What type of reflex involves skeletal muscle contraction?
Somatic reflex.
What do alpha motor neurons innervate?
Extrafusal fibers.
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p.3
Types of Reflexes

What type of reflex involves skeletal muscle contraction?

Somatic reflex.

p.4
Components of the Nervous System

What do alpha motor neurons innervate?

Extrafusal fibers.

p.10
Autonomic Nervous System Overview

What is the definition of the quasi-autonomous nervous system?

Almost autonomous; acts independently from sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems but can still be influenced by both.

p.3
Reflex Arc and Its Components

What are the components of a reflex arc?

Stimulus, receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector.

p.1
Introduction to Reflexes

What is the definition of a reflex?

A reflex is an automatic response to a stimulus.

p.13
Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Function

What are varicosities in the context of the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

Round structures at the end of axons that release neurotransmitters.

p.4
Components of the Nervous System

What are the larger skeletal muscle fibers that provide most of the force during a contraction called?

Extrafusal fibers.

p.4
Components of the Nervous System

Where is the Golgi tendon organ located?

At the junction of the tendon and muscle fibers.

p.9
Types of Reflexes

What happens when a baby is suspended in a prone position?

The head lifts up and the spine straightens, demonstrating the Landau reflex.

p.11
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What is the 'Thoracolumbar outflow'?

It refers to the preganglionic fibers that leave the spinal cord between T1 to L2.

p.3
Types of Reflexes

What is a reflex?

A relatively predictable, involuntary, and nearly instantaneous response to an eliciting stimulus.

p.7
Types of Reflexes

How does fatigue affect the muscle spindle in the myotatic reflex?

Fatigue causes a slight bending of the knee, stretching the knee extensor muscle and increasing the length of the muscle fiber.

p.3
Types of Reflexes

What is a monosynaptic reflex?

A reflex that involves a single synapse.

p.13
Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Function

What enzyme combines choline with acetyl-CoA to synthesize Acetylcholine?

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT).

p.3
Components of the Nervous System

What type of information do muscle sensory receptors send to the CNS?

Length of the muscle, tension of the muscle, and the rate of change in length/tension.

p.10
Components of the Nervous System

What is the role of the myenteric plexus?

Controls GI motility and movement of food from proximal to distal.

p.15
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What is the effect of M2 and M4 muscarinic receptors?

They are inhibitory and decrease cAMP levels.

p.6
Types of Reflexes

What type of synapses are involved in the inverse myotatic reflex?

Disynaptic synapses, first synapsing with an inhibitory neuron.

p.16
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What is the effect of α1 receptors?

They cause constriction/contraction of smooth muscle by increasing IP3 and intracellular Ca+2.

p.8
Types of Reflexes

What characterizes primitive reflexes?

They are present at birth, involuntary, and directed from the brainstem without cortical involvement.

p.3
Types of Reflexes

What is the difference between innate and acquired reflexes?

Innate reflexes are present since birth and involuntary, while acquired reflexes are learned after birth and can be voluntary.

p.5
Types of Reflexes

What do static responses in muscle spindles respond to?

The degree of stretching of the muscle spindle.

p.7
Types of Reflexes

What is the role of the muscle spindle and GTO in maintaining posture during fatigue?

They work together to oppose the decrease in contraction of the rectus femoris due to fatigue.

p.5
Types of Reflexes

What is an example of an innate reflex?

Myotatic/stretch reflex.

p.6
Types of Reflexes

What is the role of the Golgi tendon organ in the inverse myotatic reflex?

It causes relaxation of the muscle in response to increased tension.

p.9
Types of Reflexes

What occurs when a baby's head is lowered towards the surface while in a prone position?

The hands and legs extend in a protective fashion, demonstrating the Positive Support Reflex.

p.1
Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Function

What neurotransmitter is associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

Acetylcholine (Ach).

p.10
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What is the role of the sympathetic nervous system?

Responsible for the fight or flight response.

p.7
Types of Reflexes

What is afterdischarge in the context of reflexes?

A repetitive firing of excited neurons after the cessation of the stimulus.

p.9
Types of Reflexes

What are postural reflexes?

Reflexes that keep our body upright and aligned, such as righting, parachute, and tonic neck reflexes.

p.1
Reflex Arc and Its Components

What are the functional components of a typical reflex arc?

Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector.

p.10
Autonomic Nervous System Overview

Where does the enteric nervous system begin and end?

From the esophagus until the anus.

p.3
Components of the Nervous System

What is the role of muscle spindles?

