p.43
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What does energy balance refer to?
The relationship between calories consumed (in) and calories expended (out).
p.58
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
What is the purpose of the Eatwell Guide?
To provide dietary recommendations in the UK.
p.18
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What contributes to the complications of COVID-19 in individuals with excess weight?
Excess fat tissue and deposition.
p.42
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What is energy balance?
The relationship between the energy consumed through food and beverages and the energy expended through physical activity and metabolic processes.
p.68
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What type of data do dietary assessments focus on?
Dietary habits and food intake.
p.48
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What are some behavior interventions mentioned for weight loss?
Goal-setting and relapse avoidance.
p.63
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What does MUST stand for?
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool.
p.48
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What is a risk of attempting weight loss through diet alone?
Possibility of undernutrition.
p.71
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What biological factors affect dietary assessments?
The state of the systems responsible for 'IAXM'.
p.70
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What does urinary nitrogen (urea) assess?
Nitrogen balance relating to body protein requirements.
p.22
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
How do psychological factors influence nutritional status?
They can affect eating behaviors and food choices.
p.11
Phases of Lifecycle and Nutritional Demands
What factors contribute to increased nutrient demand during growth?
Growth hormones and sex hormones.
p.47
Impact of Obesity on Health
How does physical activity affect energy balance?
A decrease in physical activity results in less energy expenditure, contributing to obesity.
p.30
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What are essential fatty acids?
Fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained from the diet.
p.20
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What type of conditions are addressed alongside chronic diseases?
Surgical and anaesthetic conditions.
p.55
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
What are Dietary Reference Intake values (DRI)?
They are guidelines for the daily intake of nutrients to meet the needs of most healthy individuals.
p.18
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What is excess weight linked to in relation to COVID-19?
Higher prevalence of COVID-19 complications.
p.14
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What are some biological factors affecting nutritional status?
Genetics, age, and metabolic rate.
p.45
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What are the two components of energy balance?
Calories in (from food and beverages) and calories out (from body functions and physical activity).
p.70
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What does blood assessment measure?
Plasma proteins and haemoglobin.
p.69
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What is Body Mass Index (BMI)?
A measurement that assesses body weight relative to height.
p.48
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What is the evidence regarding weight loss greater than 5% of body weight?
Limited evidence-based interventions exist to maintain this long term, except for surgical interventions like bariatric surgery.
p.17
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What type of treatment may be required for severe COVID-19 cases?
Advanced level treatment.
p.62
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What does MUST stand for?
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool.
p.20
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What is the focus of Carron et al. (2020) in their study?
Perioperative care of the obese patient.
p.4
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What factors does nutrition science consider?
Factors influencing dietary intakes and patterns.
p.65
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What factors does the MUST assess?
Body mass index (BMI), unintentional weight loss, and acute disease effect.
p.14
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What role do social factors play in nutritional status?
They influence access to food and dietary habits.
p.45
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What do 'calories out' refer to?
Calories used by the body for functions and physical activity.
p.60
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What is the primary purpose of the MUST?
To identify adults who are malnourished, at risk of undernutrition, or obesity.
p.32
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What role do vitamins and minerals play in the body?
They are involved in critical development and function.
p.22
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What social factors can impact nutritional status?
Socioeconomic status, cultural influences, and social support.
p.47
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What is the basic principle of energy balance?
Calories in must equal calories out to maintain weight.
p.34
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What factors can influence energy intake?
Age, sex, activity level, and metabolic rate.
p.20
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What are examples of chronic diseases mentioned?
Renal disease and diabetes.
p.58
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
What dietary recommendation system did MyPlate replace?
The well-known food pyramid.
p.33
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What is the major purpose of nutrients related to energy?
To supply the energy needed for the body to perform work.
p.2
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What is the critical role of nutrition discussed in the video?
Nutrition is critical in health and disease.
p.45
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What happens if we do not consume enough food to meet our energy needs?
The body's fuel stores supply the remainder, leading to weight loss.
p.15
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
Why is nutrition important?
Nutrition is essential for maintaining health, supporting growth, and preventing diseases.
p.4
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What does nutrition science analyze regarding health?
The actions, interactions, and balance of nutrients in relation to health and disease.
p.65
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
Who is the MUST designed for?
Adults in various healthcare settings.
p.41
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What factors affect Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
Body size, age, gender, and other factors.
p.37
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What happens to foodstuffs as we eat?
