p.19
Burn Assessment and Treatment
How should necrotic tissue be managed in burn treatment?
Excise adherent necrotic tissue initially and debride all necrotic tissue over the first several days.
p.20
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What is the purpose of gentle scrubbing in burn treatment?
Gentle scrubbing helps to remove loose necrotic tissue from the burn area.
p.20
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What type of antibiotic cream is recommended for burn treatment?
Silver sulfadiazine is recommended for burn treatment.
p.20
Burn Assessment and Treatment
How should a burn be dressed after applying antibiotic cream?
The burn should be dressed with petroleum gauze and dry gauze thick enough to prevent seepage to the outer layers.
p.5
Initial Assessment and Management of Trauma
What is the highest score for motor response in the Glasgow Coma Scale?
6, which indicates obeys commands.
p.17
Burn Assessment and Treatment
Which populations are considered at higher risk for serious burns regardless of the percentage?
The very young and the elderly.
p.2
Initial Assessment and Management of Trauma
What are the different patient positions mentioned for anesthesiology?
Lying flat, semi-sitting, legs raised, stable side position.
p.14
Initial Assessment and Management of Trauma
What should you consider if a casualty is unresponsive but breathing adequately?
Consider placing the casualty in the recovery position.
p.6
Management of Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries
What defines a closed fracture?
A fracture where the surrounding skin remains intact.
p.2
Primary and Secondary Surveys in Trauma Care
What is the focus of the Tertiary Survey in trauma care?
Establishment of an airway with regard for associated cervical spine injury and clinical evaluation for obstruction.
p.1
Vital Signs Assessment
What does WRAPT stand for in extended care in the outdoors?
Warmth, Rest, Assess again, Protect from elements, and Treat
p.3
Bleeding Control Techniques
What is the blood volume loss in Class I hemorrhage?
Up to 15% (750cc) blood volume loss.
p.20
Burn Assessment and Treatment
Why should alcohol-based solutions not be used in burn treatment?
Alcohol-based solutions should not be used because they can cause further irritation and damage to the burn area.
p.18
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What are the characteristics of a first-degree burn?
Erythema, pain, and absence of blisters.
p.6
Initial Assessment and Management of Trauma
What is the primary focus in fracture management in a prehospital environment?
To effectively treat any associated external bleeding and to perform the primary survey.
p.16
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What are the key factors in determining the severity of a burn?
Burned surface area, depth of burn, and other considerations.
p.2
Primary and Secondary Surveys in Trauma Care
What are the components of the Primary Survey in the evaluation of a polytrauma patient?
Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure/Environmental Control.
p.13
Spinal Injury Protocols
What is the primary goal of first aid for a suspected spinal injury?
To keep the person in the same position as he or she was found and prevent movement.
p.6
Bleeding Control Techniques
Can significant blood loss occur from fractures?
Yes, significant blood loss can occur from fractures and the bleeding can be internal.
p.12
Spinal Injury Protocols
How should you move a casualty with a suspected head or spinal injury?
Immobilize the casualty by supporting the head and neck with both hands to minimize head, neck, and spinal movements.
p.30
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the primary assessment protocol for managing respiratory distress?
DRS ABCD (Danger, Response, Send for help, Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Defibrillation).
p.18
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What are the characteristics of a second-degree burn (partial thickness)?
Red or mottled appearance.
p.1
Vital Signs Assessment
What are some causes of abnormal pupil size?
Medications, drugs, toxins (poisons), head trauma, stroke
p.13
Spinal Injury Protocols
What are some signs and symptoms of spinal injuries?
Pain in the injured area, numbness and tingling, loss of feeling or sensation, altered level of consciousness, evidence of a wound, loss of bladder control, swelling or bruising over the injured area, priapism in males, and loss of feeling or weakness in parts of the body.
p.6
Management of Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries
What are complicated fractures?
Fractures that have caused damage to internal structures, such as a punctured lung, or involve significant bleeding.
p.16
Burn Assessment and Treatment
How is the body divided according to the rule of 9’s?
Into anatomical regions that represent 9% (or multiples of 9%) of the total body surface.
p.17
Burn Assessment and Treatment
Why is the rule of 9’s method imprecise for estimating the burned surface area in children?
Because the infant or young child’s head and lower extremities represent different proportions of surface area than in an adult.
p.18
Burn Assessment and Treatment
Why is it important to estimate the depth of a burn?
To assess its severity and to plan further wound care.
p.16
Burn Assessment and Treatment
How does morbidity and mortality change with burn surface area and age?
Morbidity and mortality rise with increasing burned surface area and age.
p.12
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What should you do if the casualty is unresponsive but breathing adequately?
Place the casualty in a stable side position.
p.26
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should be done first when assisting a casualty with potential cardiac issues?
Have the casualty stop all physical activity and any unnecessary movement.
p.11
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What is a head injury?
Damage to living brain tissue caused by an external mechanical force, often characterized by a period of unconsciousness.
p.11
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What are the common causes of head injuries?
Motor vehicle accidents, sporting accidents, industrial accidents, accidents at home, exposure to drugs and alcohol, exposure to solvents, and assaults through blunt force trauma.
p.10
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What might a decline in conscious level after a head injury indicate?