They sense muscle length and the rate of change of length.

p.10
Components of the Nervous System

What are the two parts of the intramural plexus?

Myenteric Plexus and Submucosal Plexus.

p.7
Types of Reflexes

What is the response of the flexor withdrawal reflex?

Contraction of flexion muscles to remove the foot from the stimulus.

p.5
Types of Reflexes

What triggers the dynamic stretch reflex?

Sudden rapid stretch of muscle fibers.

p.4
Components of the Nervous System

What type of intrafusal fiber senses sustained stretch?

Nuclear chain fiber.

p.11
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What is the role of the sympathetic chain of ganglia?

It allows preganglionic fibers to synapse with postganglionic neurons at the same level or travel to other ganglia.

p.1
Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Function

What is the function of acetylcholinesterase (AchE)?

It breaks down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft.

p.10
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What does the parasympathetic nervous system regulate?

Energy conservation and maintenance of vital body functions.

p.10
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What is the thoracolumbar outflow associated with?

The sympathetic nervous system.

p.12
Pharmacology of ANS Drugs

What neurotransmitters are secreted by the Sympathetic Nervous System?

Norepinephrine and epinephrine (80% of norepinephrine is converted to epinephrine in the adrenal medulla).

p.6
Types of Reflexes

What happens during the contraction followed by relaxation of a muscle?

The muscle shortens due to leg extension, causing the muscle spindle to become lax, stopping excitatory discharge and leading to muscle relaxation.

p.7
Types of Reflexes

What is activated during fatigue to maintain muscle contraction?

The myotatic reflex is activated, exciting the α motor neuron of the homonymous muscle (rectus femoris).

p.10
Components of the Nervous System

What are the four layers of the bowel wall?

Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis Propria, and Serosa.

p.15
Autonomic Nervous System Overview

What happens when Gq receptors stimulate Phospholipase C?

It converts PIP2 to IP3 and DAG, increasing intracellular Ca+2 levels and causing contraction of smooth muscle.

p.5
Types of Reflexes

What is the function of the myotatic/stretch reflex?

Maintenance of posture and overcoming unexpected impediments during voluntary movement.

p.12
Parasympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What distinguishes the length of preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

Preganglionic fibers are long, while postganglionic fibers are short.

p.16
Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Function

How does norepinephrine affect alpha and beta receptors?

Norepinephrine has a greater effect on alpha receptors compared to beta receptors (α > β).

p.13
Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Function

What neurotransmitter is secreted by sympathetic postganglionic fibers?

Norepinephrine.

p.8
Somatic and Visceral Reflexes

What does a visceral reflex involve?

Glandular or non-skeletal muscular responses, including smooth muscles like the heart and blood vessels.

p.15
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

Where are Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors primarily found?

On postsynaptic effector cells, mainly in smooth muscle.

p.15
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What is the function of Beta-1 adrenergic receptors?

They are primarily found in the heart and are responsible for increasing heart rate and contractility.

p.2
Types of Reflexes

Give an example of a somatic reflex.

Knee jerk reflex.

p.9
Components of the Nervous System

What distinguishes the Somatic Nervous System from the Autonomic Nervous System?

The Somatic Nervous System is voluntary with a single neuron from the CNS to effector organs, while the Autonomic Nervous System is involuntary with a two-neuron chain.

p.8
Types of Reflexes

What happens during the Moro or startle reflex?

When the baby is abruptly lowered, the arms stretch out, hands open, and legs flex.

p.3
Reflex Arc and Its Components

What is the function of the reflex arc?

It serves as the basic circuitry that underlies a reflex.

p.10
Autonomic Nervous System Overview

What does the enteric nervous system control?

The gastrointestinal tract.

p.13
Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Function

What is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of Acetylcholine?

The entrance of choline through the sodium-coupled choline transporter.

p.11
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What is the characteristic of postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?

They are long.

p.13
Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Function

How is Acetylcholine stored in the nerve terminal?

Inside vesicles via the vesicle-associated transporter (VAT).

p.1
Autonomic Nervous System Overview

What is the enteric nervous system?

A part of the peripheral nervous system that governs the function of the gastrointestinal system.

p.8
Reflex Arc and Its Components

What happens when a stimulus is sensed by the pain receptors in the right foot?

The signal travels to sensory neurons, enters the spinal cord, and causes flexion of that foot while also sending a signal to the opposite leg to extend it.

p.7
Types of Reflexes

What is the purpose of the crossed extensor reflex?

To extend the opposite limb to support the body once the affected limb is withdrawn.

p.9
Types of Reflexes

What happens when a baby is lowered until its feet touch a flat surface?