They are digested and absorbed.
p.34
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What is energy intake?
The total amount of energy consumed through food and beverages.
p.56
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
What factors are considered in nutrition recommendations?
Age, sex, health status, and activity level.
p.29
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What is the primary role of fats in nutrition?
Main energy source and important for energy storage.
p.26
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What are the main classes of nutrients?
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
p.48
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What combination is generally more effective for losing weight?
A combination of diet, exercise, and behavior interventions.
p.43
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What are the two main components of energy balance?
Calories in from food and beverages, and calories out from body functions and physical activity.
p.11
Phases of Lifecycle and Nutritional Demands
What influences the different nutrient demands across the lifecycle?
Different physiologic states at various life stages.
p.9
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
How does genetics influence individual response to nutrients?
Genetics determines digestion, absorption, metabolism, excretion, taste, and satiety.
p.46
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What is the primary role of adipose tissue?
It serves as a major fuel store.
p.29
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What are the main classes of nutrients?
Fats, carbohydrates, protein, ethanol, vitamins, and minerals.
p.47
Impact of Obesity on Health
What is the relationship between energy intake and obesity?
High intake of high-calorie food leads to more energy intake than needed, contributing to obesity.
p.40
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What health condition can lower BMR?
Hypothyroidism (e.g., Hashimoto’s disease).
p.69
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What is Mid-Arm Circumference used for?
To assess nutritional status and muscle mass.
p.61
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What does MUST stand for?
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool.
p.54
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
What is the focus of Part 3 in Human Nutrition by Dr. Mei Li Khong?
Nutrition Recommendation, Screening and Assessment.
p.68
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What are anthropometric measurements used for in nutritional assessment?
To evaluate body composition and growth, such as BMI.
p.4
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What is nutrition science?
The study of the components of food, energy and nutrient derivation, dietary intakes, and their relation to health and disease.
p.65
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What is the primary purpose of the MUST?
To identify adults who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition.
p.62
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What is Step 1 in the MUST guide?
To identify if the individual is underweight, overweight, or at a healthy weight.
p.43
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What contributes to the 'calories out' side of energy balance?
Body functions and physical activity.
p.14
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
How do psychological factors influence nutritional status?
They can affect eating behaviors and food choices.
p.36
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
How many calories does 20 g of protein provide?
80 calories (20 g × 4 kcal/g).
p.6
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What role does dietary intake play in determining nutritional status?
It provides the essential nutrients needed for growth, maintenance, and overall health.
p.65
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
How does the MUST categorize malnutrition risk?
It categorizes risk as low, medium, or high.
p.59
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What is the purpose of nutrition screening?
To identify individuals at risk of malnutrition or nutritional deficiencies.
p.71
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What sociological factors impact dietary assessments?
Availability and price of food, societal measures to improve diets.
p.16
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What is a key strategy for preventing Type 2 diabetes?
Maintaining a healthy diet and regular physical activity.
p.64
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What does MUST stand for in nutritional assessment?
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool.
p.2
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What will you be able to describe at the end of the video?
Factors affecting nutritional status.
p.68
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What does biochemical data in nutritional assessments refer to?
Biomarkers that indicate nutritional status.
p.44
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What does 'calories out' refer to?
The calories expended through body functions and physical activity.
p.55
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What is the purpose of a dietary screening tool?
To screen and manage adults with malnutrition.
p.33
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What role do nutrients play in metabolic pathways?
They support the function of metabolic pathways.
p.6
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
How does socioeconomic status influence nutritional status?
It affects access to food, quality of food choices, and overall health resources.
p.15
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
How does nutrition affect growth?
Proper nutrition provides the necessary nutrients for physical development and growth.
p.30
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What happens to proteins when the body is in need of energy?
Proteins act as a 'last resort' energy substrate, leading to the release of amino acids from muscle and potential muscle wasting.
p.18
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What serious condition is associated with excess weight?
Thrombosis (blood clot blocking arteries and veins).
p.67
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What does MUST stand for?
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool.
p.51
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What are the main sources of dietary fuel?
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
p.50
Impact of Obesity on Health
What is Mr. K.'s age and health conditions?
He is a 55-year-old man with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease.
p.72
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What is the purpose of the MUST screening tool?
To identify adults who are malnourished, at risk of undernutrition, or obesity.
p.70
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What is a caveat of biochemical assessments?
