versailles and reparations for Germany's problems, which fueled support for the Nazis among those disillusioned with democracy.
A mixed economy with limited pluralism, allowing a private handicraft sector and traders, and recourse to foreign investments and technologies.
The Aventine Secession was when the parties in opposition to Mussolini's government withdrew from the parliament after the murder of Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti.
The 'dictatorship of the proletariat' was a temporary measure where terror was used to enforce communist principles until Russia was fully transformed into a communist state.
Totalitarian regimes disrupted traditional political structures to create new forms of governance and increased state violence.
The March on Rome involved armed Fascists marching to the capital, which alarmed politicians and led to the resignation of the Liberal Premier, facilitating Mussolini's rise to power.
He was promoted to corporal and decorated with the Iron Cross Second Class and First Class.
Charles Dawes, as the Allied Reparations Commissioner, helped stabilize the Weimar Republic by reforming the German Reichsbank, ending hyperinflation, and arranging the Dawes Plan, which included American loans to kick-start the German economy.
