Advantages of watching with a caregiver include guided interaction and enhanced understanding of content. Disadvantages may include distractions or less focus on the storyline when watching alone.
Nso mothers place their baby on their lap, grasp their hands, extend their arms, and bounce their knees to help the child learn to sit, crawl, stand, and walk.
Nso mothers engage in vigorous physical activities with their infants, while German mothers typically place their babies on their backs and allow them to take the lead without direct intervention.
Vision is the most studied but least well-developed sense at birth, with researchers inferring infants' visual abilities based on physiological responses and gaze patterns.
They discriminate between upright and inverted human figures engaged in movements like walking and running.
Infants' developing sensory and perceptual abilities coordinate with motor skills, enabling them to maintain balance, reach for objects, and explore their environment.
The empiricist view posits that infants cannot perceive the world in three dimensions until they have learned to associate different eye muscle movements with focusing on near versus far objects.
Infants begin to use stereoscopic depth information to perceive depth between the ages of 2 and 4 months.
Covering the stronger eye with a patch and using glasses to strengthen the weaker eye.
Movement helps infants perceive depth in two-dimensional displays.
Cultural context influences the development of motor skills and maturation, as shown by research on Nso and German mothers, highlighting that caregivers' beliefs play a role.
Some senses, like hearing, are activated during the prenatal period, while others, such as vision, receive their first stimulation after birth.
It underlies the ability to perceive a three-dimensional world.
The nativist perspective asserts that infants are born with the innate ability to interpret information for depth and distance, allowing them to perceive the world in three dimensions from birth or with limited experience.
Binocular disparity is the difference between the image on each retina, which produces stereoscopic information.
They see a flat, two-dimensional surface that represents a dynamic, three-dimensional world.
Interposition refers to a nearby object covering part of the view of a farther object, indicating depth.
Nso mothers were concerned that German infants would not learn to sit up, crawl, and walk if their mothers did not help them exercise their muscles and joints.
The maturation of disparity-sensitive cells in the visual cortex.
Information about perceptual depth that is carried by motion.
By the age of about 5½ months, visual acuity improves to approximately 20/100.
A two-dimensional shadow form increases and decreases in size, producing optical expansion and contraction.
Binocular vision is visual input from two aligned eyes that move together, essential for normal visual development.
Older viewers tend to focus their gaze on central elements, such as the actor's face, while very young viewers are more attracted to salient visual elements, like the eyes and faces of characters, resulting in less time spent on the storyline.
German mothers assume that simple growth and maturation will promote motor development without any special intervention or stimulation.
Perceptual narrowing refers to the phenomenon where infants become better at distinguishing faces from their own racial category compared to faces from other racial categories as they gain experience with faces during the first year of life.
Infants can perceive directional movement as early as 2 to 3 months of age.
To prevent the brain's ability to receive signals from the affected eye from diminishing.
Newborns prefer high-contrast patterns and are particularly attracted to human faces.
They are able to notice lines and areas of high contrast, which often coincide with edges.
Infants born preterm or with a family history of eye problems are at greater risk for vision problems.
Dynamic systems theorists consider the evolutionary origins and value of that perceptual ability, as well as the influence of various factors through systematic experiments with infants.
It shows how infants perceive depth, with those willing to cross the 'cliff' possibly using tactile information in addition to visual cues.
Visual acuity is the smallest spacing that can be perceived between parts of a pattern. Newborns have significantly worse visual acuity than adults, who typically have 20/20 vision.
By eliminating depth information via binocular disparity and using a preferential reaching procedure.
Peripheral vision is not significantly different because it relies on pathways that are already functional at birth, unlike foveal vision which is initially poor.
Infants recognize unfamiliar faces better when presented as moving stimuli than as static photographs.
While infants can recognize images and sounds, they may not fully understand the content. Watching videos alone may not enhance cognitive development as much as interactive engagement with caregivers.
Many researchers are actively testing predictions of ecological theory and dynamic systems theory, yielding new insights about how nature and nurture work together in perceptual development.
The ecological perspective suggests that infants perceive depth and distance because they are sensitive to a rich array of cues in their environment, which they can discern as they move around and interact with objects.