A more serious brain injury requiring urgent medical attention.
p.14
Management of Chest Wounds
Why is a sucking chest wound considered a life-threatening critical incident?
Because it requires immediate medical attention.
p.30
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is anaphylaxis?
A severe allergic reaction caused by an antigen to which the individual has previously been exposed, leading to a severe histamine release, sharp drop in blood pressure, hives, and breathing difficulties.
p.26
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is a stroke?
A stroke is the loss of brain function that occurs due to a disruption in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain.
p.25
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should be done if a patient with unstable angina is unresponsive but breathing adequately?
Place the casualty in a stable side position.
p.35
Initial Assessment and Management of Trauma
What is essential in the examination of trauma patients?
Complete exposure and rolling to examine the back.
p.31
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are the signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis?
Itching or tingling in or around the mouth and throat, swelling of lips, face, and throat area, shortness of breath, wheezing, tightness in chest, hives or redness, abnormal pain or vomiting, loss of consciousness or collapse.
p.15
Management of Chest Wounds
What should you avoid giving to a chest injury victim?
Anything to eat or drink, including water.
p.33
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are some examples of coma mimics?
Locked-in syndrome, Akinetic mutism, Psychogenic unresponsiveness.
p.3
Initial Assessment and Management of Trauma
What is the initial step in managing a trauma patient with suspected hemorrhage?
Initiation of resuscitation.
p.27
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should you avoid giving to a stroke casualty and why?
Do not allow the use of any type of aspirin, as it may have detrimental effects if they are bleeding in the brain.
p.7
Management of Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries
What does the RICED treatment for soft tissue injuries stand for?
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation.
p.33
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are some metabolic causes of coma?
Respiratory insufficiency, Neuromuscular paralysis, Dysthermia, Dysglycemia, Electrolyte disorders, Infection, Hypothyroidism, Thiamine deficiency, Histotoxic hypoxia, Serotonin syndrome, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
p.9
Bleeding Control Techniques
What should be done when a foreign object or bone protrudes from a wound?
Place packing around the object and apply pressure with bandages to control bleeding. Do not remove the object.
p.35
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What should be done if the cause of a coma is not evident?
Further investigations, including blood and urine tests, are essential.
p.16
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What does ABCDE stand for in burn management?
Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure.
p.13
Spinal Injury Protocols
What are some common causes of spinal injuries?
Motor vehicle crashes, diving accidents, head injuries, falls when the casualty lands on their feet or head, assaults, and industrial accidents.
p.16
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What is the rule of 9’s used for in burn management?
To estimate the burned surface area in adults.
p.2
Management of Chest Wounds
What are common causes of hypoxemia in trauma patients?
Flail chest with contusion, tension pneumothorax, open pneumothorax.
p.1
Vital Signs Assessment
How should you manage warmth for a casualty in the outdoors?
Insulate the casualty, remove wet clothes, protect from elements
p.2
Primary and Secondary Surveys in Trauma Care
What are some airway obstructions that need to be clinically evaluated in trauma patients?
Facial fractures, laryngeal or tracheal injury, aspiration, foreign body.
p.25
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is stable angina?
Stable angina is chest pain or discomfort that typically occurs with some types of exercise, physical activity, or stress. It usually improves or goes away completely when the person stops or slows down the exercise or activity.
p.34
Vital Signs Assessment
What should be monitored and recorded during the initial assessment of a patient?
Monitor pulse oximetry, record the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), and check pupil size and reaction.
p.30
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What medications are commonly used to manage respiratory distress?
Oxygen, bronchodilators, subcutaneous epinephrine, anticholinergics, corticosteroids, and possibly noninvasive or mechanical ventilation.
p.28
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are some conditions that can cause seizures in a person with epilepsy?
Head injury, stroke, meningitis, brain tumor, poisons, drugs, and withdrawal from alcohol or other drugs of dependence.
p.25
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are the signs and symptoms of unstable angina?
Pressure or squeezing pain in the chest lasting more than 10 minutes, pain radiating to shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back, shortness of breath, increased pulse rate, increased breathing rate, nausea or vomiting, shock-like symptoms, and sudden collapse.
p.9
Bleeding Control Techniques
Can dangerous levels of blood loss occur from venous bleeding?
Yes, dangerous levels of blood loss can occur from venous bleeding.
p.15
Management of Chest Wounds
What should you do if a casualty's condition is rapidly deteriorating due to a tension pneumothorax?
Momentarily remove the hand-held dressing to let trapped air escape, then replace the dressing immediately.
p.25
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the immediate management for a patient suspected of having unstable angina?
Carry out primary assessment, DRS ABCD, and seek medical attention (ensure EMS are en route).
p.30
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the secondary assessment in managing respiratory distress?
A thorough evaluation after the primary assessment to identify any additional issues or complications.
p.35
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What scale is used to assess the severity of a coma?
The Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS).
p.28
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should be done if a casualty is unresponsive but breathing adequately after a seizure?
Place the casualty in a stable side position.
p.23
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should you do if a casualty is unconscious and suspected of hypoglycemia?