They are not exclusively determined by the state of nutrition, as medications or diseases can affect results.
p.39
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What does Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TEE) consist of?
The sum of basal metabolic rate, energy used during physical activity, and the thermic effect of food.
p.44
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What are the two main components of energy balance?
Calories in (food and beverage) and calories out (body functions and physical activity).
p.64
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What is the purpose of Step 2 in the MUST guide?
To assess the degree of malnutrition risk.
p.6
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What are the primary factors that determine nutritional status?
Dietary intake, socioeconomic status, health status, and lifestyle choices.
p.40
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
How does gender influence basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
Males have a higher BMR than females.
p.30
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What is the primary role of proteins in the body?
To provide cell structure and support cell functions, communications, and signaling.
p.40
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
How does age affect BMR?
Children have a higher BMR than adults.
p.72
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
What do the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and Adequate Intake (AI) provide?
Quantitative estimates of nutrient requirements.
p.40
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What health condition can elevate BMR?
Fever and hyperthyroidism (e.g., Graves disease).
p.69
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What does the Waist-to-Hip Ratio measure?
The distribution of body fat by comparing the circumference of the waist to that of the hips.
p.70
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What is an advantage of biochemical data assessments?
They provide objective, quantitative indicators.
p.7
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What are biological factors that affect nutritional status?
Genetics, age, sex, and physiological conditions.
p.28
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What is the main energy source among macronutrients?
Carbohydrates, along with fats.
p.29
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
How are fats linked to health?
Strongly linked to heart disease.
p.16
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What lifestyle changes can help prevent cardiovascular diseases?
Eating a balanced diet, exercising regularly, and avoiding smoking.
p.17
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What does a positive test indicate in the context of COVID-19?
It indicates the presence of the virus in an individual.
p.58
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
Which organization developed the MyPlate dietary recommendations?
US Department of Agriculture.
p.70
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What are the forms of assessments mentioned?
Blood, urine, and faeces.
p.71
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What are dietary habits assessed by?
Meal patterns, amount, and composition of food.
p.5
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What does the acronym IAXM stand for in the context of nutrition?
Ingestion, Absorption, Excretion, Metabolism.
p.11
Phases of Lifecycle and Nutritional Demands
What determines nutritional status?
Whether nutrient demands are met.
p.15
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What role does nutrition play in disease prevention?
Adequate nutrition can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases and support the immune system.
p.72
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
What does the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) indicate?
The highest level of daily nutrient uptake likely to pose no risk of adverse effects.
p.34
Energy Expenditure and Balance
Why is energy intake important?
It is essential for maintaining bodily functions and supporting physical activity.
p.56
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
What is the role of Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)?
To provide specific nutrient intake levels to prevent deficiencies and chronic diseases.
p.46
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What is subcutaneous fat generally considered?
Benign and a source of energy.
p.67
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What factors does the MUST assess?
Body mass index (BMI), unintentional weight loss, and acute disease effect.
p.27
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What are the main categories of nutrients?
Macronutrients and micronutrients.
p.44
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What happens if we consume more food than we expend in energy?
The body's fuel stores enlarge and we gain weight.
p.44
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What does 'calories in' refer to?
The calories consumed from food and beverages.
p.33
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
How do nutrients contribute to the synthesis of molecules?
By providing the building blocks for the synthesis of other important molecules.
p.55
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What should you recognize about common forms of nutritional assessments?
Their advantages, disadvantages, and variations in different populations.
p.18
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
How does excess weight affect the body's response to disease?
It impacts inflammatory and immune response.
p.22
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What are some biological factors affecting nutritional status?
Genetics, age, and gender.
p.60
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What does MUST stand for?
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool.
p.63
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What factors does the MUST assess?
Body mass index (BMI), unintentional weight loss, and acute disease effect.
p.30
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What are the main classes of nutrients?
Proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals.
p.63
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
Who is the MUST designed for?
Adults in various healthcare settings.
p.67
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What is the primary purpose of the MUST?
To identify adults who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition.
p.10
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What does absorption refer to in the digestive process?
Assimilation and transport of nutrients.
p.71
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
How do cultural factors influence dietary habits?
Through eating patterns and food preferences.
p.69
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What does Skinfold Thickness measure?
The amount of subcutaneous fat to estimate body fat percentage.
p.12
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What is satiety?