The pressure on the foot pads causes the limbs to extend.

p.16
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What is the effect of α2 receptors?

They inhibit norepinephrine release from presynaptic receptors and cause dilation/relaxation by decreasing cAMP.

p.1
Pharmacology of ANS Drugs

What are adrenergic medications?

Drugs that stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.

p.11
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What is the distribution of the sympathetic nervous system?

It is diversely distributed to the eyes, heart, lungs, GI tract, and reproductive organs.

p.14
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What type of neurons are both preganglionic neurons in the autonomic nervous system?

Cholinergic.

p.9
Autonomic Nervous System Overview

What are the two divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic.

p.14
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What is the exception regarding postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?

Eccrine sweat glands and some blood vessels have muscarinic receptors.

p.5
Types of Reflexes

What type of response do dynamic gamma fibers primarily excite?

Nuclear bag muscle fibers.

p.15
Autonomic Nervous System Overview

What effect does SERCA inhibition have on cardiac myocytes?

It increases Ca+2 levels in the cytoplasm, leading to action potential and increased heart rate, inotropy, and AV conduction.

p.1
Components of the Nervous System

What is the role of somatic motor neurons?

They transmit signals from the central nervous system to skeletal muscles.

p.1
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What distinguishes the sympathetic nervous system from the parasympathetic nervous system?

Sympathetic prepares the body for 'fight or flight', while parasympathetic promotes 'rest and digest'.

p.15
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What is the primary effect of M1 and M3 muscarinic receptors?

They are excitatory and increase IP3 and intracellular Ca+2 levels.

p.7
Types of Reflexes

What is the number of synapses involved in the flexor withdrawal reflex?

Polysynaptic, due to the complexity of their circuitry.

p.9
Types of Reflexes

What reflexes are part of the reflexes of posture?

Positive support reflex and Stepping reflex.

p.12
Parasympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

Which cranial nerves synapse with cranial ganglia before reaching their target organs?

Cranial nerves III, VII, and IX.

p.13
Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Function

What is the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of Norepinephrine?

The conversion of Tyrosine to Dopa by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase.

p.8
Somatic and Visceral Reflexes

What types of stimuli do visceral reflexes detect?

Stretch, blood chemicals, temperature changes, and other internal stimuli.

p.8
Somatic and Visceral Reflexes

What are some examples of visceral reflexes?

Sneezing, coughing, micturition, pupillary reflex, vomiting, swallowing, and some sexual reflexes.

p.16
Autonomic Nervous System Overview

What is the sympathetic response of the eyes mediated by α1 receptors?

Contracts meridional fibers, leading to pupil dilation (mydriasis).

p.8
Types of Reflexes

What is the palmar grasp reflex?

When a finger is placed in a baby's hand, it causes the flexing of the fingers.

p.14
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What type of receptors do norepinephrine and epinephrine bind to?

Adrenergic receptors (alpha or beta).

p.14
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What happens when a ligand binds to a G protein coupled receptor?

It causes a conformational change and activates the G protein, converting GDP to GTP.

p.7
Types of Reflexes

What happens to the negative feedback mechanism during muscle fatigue?

There will be no negative feedback mechanism, helping to reverse the decrease in force caused by fatigue.

p.4
Components of the Nervous System

What surrounds and is attached to intrafusal muscle fibers?

Sensory receptors.

p.6
Types of Reflexes

What is a jerk movement in the context of muscle reflexes?

A sudden contraction followed by relaxation.

p.6
Types of Reflexes

What stimulates the nuclear chain fiber in a maintained stretch of the muscle?

A maintained stretch, such as standing up.

p.16
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What is the primary location of Beta-3 receptors?

Mainly found in brown fats, but also present in the heart and urinary bladder wall.

p.16
Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Function

What effect does epinephrine have on alpha and beta receptors?

Epinephrine has an equal effect on both alpha and beta receptors (α = β).

p.3
Types of Reflexes

What is the difference between spinal and cranial reflexes?

Spinal reflexes are processed in the spinal cord, while cranial reflexes are processed in the brain.

p.5
Types of Reflexes

What sensory fibers are involved in the dynamic stretch reflex?

Type 1a sensory nerve fibers.

p.9
Types of Reflexes

What is the Stepping Reflex?

When a baby is held upright with one foot touching the surface, the hip and knee of that foot flex while the other foot steps forward.

p.12
Pharmacology of ANS Drugs

What neurotransmitter do all preganglionic fibers secrete in the autonomic nervous system?