Do not give anything by mouth, follow ABCDE, and place them in the recovery position if breathing.
p.7
Management of Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries
How long should ice be applied to a soft tissue injury?
For up to 20 minutes, ensuring not to over cool.
p.31
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should you do if a patient with anaphylaxis has prescribed medication?
Assist the patient to self-administer the prescribed medication.
p.9
Bleeding Control Techniques
What may severe bleeding lead to, and what might it require?
Severe bleeding may lead to unconsciousness and may require life support (CPR).
p.18
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What are common causes of second-degree burns?
Flash burn and contact with hot liquids.
p.14
Spinal Injury Protocols
How should you move a casualty with suspected spinal injuries if absolutely necessary?
With at least one other person, keeping the head, neck, and back aligned while rolling the person onto one side.
p.14
Management of Chest Wounds
What is a sucking chest wound?
A condition where the chest wall is punctured by a penetrating object, causing air to be sucked into the chest cavity (pneumothorax).
p.34
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the immediate treatment for hypothermia during initial stabilization?
Start rewarming the patient.
p.12
Concussion and Head Injury Management
How should you manage external bleeding in a casualty with a head injury?
Control any external bleeding. If the casualty is bleeding from the ear, position them with the bleeding ear down. If bleeding from both ears, cover the ears with a sterile pad.
p.26
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should you do if the casualty has their medication for cardiac issues?
Assist them in following their cardiac action plan.
p.25
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
How does stable angina typically progress?
The pain of stable angina usually begins slowly and worsens over the next few minutes before going away. It normally improves with the use of medications.
p.10
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What are the signs and symptoms of a concussion?
Loss of consciousness, temporary confusion, confusion lasting several minutes, nausea, blurred vision, and inability to recall the incident.
p.34
Primary and Secondary Surveys in Trauma Care
What is the focus of subsequent management after initial therapy?
Taking history and performing a physical examination, including general and neurological examination.
p.30
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
How should you position a casualty with respiratory distress?
Sitting upright, leaning forward, and supported.
p.33
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the definition of a coma?
Coma is a life-threatening process with an alteration in mental status that requires immediate stabilization and a structured approach to diagnosis and management.
p.27
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the first step in managing a responsive stroke casualty?
Carry out primary assessment DRS ABCD.
p.7
Management of Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries
What is the importance of checking circulation below the fracture site?
To ensure that blood flow is not compromised, which could lead to further complications.
p.29
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the management for status epilepticus?
Management includes high flow of oxygen, IV benzodiazepine 5-10 mg, IV Phenytoin 15-30 mg, IV Phenobarbital 20-30 mg/kg, then transfer to ICU.
p.23
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should you give a conscious casualty with hypoglycemia?
Fluid or food containing sugar, such as lollipops, sugar-enriched soft drinks, fruit juice, or water containing several teaspoons of sugar.
p.4
Bleeding Control Techniques
When is a blood transfusion required in hemorrhage patients?
Transient or no responders to crystalloid (Class III/IV hemorrhage) will require transfusion.
p.28
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
How can you protect the dignity of a casualty during a seizure?
Shield them from onlookers.
p.4
Primary and Secondary Surveys in Trauma Care
What does FAST stand for in trauma assessment?
Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma.
p.24
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are common symptoms of a heart attack?
Pain or discomfort in the chest, arms, or teeth; normally described as squeezing, tightness, or a crushing pain. Other symptoms include nausea, shortness of breath, sense of impending doom, and hypotension or dysrhythmia.
p.23
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is a myocardial infarction?
A condition where a portion of the cardiac muscle stops getting oxygen due to a blocked coronary artery, leading to the death of that muscle tissue.
p.22
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
When does Type 2 diabetes usually develop?
In adulthood, mainly affecting people over 40 years.
p.12
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What are some symptoms of a head injury?
Unconsciousness, drowsiness or vagueness, loss of memory, agitation or irritability, bleeding into the eyes, lack of coordination, changes in size or shape of pupils, and seizures.
p.34
Initial Assessment and Management of Trauma
What are the immediate steps in the initial stabilization of a patient?
Assess airway, breathing, circulation-resuscitate; give 100% O2, monitor pulse oximetry, obtain venous access; withdraw blood for glucose, other biochemical parameters, and drug screening; record the GCS and check pupil size and reaction; check bedside glucose and temperature; consider differential diagnosis.
p.16
Burn Assessment and Treatment
How can you estimate the burned area if it is small?
Assess how many times your hand covers the area, as the outstretched palm and fingers approximate to 1% of the body surface area.
p.10
Bleeding Control Techniques
What should you do after applying a tourniquet?
Inform EMS of the tourniquet and the time it was applied.
p.14
Management of Chest Wounds
Why should any penetrating wound to the chest be assumed to be a sucking chest wound?
Because it can be difficult to identify if the wound is sucking air or not.
p.12
Spinal Injury Protocols
What are spinal injuries caused by?
Traumatic forces on the body.
p.11
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What are the signs and symptoms of a head injury?