The feeling of fullness that occurs after eating.
p.11
Phases of Lifecycle and Nutritional Demands
What changes occur in muscle and fat mass as one ages?
Muscle mass declines, fat mass increases.
p.34
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
How can energy intake be measured?
Through dietary assessments and food diaries.
p.25
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What is the focus of human nutrition?
The study of how food affects health and well-being.
p.65
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What does MUST stand for?
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool.
p.62
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What is the purpose of the MUST guide?
To assess and identify individuals at risk of malnutrition.
p.41
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What is Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TEE)?
The sum of basal metabolic rate, energy used during physical activity, and the thermic effect of food.
p.36
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
How many calories does 100 g of carbohydrate provide?
400 calories (100 g × 4 kcal/g).
p.46
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What are the three distinct depots of fat in the body?
Visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, and ectopic fat.
p.63
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What is the primary purpose of the MUST?
To identify adults who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition.
p.56
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
What is the purpose of nutrition recommendations?
To guide individuals in making healthy dietary choices.
p.32
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
What are vitamins and minerals classified as?
Essential nutrients that act as coenzymes and form prosthetic groups of enzymes.
p.36
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
How many calories does 15 g of fat provide?
135 calories (15 g × 9 kcal/g).
p.37
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What do cells do with the products of digestion?
They oxidize them to produce energy.
p.59
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What are common tools used in nutrition assessment?
Dietary recalls, food frequency questionnaires, and anthropometric measurements.
p.42
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What occurs when energy expenditure exceeds energy intake?
It results in weight loss.
p.32
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What are the main classes of energy sources in diet?
Carbohydrates, fats, protein, and ethanol.
p.59
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What is anthropometry?
The measurement of body size, weight, and proportions to assess nutritional status.
p.37
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What provides energy during fasting?
Fuel drawn from stored reserves.
p.32
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What are essential fatty acids?
Fatty acids that the body cannot synthesize and must be obtained from the diet.
p.12
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What influences appetite?
Biological, psychological, and social factors.
p.42
Energy Expenditure and Balance
How can one achieve a state of energy balance?
By matching energy intake with energy expenditure.
p.7
Energy Expenditure and Balance
How does energy expenditure impact nutritional status?
It determines the caloric needs of an individual.
p.10
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What does IAXM stand for?
It is synonymous with IASM, representing the processes of ingestion, absorption, excretion, and metabolism.
p.46
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What respiratory issue can ectopic fat cause?
It can obstruct the pharynx, leading to respiratory difficulties.
p.66
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
How does the MUST categorize malnutrition risk?
It categorizes risk as low, medium, or high.
p.49
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What health conditions is Mr. C. concerned about due to his father's history?
Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
p.31
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
What type of proteins contain some essential amino acids?
Proteins from plant sources.
p.62
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
Why is it important to use the MUST guide?
To ensure timely intervention for those at risk of malnutrition.
p.45
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What do 'calories in' refer to?
Calories consumed from food and beverages.
p.10
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What are the main processes involved in digestion?
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, excretion, and metabolism.
p.8
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What are biological factors that affect nutritional status?
Genetic background, digestion, absorption, and excretion.
p.41
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What does physical activity contribute to in terms of energy expenditure?
It requires energy to support certain levels of physical exertion, which is a variable amount.
p.51
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What essential nutrients are included alongside macronutrients?
Vitamins, minerals, essential fatty acids, and essential amino acids.
p.63
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
How does the MUST categorize malnutrition risk?
It categorizes risk as low, medium, or high.
p.8
Phases of Lifecycle and Nutritional Demands
How does age influence nutritional status?
Age and phase of lifecycle impact nutritional needs and status.
p.8
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What psychological factors can affect nutritional status?
Mental health and emotional well-being can influence eating habits.
p.38
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
The amount of energy expended while at rest in a neutrally temperate environment.
p.16
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What dietary factors can help prevent liver diseases?
Avoiding excessive alcohol intake and consuming a balanced diet.
p.37
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What types of food are considered dietary fuels?
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
p.34
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What is the role of macronutrients in energy intake?
Macronutrients provide the calories needed for energy.
p.50
Impact of Obesity on Health
What complicates the maintenance of lower body weight for Mr. K.?
Decreased mobility caused by arthritis.
p.27
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
Why are vitamins important?
They play crucial roles in various bodily functions and processes.
p.13
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What social factors can influence nutritional status?
Social factors include socioeconomic status, education, and access to food resources.
p.41
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What is the thermic effect of food?