Acetylcholine.

p.16
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What is the effect of β2 receptors on smooth muscle?

They cause relaxation by increasing cAMP.

p.2
Somatic and Visceral Reflexes

What type of muscles are involved in visceral reflexes?

Glandular and non-skeletal muscles.

p.8
Types of Reflexes

What occurs during the rooting reflex?

If the perioral skin is stroked, the mouth opens, and the baby's head turns towards the stimulated side.

p.14
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

Nicotinic and Muscarinic.

p.13
Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Function

What neurotransmitter does the Parasympathetic Nervous System secrete?

Acetylcholine.

p.1
Types of Reflexes

What are the two main types of reflexes?

Somatic and visceral reflexes.

p.15
Autonomic Nervous System Overview

How does PKA affect smooth muscle in the GIT and bronchus?

PKA inhibits Phospholipase C, resulting in inhibitory effects on smooth muscle.

p.7
Types of Reflexes

What type of reflex is the flexor withdrawal reflex?

It is a nociceptive or pain reflex.

p.12
Parasympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What is the mnemonic to remember the cranial nerves associated with the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

1973.

p.6
Types of Reflexes

How does the inverse myotatic reflex help in muscle tension control?

It acts as a negative feedback mechanism to oppose changes in muscle tension.

p.11
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What happens to preganglionic fibers after they exit the spinal cord?

They enter the white ramus and reach the paravertebral sympathetic chain of ganglia.

p.8
Reflex Arc and Its Components

What is the purpose of the reflex that causes the opposite leg to extend when one foot is flexed?

It is important for balance, allowing the other foot to support the body.

p.15
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors?

Alpha-receptors and Beta-receptors.

p.5
Types of Reflexes

What happens when the patellar tendon is tapped?

It causes rapid stretch of the rectus femoris muscle, leading to a knee-jerk reflex.

p.4
Components of the Nervous System

What is the function of Renshaw cells?

Lateral inhibition to sharpen motor signals.

p.9
Types of Reflexes

What is the righting reflex?

A reflex that helps correct the position of the body when it goes off balance.

p.16
Autonomic Nervous System Overview

What is the parasympathetic response of the eyes mediated by M3 receptors?

Contracts circular fibers, leading to pupil constriction (miosis).

p.9
Autonomic Nervous System Overview

What is the Enteric Nervous System?

The own nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract that can operate independently from the brain and spinal cord.

p.14
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What type of channels do nicotinic receptors represent?

Ligand-gated ion channels.

p.6
Types of Reflexes

What type of reflex is characterized by direct synapsing to the α motor neuron without interneurons?

Monosynaptic reflex.

p.5
Somatic and Visceral Reflexes

What is the role of proprioceptors in somatic reflexes?

They monitor the position of limbs, body movement, and tension in the musculoskeletal system.

p.12
Parasympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What is the origin of the preganglionic neurons in the Parasympathetic Nervous System?

They originate from the intermediolateral horns of the sacral nerves S2 to S4 and the brainstem.

p.4
Components of the Nervous System

What does the Golgi tendon organ sense?

Tendon tension and rate of change of tension.

p.4
Components of the Nervous System

What type of intrafusal fiber senses the onset of stretch?

Nuclear bag muscle fiber.

p.13
Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Function

What happens to Acetylcholine after it binds to cholinergic receptors?

It dissociates and is broken down by Acetylcholinesterase.

p.10
Autonomic Nervous System Overview

How many neuron chains are in the efferent limb of the ANS?

Two neuron chains from the CNS to effector organs.

p.7
Types of Reflexes

How does the crossed extensor reflex relate to the flexor reflex?

They work hand-in-hand to maintain balance and support during withdrawal.

p.6
Types of Reflexes

What is the importance of the inverse myotatic reflex?

It helps control muscle tension, regulates muscle force, and prevents excessive tension on muscles and tendons.

p.16
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What physiological response do β1 receptors mediate?

They increase cAMP, leading to excitatory effects in the heart, lipocytes, and brain.

p.4
Components of the Nervous System

What do anterior motor neurons directly innervate?

Skeletal muscle fibers.

p.12
Parasympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What is unique about the adrenal medulla in relation to postganglionic fibers?

It does not have postganglionic fibers.

p.2
Types of Reflexes

Give an example of a visceral reflex.

Pupillary light reflex.

p.2
Components of the Nervous System

What is the inner part of the spinal cord referred to as?

Gray matter (butterfly-shaped).

p.11
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What are the origins of the preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?