Skull deformity, obvious signs of a head wound, bleeding or straw-colored fluid discharge from nose, ears, or mouth, slurred speech, and bruising around the edges of the eyes (raccoon eye) and behind the ears.
p.10
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What should you do if a casualty with a concussion is unresponsive but breathing adequately?
Place the casualty in a stable side position.
p.34
Primary and Secondary Surveys in Trauma Care
From whom should all possible information be gathered during the history-taking phase of subsequent management?
Relatives and paramedics, particularly about the mode of onset and circumstances.
p.28
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is an aura in the context of epilepsy?
An unusual sensation preceding a seizure.
p.27
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are the symptoms of a stroke?
Severe headache, loss of bladder control, unresponsiveness.
p.15
Management of Chest Wounds
How should you position a patient with a chest injury?
In the recovery position with the injured side towards the ground.
p.31
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should be done if a patient with anaphylaxis is unresponsive but breathing adequately?
Place the casualty in a stable side position.
p.7
Management of Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries
What are ligaments and tendons, and how can they be damaged?
Ligaments and tendons are soft tissues that connect muscle and bone together. They can be damaged by forceful joint movements or external pressure on the body.
p.15
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What are the priorities for managing a burns patient?
Assess airway and breathing, beware of inhalation and rapid airway compromise.
p.32
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What additional medications should be administered intravenously for a severe systemic allergic reaction?
IV steroids and IV fluids bolus.
p.27
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should you be prepared for when managing an unresponsive stroke casualty?
Be prepared for any deterioration of the casualty's condition and follow DRS ABCD (CPR & AED).
p.24
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the first step in managing a heart attack?
Carry out primary assessment, DRS ABCD.
p.35
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What are some common causes of coma?
Head injury, cerebral hemorrhage, self-poisoning.
p.22
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is hypoglycemia?
Too little sugar in the blood.
p.2
Initial Assessment and Management of Trauma
When can treatment begin for a patient?
When you know what the illness or injury is.
p.10
Bleeding Control Techniques
When should a tourniquet be used?
For severe bleeding from a limb where direct pressure is ineffective, as a last resort.
p.10
Bleeding Control Techniques
How far above the wound should a tourniquet be applied?
Approximately 5 cm above the wound.
p.8
Management of Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries
What should be done to diagnose soft tissue injuries?
Refer to a doctor to identify any potential fractures.
p.10
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What is a concussion?
A temporary loss or altered level of consciousness occurring after a head injury or impact to the skull area.
p.26
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should be done if the casualty becomes unconscious?
Prepare for potential cardiac arrest and follow DRS ABCD.
p.8
Management of Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries
What should be done after carrying out the primary assessment for soft tissue injuries?
Seek medical attention and ensure EMS are en route.
p.7
Management of Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries
What are the initial steps for the management of fractures?
Carry out primary assessment, DRS, ABCD, seek medical attention, control any external bleeding, use ice packs for closed fractures, minimize unnecessary movement, immobilize the injured limb, check circulation below the fracture site, carry out secondary assessment, rest and reassure.
p.12
Spinal Injury Protocols
What can result from more serious spinal injuries?
Damage to the spinal cord, which can result in paralysis and, in severe cases, death.
p.11
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What are common causes of head injuries in preschoolers?
Falls from play equipment, windows, and downstairs.
p.31
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are some typical causes of anaphylaxis?
Peanuts, dairy products, wheat, soybean, fish and shellfish, bee sting, animal fur, some medications (penicillin), latex rubber.
p.29
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
Should you restrain a casualty or try to stop their seizure?
No, do not restrain the casualty or try to stop the seizure.
p.8
Bleeding Control Techniques
What are the three main types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins, and capillaries.
p.27
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should you do after carrying out the primary assessment for a responsive stroke casualty?
Seek medical attention (make sure EMS are en route).
p.15
Primary and Secondary Surveys in Trauma Care
What are the primary assessment steps in trauma management?
DRS ABCD (Danger, Response, Send for help, Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability).
p.29
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is asthma?
Asthma is a disease that affects the lower airways and can be fatal if severe episodes occur.
p.35
Concussion and Head Injury Management
How is eye opening scored in the Glasgow Coma Scale?
Spontaneous (4), To speech (3), To pain (2), No response (1).
p.27
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the first step in managing an unresponsive stroke casualty?
Carry out primary assessment DRS ABCD.
p.29
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are common triggers of an asthma attack?
Common triggers include upper respiratory tract infection, dust mites’ feces, pollen & molds, changes in air temperature, exercise, stress, animal dander, and certain foods and preservatives.
p.23
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What causes atherosclerosis?
Fatty deposits or plaques form on the walls of arteries, which can erode over time and cause blood clots.
p.4
Primary and Secondary Surveys in Trauma Care
When is the Secondary Survey usually conducted after an injury?
Within the first 12-24 hours after injury.
p.24
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is angina and what causes it?
Angina is chest pain caused by coronary artery disease, where clumps of fat build up on the lining inside the arteries, narrowing them and resulting in poor blood flow to the heart.
p.21
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
Why is giving sugar to a casualty with low blood sugar considered life-saving?
Because too little sugar is life-threatening and casualties respond almost immediately when given sugar.
p.18
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What are common causes of third-degree burns?