The energy expended during digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients, accounting for about 10% of total energy expenditure.
p.6
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
How can health status impact nutritional status?
Chronic illnesses or conditions can affect nutrient absorption and dietary needs.
p.9
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
Why should nutritional guidelines be population-specific?
Because the gene pool varies between populations.
p.38
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What is energy expenditure?
The total amount of energy used by the body in a given time period.
p.6
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What lifestyle choices can affect nutritional status?
Physical activity levels, smoking, and alcohol consumption.
p.7
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
How do psychological factors influence nutritional status?
They can affect eating behaviors and food choices.
p.30
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What are essential amino acids?
Amino acids that the body cannot produce and must be obtained through diet.
p.40
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
Which hormones can elevate BMR?
Thyroid hormones, growth hormones, sex hormones, epinephrine, and cortisol.
p.7
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What role do social factors play in nutritional status?
They include socioeconomic status, cultural influences, and social support.
p.31
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
What are the two essential fatty acids?
Linoleic acid and α-linoleic acid.
p.66
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What factors does the MUST assess?
Body mass index (BMI), unintentional weight loss, and acute disease effect.
p.59
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
Why is a comprehensive nutritional assessment important?
It helps to develop personalized nutrition plans and monitor progress.
p.16
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What is a preventive measure for respiratory diseases?
Avoiding smoking and exposure to pollutants.
p.28
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What are the main classes of nutrients listed?
Carbohydrates, fats, protein, ethanol, essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals.
p.38
Energy Expenditure and Balance
How can energy expenditure be measured?
Through direct calorimetry, indirect calorimetry, or estimating equations.
p.13
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What role do psychological factors play in nutritional status?
Psychological factors can affect appetite, food preferences, and eating behaviors.
p.21
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What are the three essential elements needed for human survival?
Oxygen, water, and nutrients.
p.5
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What is the role of absorption in the IAXM process?
Assimilation and transport of nutrients.
p.9
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
What are the key processes influenced by genetics in relation to nutrition?
Digestion, absorption, metabolism, excretion, taste, and satiety.
p.38
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What are the main components of energy expenditure?
Basal metabolic rate (BMR), physical activity, and thermic effect of food (TEF).
p.28
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
How can certain carbohydrates aid in weight control?
They create a sense of satiety over a longer period of time.
p.16
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
How can cancer risk be reduced?
By maintaining a healthy weight, eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables, and limiting alcohol consumption.
p.10
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What are the two types of metabolism?
Catabolism and anabolism.
p.26
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What factors influence energy expenditure?
Age, sex, body composition, and physical activity level.
p.66
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
Who is the MUST designed for?
Adults in various healthcare settings.
p.26
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What is the relationship between energy balance and weight gain?
Positive energy balance leads to weight gain.
p.21
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What is the first priority in emergency treatment?
Reestablishment of oxygen supply and circulating volume.
p.57
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)?
The highest level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
p.31
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
What type of proteins contain all essential amino acids?
Proteins from animal sources.
p.49
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What is the significance of losing visceral fat?
It is the first fat type lost when a person with excess visceral fat loses weight.
p.40
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
How does pregnancy and lactation affect BMR?
BMR is elevated during pregnancy and lactation.
p.14
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
How does the presence of disease impact nutritional status?
It can alter nutrient absorption and metabolism.
p.72
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What are some common forms of nutritional assessments?
Anthropometric measurements, biochemical data, and dietary data.
p.60
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What type of assessment does MUST provide?
A simplified assessment of nutritional status.
p.39
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
The energy required to maintain normal physiological functions when the body is at rest.
p.22
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What role does the presence of disease play in nutritional status?
It can alter nutrient needs and absorption.
p.37
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What is the energy currency of the cell?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
p.32
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What are essential amino acids?
Amino acids that must be obtained through diet as the body cannot produce them.
p.8
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What social factors impact nutritional status?
Socioeconomic status, cultural influences, and social support.
p.27
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What role do carbohydrates play in nutrition?
They serve as the body's primary energy source.
p.26
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What is the relationship between energy balance and weight loss?
Negative energy balance leads to weight loss.
p.27
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What is the importance of fats in the diet?
They provide energy, support cell growth, and help absorb certain nutrients.
p.27
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What is the role of minerals in nutrition?