They originate from the thoracic and lumbar regions.

p.16
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

Where are Beta-2 receptors primarily found?

In postsynaptic effector cells, specifically in bronchial, GI, uterus, urinary bladder wall, and cardiac muscle.

p.11
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

Where do the long preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system originate?

From the brainstem and sacral part of the spinal cord.

p.13
Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Function

What triggers the release of Acetylcholine from vesicles?

The entry of calcium ions when an action potential reaches the nerve terminal.

p.10
Components of the Nervous System

What is the function of the submucosal plexus?

Regulates fluid homeostasis, including absorption or secretion of water and electrolytes.

p.5
Types of Reflexes

What is the physiological response of the knee-jerk reflex?

Extension of the leg (jerky movement).

p.4
Components of the Nervous System

What is the primary afferent ending in intrafusal fibers?

Annulospiral ending.

p.12
Parasympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What is the primary nerve responsible for the majority of parasympathetic nerve fibers?

The vagus nerve (CN X).

p.13
Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Function

What happens to Norepinephrine after it is released?

It can be reuptaken, diffuse away, or be broken down by enzymes.

p.1
Pharmacology of ANS Drugs

What are cholinergic medications?

Drugs that stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system.

p.9
Types of Reflexes

What cues are involved in the righting reflex?

Optic cues (eyes), labyrinth cues (ears for equilibrium), and head orientation relative to the neck, thorax, and pelvis.

p.4
Components of the Nervous System

What do gamma motor neurons innervate?

Intrafusal fibers.

p.2
Components of the Nervous System

What are the types of nerve roots in the spinal cord?

8 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 5 Sacral, 1 Coccygeal.

p.14
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What effect does the Gs receptor have on cardiac myocytes?

It activates the L-type Ca²⁺ channel, allowing Ca²⁺ to enter the cells.

p.1
Neurotransmitter Synthesis and Function

What neurotransmitter is associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

Norepinephrine (NE).

p.15
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What is the role of nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia?

They open Na+ and K+ channels, leading to excitatory effects and cell depolarization.

p.6
Types of Reflexes

What happens to the α motor neuron during muscle fatigue in the context of the Golgi tendon organ?

The Golgi tendon organ enhances the excitability of the α motor neuron going to the rectus femoris.

p.4
Components of the Nervous System

What type of fiber is the primary afferent ending?

Type 1a fiber.

p.11
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What is the function of the adrenal medulla in the autonomic nervous system?

It serves as a special postganglionic neuron that secretes hormones into the bloodstream.

p.12
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What type of receptors are found at the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system?

Cholinergic receptors, specifically nicotinic.

p.8
Types of Reflexes

Why are primitive reflexes important?

They are necessary for newborn survival and development.

p.14
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What type of receptor does acetylcholine bind to in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Muscarinic receptor.

p.2
Components of the Nervous System

What is the outer part of the spinal cord called?

White matter.

p.11
Sympathetic vs Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

What is an exemption in the sympathetic nervous system regarding the adrenal medulla?

The adrenal medulla does not have a postganglionic nerve fiber and secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine directly into the bloodstream.

p.2
Somatic and Visceral Reflexes

What type of muscles are involved in somatic reflexes?

Skeletal muscles.

p.2
Reflex Arc and Its Components

What is the efferent pathway for somatic reflexes?

1 nerve fiber.

p.4
Components of the Nervous System

What are the two types of anterior motor neurons?

Alpha motor neurons and gamma motor neurons.

p.2
Reflex Arc and Its Components

What is the efferent pathway for visceral reflexes?

2 nerve fibers (preganglionic and postganglionic).

p.8
Types of Reflexes

What is the asymmetric tonic neck reflex?

When the baby's head is turned to one side, the arm and leg on that side extend while the opposite side flexes.

p.14
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What is the role of cAMP in the signaling pathway?

It activates protein kinase A, leading to various cellular effects.

p.14
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What neurotransmitter is secreted by postganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Acetylcholine.

p.2
Components of the Nervous System

Where does the spinal cord lie?

Inside the spinal column of the vertebrae.

p.2
Reflex Arc and Its Components

What is the flow of sensory information in the spinal cord?

Ascending Pathway from peripheral receptors to the dorsal nerve root.

p.14
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What neurotransmitters are secreted by postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?

Norepinephrine and epinephrine.

p.2
Reflex Arc and Its Components

What resides in the ventral horn of the spinal cord?

Motor neurons.

p.14
Receptors in the Autonomic Nervous System

What are G-Protein Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) associated with?

Muscarinic receptors.

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