Fire, electricity or lightning, prolonged exposure to hot liquids/objects.
p.12
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What is the first step in managing a head injury?
Carry out primary assessment, DRS ABCD.
p.13
Spinal Injury Protocols
What steps should you take if you suspect someone has a spinal injury?
Keep the person still, support the head and neck to prevent movement, carry out a primary assessment (DRS ABCD), and seek medical attention (ensure EMS is en route).
p.30
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are common signs and symptoms of respiratory distress?
Shortness of breath, cyanosis, wheezing or other noises during breathing, difficulty in speaking, difficulty in breathing, sitting upright using arms to brace their body, anxiety and stress.
p.26
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What position should a conscious casualty with cardiac issues be placed in?
A comfortable position, normally the sitting position as it is easier to breathe.
p.30
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should you do if a casualty with respiratory distress becomes unresponsive and stops breathing adequately?
Follow DRS ABCD and commence CPR.
p.34
Vital Signs Assessment
What should be checked at the bedside during the initial stabilization of a patient?
Bedside glucose and temperature.
p.15
Management of Chest Wounds
What should you do if an object is present in a chest wound?
Leave the penetrating object in the chest and try to place a roller bandage over it or apply a donut style bandage.
p.28
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is a febrile convulsion?
A seizure in young children usually caused by a high temperature, often due to infections.
p.30
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should you do if a casualty with respiratory distress has their medication?
Assist them in following their asthma plan.
p.11
Concussion and Head Injury Management
Why are the elderly vulnerable to head injuries?
Mainly from falls in the home.
p.9
Bleeding Control Techniques
How does blood tend to flow from capillary bleeding?
Blood tends to ooze rather than flow or spurt as the pressure in the capillaries is very low.
p.29
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
Should you put your fingers or any other objects in the casualty's mouth during a seizure?
No, do not put your fingers or any other objects in the casualty's mouth.
p.31
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should you do if a patient with anaphylaxis has inadequate breathing (less than 6 breaths per minute)?
Assist breathing with the bag mask or rescue breathing.
p.7
Management of Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries
What are the symptoms of sprains and strains?
Pain and swelling in the area of injury, which can limit movement.
p.29
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
How can asthma attacks be categorized?
Asthma attacks can be divided into mild asthma, severe asthma, and life-threatening attack (status asthmaticus).
p.23
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the next step after ensuring the casualty is stable in a hypoglycemic emergency?
Carry out a secondary assessment.
p.4
Bleeding Control Techniques
What types of blood can be given based on the timing of need?
Cross-matched, Type-specific, or type O blood.
p.23
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the importance of rest and reassurance in managing a hypoglycemic casualty?
It helps to calm the casualty and prevent further stress or complications.
p.21
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
Why is it difficult for a first aider to diagnose whether a diabetic has too much or too little sugar?
Because the symptoms can be similar and it can be difficult or impossible to diagnose without proper equipment.
p.13
Spinal Injury Protocols
When should you consider the mechanism of injury (MOI) for a spinal injury?
If there is evidence of a head injury with ongoing change in the person’s level of consciousness, the person complains of severe pain in his or her neck, an injury has exerted substantial force on the back or head, the person complains of weakness, numbness, or paralysis or lack of control of his or her limbs, bladder, or bowels, or the neck or back is twisted or positioned oddly.
p.6
Management of Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries
What are some signs and symptoms of fractures?
Pain at the injury site, bleeding (internal or external), open wound with or without exposed bone ends, deformity, shortening or rotation of limb, inability to move or stand, the casualty reports hearing the bone break, tenderness, swelling or irregularity, shock-like signs and symptoms.
p.34
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should be administered if a patient is found to be hypoglycemic during initial stabilization?
50ml of 50% glucose intravenously.
p.14
Management of Chest Wounds
What are the two main goals in treating a sucking chest wound?
Keeping air from going in and letting extra air out.
p.34
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should be administered if a patient has small pupils, low respiratory rate, or signs of drug abuse?
400μg of naloxone intravenously, stat and repeat if necessary.
p.15
Vital Signs Assessment
What are the signs of cyanosis?
Blue lips, neck, or finger.
p.11
Concussion and Head Injury Management
Which groups are most susceptible to head injuries?
Young male adults aged 17-25, preschoolers, and the elderly.
p.25
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is unstable angina?
Unstable angina is the most dangerous type of angina. It does not follow a pattern and can happen without physical exertion. It does not go away with rest and is a sign that the patient could have a heart attack soon.
p.9
Bleeding Control Techniques
What is a characteristic of venous blood?
It is much darker red because it carries less oxygen.
p.10
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What are common causes of concussion?
Significant blunt force trauma or jolt to the head, such as a fall, car accident, or being struck on the head with an object.
p.28
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are some signs and symptoms of a seizure?
Aura, going quiet and staring, loss of bladder control, jerking movements, unusual breathing sounds, clenched jaw, warm skin in infants and children, unconsciousness.
p.9
Bleeding Control Techniques
What should be done before applying direct pressure to a wound?
Make sure there is not a foreign body in the wound.
p.28
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the primary assessment to be carried out after a seizure stops?