They are essential for processes such as bone health, fluid balance, and nerve function.
p.49
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What are some risk factors for Mr. C. that he cannot modify?
His age and strong family history.
p.50
Impact of Obesity on Health
What symptoms does Mr. K. experience that affect his ability to exercise?
He suffers from angina and severe arthritic knee pains.
p.26
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
How is energy obtained from the diet?
Through the metabolism of macronutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
p.46
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What health issues can visceral fat promote?
Atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes.
p.29
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
What are essential fatty acids?
Fats that the body cannot produce and must be obtained through diet.
p.61
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What factors does the MUST assess?
Body mass index (BMI), unintentional weight loss, and acute disease effect.
p.46
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
How can ectopic fat affect heart function?
It can obstruct the heart and impair cardiac function.
p.67
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
How does MUST categorize malnutrition risk?
It categorizes risk as low, medium, or high.
p.22
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
Why is nutrition important in relation to disease?
It aids in prevention, progression, and management of disease.
p.50
Impact of Obesity on Health
What happened to Mr. K.'s weight after his arthritis worsened?
His weight increased again to 137 kg.
p.38
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What is the thermic effect of food (TEF)?
The energy required for digestion, absorption, and metabolism of food.
p.27
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What is the function of proteins in the body?
They are essential for growth, repair, and maintenance of body tissues.
p.38
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What factors influence energy expenditure?
Age, sex, body composition, and physical activity level.
p.49
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What improvement was noted in Mr. C.'s liver function tests?
They returned to within normal limits.
p.49
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What is the potential benefit of lifestyle intervention for Mr. C.?
It can delay the onset of diabetes and/or lead to a simpler diabetic condition.
p.61
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What is the primary purpose of the MUST?
To identify adults who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition.
p.47
Impact of Obesity on Health
What happens when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure?
It leads to fuel storage in the form of body fat, contributing to obesity.
p.66
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What is the primary purpose of the MUST?
To identify adults who are malnourished or at risk of malnutrition.
p.26
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What are the main components of energy expenditure?
Basal metabolic rate, physical activity, and thermic effect of food.
p.29
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
What are essential amino acids?
Amino acids that must be obtained through diet because the body cannot synthesize them.
p.57
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
What is the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)?
The level estimated to meet the requirement of 50% of healthy individuals in a particular life stage and gender group.
p.7
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What is the effect of the presence of disease on nutritional status?
It can alter nutrient needs and absorption.
p.12
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
How do psychological factors impact nutrition?
They can influence eating behaviors and food preferences.
p.31
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
Why is arginine considered essential for certain individuals?
It is essential in growing children.
p.12
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What is the impact of the presence of disease on nutritional status?
It can alter nutrient needs and absorption.
p.13
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What biological factors can affect nutritional status?
Age, gender, genetics, and health conditions can all influence nutritional needs.
p.56
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
How often are nutrition recommendations updated?
Regularly, based on new scientific evidence.
p.14
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What is energy expenditure?
The total amount of energy used by the body for various functions.
p.50
Impact of Obesity on Health
What was Mr. K.'s initial weight and BMI?
His weight was 140 kg and his BMI was 43.
p.56
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What is the significance of balanced nutrition?
It supports overall health and well-being.
p.28
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What effect do rapidly digested carbohydrates have?
They stimulate cravings and can promote fat deposition in tissues.
p.12
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
How does palatability affect food choices?
More palatable foods are often preferred and consumed more.
p.28
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What is fiber and what is its main role?
Fiber is an indigestible carbohydrate that regulates gut motility and transit.
p.57
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)?
The level sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98%) individuals in a life stage and gender group.
p.57
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
What does Adequate Intake (AI) represent?
Estimates of nutrient intake by a group of apparently healthy people that are assumed to be adequate when EAR or RDA is not available.
p.12
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What social factors can affect nutritional status?
Cultural norms, family habits, and socioeconomic status.
p.50
Impact of Obesity on Health
Why is weight loss difficult to maintain in the long term?
Due to various health issues and decreased ability to exercise.
p.13
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
How does energy expenditure impact nutritional status?
Higher energy expenditure may require increased food intake to meet nutritional needs.
p.10
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What is the role of excretion in digestion?
The removal of waste products from the body.
p.5
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What does excretion refer to in the IAXM process?
The elimination of waste products from the body.
p.72
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
Why should different forms of assessments be used in combination?
To holistically assess nutritional status.
p.69
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What is a caveat of using simple anthropometric assessments?