Limitations in color discrimination in very young infants may be due to a lack of cones, which are photoreceptors in the eye that respond to specific hues, or other immaturities in the newborn visual system.
Between 5 and 7 months of age.
Very young infants perceive the edges of objects.
Height-in-the-picture-plane: Objects closer to the horizon are judged to be more distant than those farther away from the horizon.
Movement enables infants to perceive human actions in point-light displays.
Depth perception is the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions.
Many fundamental visual abilities, such as noticing and paying attention to objects and people in motion, are present at birth or develop rapidly in infancy.
It is the ability to perceive differences among the elements of an image or pattern under varying degrees of contrast between the pattern and its background.
Dynamic systems theory explains that new skills emerge from self-organization and interactions within a complex system, where a child's development is influenced by continuous interactions at multiple levels.
4-month-olds show a preference for displays containing disparity that adults judge to show depth.
Visual preference methods for 4½-month-old infants and habituation for 2- to 3-month-old infants.
Nativists assert that the ability to perceive the world must be innate.
Newborns prefer sweet flavors and dislike sour and bitter flavors.
Dynamic systems theories describe development as the emergence of new forms of behavior due to self-organization and interactions of the components of a complex system operating on multiple levels.
It is a research procedure where infants are shown two visual stimuli simultaneously, and the total amount of time they spend looking at each display is compared.
Infants younger than 2 months have difficulty using smooth eye movements to track objects and tend to lag behind or make jerky eye movements.
Researchers measure visual acuity in infants using gratings or high-contrast patterns and observing the amount of time infants look at each stimulus.
By the age of 1 month, infants can discriminate their mother's face from that of a stranger.
Object unity is specified by consistent properties like texture, color, or pattern across an object, which disappear abruptly at its edges.
By about 8 months, visual acuity is nearly as good as in adults with 'perfect' 20/20 vision.
Philosophers debated how depth perception could be developed, questioning how a flat retina could convey a three-dimensional world.
Infants show a response to optical expansion and contraction, indicating they perceive the position of objects relative to themselves from the first weeks of life.
Newborn visual acuity is estimated to be approximately 20/400.
Infants blink their eyes in a defensive manner as early as 1 month of age.
By 3 months, infants are attracted to the eyes and mouth in a face and can respond to facial features as a unified pattern.
By 3 months of age, infants look preferentially at faces that are the same gender as their own.
Infants need touch and physical contact to grow and thrive, with most neonatal reflexes triggered by the sense of touch.
Infants younger than 4 weeks can discriminate between red and white but not between white and other hues. By 8 weeks, they can distinguish white from several colors, but not from yellow or yellow-green.
Information about perceptual depth used in two-dimensional representations of the three-dimensional world, including relative size, linear perspective, texture gradients, and interposition.
The increase and decrease in the size of an object’s image on the retina, which helps in perceiving the approach or retreat of an object.
They determine the significance of ambiguous markings and assign each boundary or edge to a specific object or surface.
Researchers believe that the innate salience of faces reflects the social and biological importance of caregivers' faces for infants' survival.
These senses provide infants with information about the body’s position and movement, contributing to motor development and learning.
The allocation of neurons in the visual cortex changes to reflect the child’s visual experience, and the brain’s ability to receive signals from the affected eye diminishes.
The accuracy of saccadic eye movements improves by the age of 11 to 14 weeks.
The rapid growth of the eyeball increases the distance from the front of the eye to the retina, creating a larger, clearer image on the retina.
The visual cortex is the area of the brain that processes visual information, and it is immature at birth, affecting visual processing.
The ecological theory of perception assumes that the visual system perceives meaningful information directly from the properties of the environment.
Newborns prefer sweet aromas and dislike odors that older children and adults find unpleasant.
Infants find it easier to recognize differences among faces they have seen frequently, while it becomes more difficult to differentiate among faces with which they have had less visual experience.
Newborns turn toward the source of a sound and pay attention to the sound of the human voice, preferring their mother's voice.
Newborns notice objects and people in motion and prefer looking at patterns with high contrast, particularly human faces.