DRS ABCD (Danger, Response, Send for help, Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability).
p.33
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are some structural causes of coma?
Neoplasia, Hydrocephalus, Intracranial hemorrhage, Vascular occlusion.
p.31
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the primary assessment protocol for managing anaphylaxis?
DRS ABCD (Danger, Response, Send for help, Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Defibrillation).
p.9
Bleeding Control Techniques
How should the affected area be positioned to help control bleeding?
Elevate the affected area above the level of the heart, if possible.
p.3
Initial Assessment and Management of Trauma
How is the response to fluid resuscitation assessed in trauma patients?
By evaluating if the response is rapid, transient, or minimal/none.
p.2
Primary and Secondary Surveys in Trauma Care
What should be evaluated clinically and radiographically in trauma patients?
Breathing, using clinical evaluation and chest X-ray (CXR).
p.25
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What happens to the heart muscle during exercise, physical activity, or stress if there is a partial blockage of the artery?
The heart muscle does not get enough oxygen-rich blood to meet the demands and effectively pump properly, resulting in chest pain.
p.8
Management of Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries
What are common signs and symptoms of soft tissue injuries?
Pain in the area of injury, inability to bear weight, tenderness, bruising, swelling, and lack of or limited movements.
p.14
Management of Chest Wounds
What are the signs and symptoms of a sucking chest wound?
Obvious trauma to the chest, pink frothy blood oozing out, difficulty in breathing, unequal chest, and jugular vein distension.
p.15
Management of Chest Wounds
What might indicate a severe lung issue if no lung sound is heard on one side?
Severe shortness of breath.
p.29
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is a common occurrence at the start of a cardiac arrest?
Seizures are occasionally seen at the start of a cardiac arrest.
p.8
Management of Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries
Why should constrictive clothing or jewelry be removed in the case of soft tissue injuries?
To prevent further constriction and allow for proper treatment.
p.7
Bleeding Control Techniques
How should external bleeding be controlled in a fracture?
Using direct pressure and elevation if possible. If a bone is exposed, apply indirect pressure around the bone to stop bleeding.
p.29
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
How can you protect a casualty from injury during a seizure?
Move furniture or sharp objects that may inflict harm and put thin padding under their heads, e.g., a folded jacket.
p.26
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are common signs and symptoms of a stroke?
Sudden weakness and/or numbness of the face, arms, or legs especially on one side of the body, difficulty in understanding speech or speaking, loss of vision, confusion, and loss of movement control or balance.
p.3
Bleeding Control Techniques
What is the purpose of applying a circumferential sheet or blinder in trauma care?
To stabilize pelvic fractures and control bleeding.
p.8
Bleeding Control Techniques
What are the characteristics of arterial bleeding?
Profuse and rapid bleeding under pressure, spurting with heartbeats, difficult to control, and significant life-threatening blood loss.
p.27
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
How should you position a responsive stroke casualty?
Lay the casualty down with their head raised.
p.28
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
How should febrile convulsions be managed?
Seek medical attention and lower the casualty's temperature with a cool, wet flannel, being careful not to overcool.
p.35
Concussion and Head Injury Management
How is motor response scored in the Glasgow Coma Scale?
Obeys (6), Localizes (5), Withdraws (4), Flexion (3), Extension (2), No response (1).
p.3
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What types of shock must be differentiated in trauma patients?
Hemorrhagic shock, neurogenic shock, and cardiogenic shock.
p.3
Initial Assessment and Management of Trauma
What is the initial fluid resuscitation strategy for hemorrhagic shock?
Administration of 1-2 liters of crystalloid solution.
p.27
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are seizures and how do they manifest?
Seizures occur when parts of the brain are affected by sudden, uncontrolled activity, usually short-lasting, and can appear as uncontrolled jerking movements in the head, arms, and legs.
p.24
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should you prepare for if the heart attack casualty becomes unconscious?
Prepare for potential cardiac arrest and follow DRS ABCD (CPR and AED).
p.21
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are the two conditions related to blood sugar levels in diabetes?
Hypoglycemia (too little sugar) and Hyperglycemia (too much sugar).
p.19
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What types of burns are considered serious and require hospitalization?
Burns greater than 15% in an adult, greater than 10% in a child, any burn in the very young, elderly, or infirm, any full thickness burn, circumferential burns, inhalation injury, and burns associated with trauma or significant pre-burn illness such as diabetes.
p.11
Spinal Injury Protocols
What should be considered during a secondary assessment in the presence of a neck or spinal injury?
Take into consideration any neck or spinal injury, rest, and reassure.
p.1
Vital Signs Assessment
Why is rest important for a casualty?
Rest, along with concern/empathy, can help the casualty cope and have a positive effect on vital signs
p.1
Vital Signs Assessment
Why is it important to assess vital signs again in extended care?
Monitoring, recording, and evaluating vital signs will help you to tell if the condition of the casualty is getting worse
p.29
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should you do to cool a casualty during a medical emergency?
Cool by fanning wherever possible.
p.26
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the importance of understanding the relationship between angina and heart attacks?