They may require more detailed analysis through other means.
p.31
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
How many amino acids are considered essential?
10 out of 20 amino acids.
p.39
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What factors affect Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
Body size, age, gender, and other factors.
p.12
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What role do biological factors play in nutritional status?
They include genetics, metabolism, and physiological needs.
p.8
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What role does the presence of disease play in nutritional status?
Diseases can alter nutrient needs and absorption.
p.49
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
What dietary changes did Mr. C. make to lose weight?
Avoiding evening snacks and sugary food.
p.31
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
What are the classes of nutrients mentioned?
Essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals.
p.42
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What is the role of metabolism in energy balance?
Metabolism determines the rate at which energy is expended in the body.
p.67
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
Who is the MUST designed for?
Adults in various healthcare settings.
p.57
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
What does DRI stand for?
Dietary Reference Intakes.
p.5
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What are the two components of metabolism in the IAXM process?
Catabolism and anabolism.
p.34
Impact of Obesity on Health
What happens if energy intake exceeds energy expenditure?
It can lead to weight gain and obesity.
p.38
Energy Expenditure and Balance
How does physical activity affect energy expenditure?
It increases energy expenditure based on the intensity and duration of the activity.
p.61
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
How does the MUST categorize malnutrition risk?
It categorizes individuals as low, medium, or high risk.
p.37
Energy Expenditure and Balance
Where are fuel stores located in the body?
In fat tissue, muscles, liver, and other cells.
p.51
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What is the balance that determines weight gain or loss?
Energy consumed in the diet vs. energy required for basic functions and physical activity.
p.12
Energy Expenditure and Balance
How does energy expenditure relate to nutritional status?
It determines the caloric needs of an individual.
p.21
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
What is the shorter period for nutritional support in hypercatabolic patients?
It is shorter than 7 days, especially in those with severe burns or sepsis.
p.27
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What are macronutrients?
Nutrients required in large amounts, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
p.61
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
Who is the MUST designed for?
Adults in various healthcare settings.
p.60
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
In what settings can MUST be applied?
Hospitals, community, or other care settings.
p.8
Energy Expenditure and Balance
How does energy expenditure relate to nutritional status?
Energy expenditure affects the amount of nutrients needed.
p.39
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What is the thermic effect of food?
The amount of energy needed to meet the body’s demands after eating.
p.21
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
When is repletion of lost fluids and electrolytes necessary?
Within hours to days, depending on the patient's state.
p.13
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What are some factors affecting nutritional status?
Availability of food, cultural customs, biological factors, psychological factors, social factors, energy expenditure, and presence of disease.
p.31
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What are the main energy sources in the diet?
Carbohydrates, fats, protein, and ethanol.
p.66
Nutrition Screening and Assessment Tools
What does MUST stand for?
Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool.
p.22
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
How does energy expenditure relate to nutritional status?
Higher energy expenditure requires increased nutrient intake.
p.71
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What are some common methods for dietary assessment?
Food frequency questionnaires, 24-hour dietary recalls, food records, direct analysis of foods, metabolic balance studies.
p.69
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What is an advantage of using anthropometric measurements?
They are easy to administer, portable, non-invasive, and cheap.
p.59
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What is the role of biochemical assessments in nutrition?
To analyze blood, urine, or tissue samples for nutrient levels and metabolic markers.
p.71
Common Forms of Nutritional Assessments
What does dietary data encompass beyond intake records?
More than just dietary intake records.
p.27
Energy Sources and Nutrient Classes
What are micronutrients?
Nutrients required in smaller amounts, including vitamins and minerals.
p.59
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
What factors can influence nutritional status?
Age, gender, health conditions, and socioeconomic status.
p.51
Energy Expenditure and Balance
What factors determine total energy expenditure?
BMR, thermic effect of food, and physical activity level.
p.31
Nutritional Guidelines and Nutrigenomics
Which amino acids are included in the essential group?
Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine.
p.21
Nutrition's Role in Health and Disease
When does the provision of other nutrients become important?
As soon as life-saving measures have been taken.
p.13
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
How do cultural customs influence nutritional status?
Cultural customs can dictate food choices, preparation methods, and eating habits.
p.13
Factors Affecting Nutritional Status
How does the presence of disease affect nutritional status?
Diseases can alter nutrient absorption, metabolism, and appetite, impacting overall nutrition.