Angina can lead to a heart attack, and the signs and symptoms are similar. All instances of angina should be suspected and treated as a heart attack.
p.11
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What percentage of known head injury victims are young male adults aged 17-25?
50%, usually as the result of car accidents.
p.10
Concussion and Head Injury Management
How should you move a casualty with a concussion?
Immobilize the casualty by supporting the head and neck with both hands to minimize head, neck, and spinal movements.
p.26
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are the two main causes of a stroke?
A clot blocking an artery supplying blood to the brain (80% of strokes) or an artery in the brain rupturing.
p.8
Bleeding Control Techniques
Why is controlling external bleeding a main priority in a pre-hospital environment?
Because bleeding is one of the most rectifiable causes of death following trauma.
p.7
Management of Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries
What should be done to immobilize an injured limb?
Use whatever is available, such as pillows, magazines, or dressings to support the limb.
p.33
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are the main categories of causes for coma?
Diffuse Neuronal Dysfunction, Structural, Toxic, Metabolic.
p.35
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What are the components of the Glasgow Coma Scale?
Eye Opening (E), Motor Response (M), and Verbal Response (V).
p.32
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
How should epinephrine be administered if the patient is hypotensive?
Dilute epinephrine (1-10000) slowly IV.
p.33
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are some toxic causes of coma?
Sedative-hypnotics, Opioids, Dissociative agents, Carbon monoxide, Toxic alcohols, Antidepressants, Antiepileptics, Simple asphyxiants.
p.31
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should you be prepared for in the management of anaphylaxis?
Be prepared for the deterioration of the casualty's condition, including CPR and AED if the casualty is not breathing.
p.35
Concussion and Head Injury Management
How is verbal response scored in the Glasgow Coma Scale?
Orientated (5), Confused conversation (4), Inappropriate words (3), Incomprehensible sounds (2), No response (1).
p.9
Bleeding Control Techniques
What should be done if a casualty is unresponsive but breathing adequately?
Place the casualty in the recovery position.
p.23
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the difference in response between hypoglycemic and non-hypoglycemic casualties when given sugar?
Only hypoglycemic casualties will respond to sugar.
p.4
Primary and Secondary Surveys in Trauma Care
What can FAST detect in trauma patients?
Intraabdominal free fluid, pericardial effusion, and solid organ injury (limited sensitivity).
p.24
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should you do if the heart attack casualty is unresponsive but breathing adequately?
Place the casualty in a stable side position.
p.3
Bleeding Control Techniques
What is the blood volume loss in Class II hemorrhage?
15-30% (750-1500cc) blood volume loss.
p.4
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What does the Glasgow Coma Scale assess?
Summation of best motor, verbal, and eye response.
p.4
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What are the components of the Glasgow Coma Scale?
Eye opening, verbal response, and motor response.
p.19
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What is the initial focus of treatment for burns?
Speedy healing and prevention of infection.
p.12
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What should be done after the primary assessment in a head injury case?
Undertake a secondary assessment.
p.8
Management of Fractures and Soft Tissue Injuries
What is the first step in managing soft tissue injuries?
Carry out primary assessment, DRS ABCD.
p.9
Bleeding Control Techniques
Why is venous bleeding easier to control?
Because the blood in the veins is under less pressure, which assists with clotting.
p.12
Spinal Injury Protocols
What is the function of the spinal cord?
The spinal cord transmits signals to and from the brain that control muscle movement and monitor sensations such as temperature.
p.15
Management of Chest Wounds
How should you manage a sucking chest wound?
Cover the wound with a hand-held dressing and apply direct pressure to stop bleeding.
p.34
Primary and Secondary Surveys in Trauma Care
What previous medical history should be considered during subsequent management?
History of epilepsy, diabetes mellitus (DM), and drug history.
p.3
Primary and Secondary Surveys in Trauma Care
What clinical evaluations are used to assess circulation in trauma patients?
Clinical and radiographic evaluations, including CXR and pelvic X-ray.
p.10
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What is the initial step in managing a concussion?
Carry out a primary assessment, DRS ABCD, and seek medical attention.
p.28
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should be done to protect a casualty during a seizure?
Move furniture away to prevent injury.
p.3
Bleeding Control Techniques
How is obvious hemorrhage managed in trauma patients?
By applying direct pressure to the area of hemorrhage.
p.35
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What is the score range for the Glasgow Coma Scale?
Minimum = 3, Maximum = 15.
p.9
Bleeding Control Techniques
What should be done if blood soaks through the initial dressing?
Apply further dressings as required.
p.15
Management of Chest Wounds
What general care should be provided to a casualty with a chest injury?
Keep the casualty warm, rest, and reassure them.
p.3
Primary and Secondary Surveys in Trauma Care
What are the key components of exposure and environmental control in trauma care?
Clinical evaluation to identify occult injuries and rewarming of patients.
p.27
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
How should you position an unresponsive stroke casualty who is breathing adequately?
Place the casualty in a stable side position.
p.28
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
Why is it important to reassure a casualty after a seizure stops?
They may be confused once the seizure stops.
p.33
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are some examples of agents that can cause toxic coma?
Sedative-hypnotics, Opioids, Dissociative agents, Carbon monoxide, Toxic alcohols, Antidepressants, Antiepileptics, Simple asphyxiants.
p.33
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are some examples of metabolic disorders that can lead to coma?
Respiratory insufficiency, Neuromuscular paralysis, Dysthermia, Dysglycemia, Electrolyte disorders, Infection, Hypothyroidism, Thiamine deficiency, Histotoxic hypoxia, Serotonin syndrome, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
p.4
Primary and Secondary Surveys in Trauma Care
What is included in the Secondary Survey of trauma care?
Complete physical exam with updating of patient's history and incorporates information from ongoing studies (FAST, CT, extremity, X-ray, etc.).
p.23
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is cardiogenic shock?
A condition that may result from a heart attack where the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to meet the body's needs.
p.22
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are some signs and symptoms of a diabetic event?
Aggressive demeanor, breath smelling like acetone, unconsciousness, thirst, history of diabetes, missing a meal or medication, confusion, racing heart, sweating, muscle tremors, dizziness.
p.22
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should be the first step in managing a diabetic emergency?
Carry out primary assessment (DRS ABCDE).
p.22
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
How is Type 2 diabetes typically controlled?
By diet, exercise, and/or oral medications.
p.23
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What can happen if a coronary artery is completely blocked?
The area of muscle below the blockage will die within 4-6 hours unless oxygen delivery is restored quickly.
p.24
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What position should a conscious heart attack casualty be placed in?
A comfortable position, normally the sitting position as it is easier to breathe.
p.22
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are the two conditions that can result from an imbalance of sugar and insulin in diabetic patients?
Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia.
p.23
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What are some signs and symptoms of a heart attack?
Sweating, among other possible symptoms.
p.3
Bleeding Control Techniques
What is the blood volume loss in Class III hemorrhage?
30-40% (1500-2000cc) blood volume loss.
p.24
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What should you do if the heart attack casualty has their medication?
Assist them in following their cardiac plan.
p.22
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is hyperglycemia?
Too much sugar in the blood.
p.24
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What medications might a heart attack casualty be carrying?
Sub lingual nitroglycerin, aspirin, dopamine, dobutamine, epinephrine, nor epinephrine, and may need a full dose of heparin.
p.4
Concussion and Head Injury Management
How is eye opening scored in the Glasgow Coma Scale?
Spontaneous (4), to voice (3), to pain (2), none (1).
p.21
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the primary focus of the section on the management of medical emergencies in the 6th year anesthesiology notes?
To equip you with the knowledge and skills to assist in providing first aid care to casualties with specific medical conditions.
p.4
Concussion and Head Injury Management
What factors can affect the Glasgow Coma Scale score?
Pharmacological agents and level of resuscitation.
p.21
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
How can diabetic casualties manage their condition?
Through diet alone, regular medication, or insulin injections.
p.19
Burn Assessment and Treatment
How should a limited burn area be treated initially?
Immerse the site in cold water for 30 minutes to reduce pain and oedema and to minimize tissue damage.
p.19
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What should be done if the burn area is large?
After dousing with cool water, apply clean wraps about the burned area (or the whole patient) to prevent systemic heat loss and hypothermia.
p.19
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What is critical in the first 6 hours following a burn injury?
Transporting the patient with severe burns to a hospital as soon as possible.
p.19
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What solutions can be used to clean a burn after debridement?
0.25% chlorhexidine solution, 0.1% cetrimide solution, or another mild water-based antiseptic.
p.4
Primary and Secondary Surveys in Trauma Care
What is the purpose of the Tertiary Survey in trauma care?
Repeat physical exam with review of any additional labs and radiographs.
p.3
Bleeding Control Techniques
What is the blood volume loss in Class IV hemorrhage?
More than 40% (>2000cc) blood volume loss.
p.24
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the purpose of loosening tight clothes for a heart attack casualty?
To make breathing easier and reduce discomfort.
p.4
Concussion and Head Injury Management
How is verbal response scored in the Glasgow Coma Scale?
Oriented (5), confused (4), inappropriate words (3), incomprehensible sounds (2), none (1).
p.21
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
List some of the medical conditions frequently seen in medical emergencies.
Diabetes, Heart attack, Angina, Stroke, Seizures, Asthma, Severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis).
p.19
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What should be done if a patient arrives at a healthcare facility without first aid having been given for a burn?
Drench the burn thoroughly with cool water to prevent further damage and remove all burned clothing.
p.21
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is diabetes and what causes it?
Diabetes is a disease caused by the insufficient use of glucose (sugar) due to the pancreas not making enough or not properly using insulin.
p.21
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the immediate treatment for a diabetic casualty with low blood sugar?
Giving sugar or a sugary food (or drink) to a responsive casualty.
p.21
Management of Medical Emergencies (e.g., Diabetes, Heart Attack, Stroke)
What is the effect of giving sugar to a casualty with too much sugar?
It does not alter their condition dramatically.
p.19
Burn Assessment and Treatment
What should be done with bullae in burn treatment?
Debride all bullae except in very small burns.
p.19
Burn Assessment and Treatment
Why is hypothermia a particular risk in young children with burns?
Because they are more susceptible to systemic heat loss.
