p.23
Importance of Venous Valves in Varicose Veins
Which vein is more prone to developing varicose veins?
The great saphenous vein.
p.1
Coronary Arteries and Heart Attack Risk
How can the internal lining of coronary arteries influence the risk of developing a heart attack?
The internal lining of coronary arteries can influence heart attack risk by accumulating plaque, which can narrow the arteries and reduce blood flow to the heart muscle.
p.15
Coronary Arteries and Heart Attack Risk
What is the role of the coronary arteries branching from the aorta?
To supply blood to the heart muscle itself.
p.18
Coronary Arteries and Heart Attack Risk
What are atherosclerotic plaques composed of?
Cholesterol, fat, fiber, and white blood cells.
p.18
Coronary Arteries and Heart Attack Risk
What happens when plaque buildup obstructs blood flow in the arteries?
It reduces the flexibility of vessels and obstructs blood flow, leading to a condition called atherosclerosis.
p.2
Anatomy and Location of the Heart
What are the main components of the cardiovascular system?
Heart, blood vessels, and blood.
p.5
Great Vessels of the Heart
What is the function of the pulmonary trunk?
It transports blood to the lungs.
p.16
Heart's Blood Supply and Blockages
What can happen if an aneurysm grows large and ruptures?
It can cause dangerous bleeding or death.
p.16
Heart's Blood Supply and Blockages
What is an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA)?
An aneurysm that occurs in the abdominal aorta.
p.14
Great Vessels of the Heart
How do smaller arteries contribute to blood flow regulation?
They regulate the flow of blood to different body organs.
p.12
Great Vessels of the Heart
Where does blood go after it leaves the left ventricle?
Aorta to the rest of the body.
p.3
Anatomy and Location of the Heart
In which cavity is the heart located?
In the mediastinum, which is the thoracic cavity between the lungs.
p.24
Heart's Blood Supply and Blockages
Where can arterial anastomoses be found?
In the coronary circulation and the Circle of Willis.
p.25
Hepatic Portal Circulation and Its Function
What is the unique function of the hepatic portal circulation?
It serves a function unique to the digestive system.
p.22
Importance of Venous Valves in Varicose Veins
Where are venous valves primarily located?
In the limbs and other locations where the flow of blood is opposed by the pull of gravity.
p.11
Heart Valves and Blood Flow Regulation
Where is the auscultation position for the tricuspid valve?
5th intercostal space, left of sternum.
p.23
Importance of Venous Valves in Varicose Veins
What are hemorrhoids?
Hemorrhoids are varicose veins in the rectum.
p.26
Hepatic Portal Circulation and Its Function
What regions does the superior mesenteric vein drain blood from?
All of the small intestine and the first half of the large intestine.
p.4
Heart Chambers and Their Functions
What is the function of the atria in the heart?
The atria are the receiving chambers of the heart.
p.13
Heart Chambers and Their Functions
What does the pulmonary circuit consist of?
Blood vessels that carry blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.
p.4
Heart Chambers and Their Functions
What are the ventricles of the heart responsible for?
The ventricles are the discharging chambers of the heart.
p.21
Importance of Venous Valves in Varicose Veins
What assists venous return to the heart in deep veins?
The expansion of the artery during heart contraction stretches and flattens veins, assisting venous return to the heart (Arteriovenous pump).
p.28
Great Vessels of the Heart
Which artery connects the internal carotid artery to the posterior cerebral artery?
Posterior communicating artery.
p.9
Heart Valves and Blood Flow Regulation
What is the function of the semilunar valves in the heart?
The semilunar valves prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles.
p.5
Great Vessels of the Heart
From which vessels does blood enter the right atrium?
Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, and Coronary sinus.
p.26
Hepatic Portal Circulation and Its Function
Which vein drains blood from the distal region of the large intestine?
The inferior mesenteric vein.
p.6
Great Vessels of the Heart
What is the function of the coronary sinus?
It collects deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle and delivers it to the right atrium.
p.14
Great Vessels of the Heart
What is the primary function of capillaries?
They are the site of nutrient and gas exchange.
p.3
Anatomy and Location of the Heart
Where is the heart located in relation to the sternum?
Posterior to the sternum.
p.7
Heart Valves and Blood Flow Regulation
What are the two types of atrioventricular (AV) valves?
The tricuspid valve (right AV valve) and the bicuspid valve (left AV/mitral valve).
p.11
Heart Valves and Blood Flow Regulation
Where is the auscultation position for the aortic valve?
2nd intercostal space, right of sternum.
p.1
Heart Valve Closure and Related Conditions
Why can improper closure of a heart valve lead to certain heart conditions?
Improper closure of a heart valve can lead to conditions such as regurgitation or stenosis, which can affect the efficiency of blood flow and increase the workload on the heart.
p.2
Heart Chambers and Their Functions
Where does gaseous exchange occur in the lungs?
In the capillary beds of the lungs.
p.4
Heart Chambers and Their Functions
Which chamber of the heart has a thinner cardiac muscle wall?
The right ventricle has a thinner cardiac muscle wall.
p.3
Anatomy and Location of the Heart
On which surface of the diaphragm is the heart located?
On the superior surface of the diaphragm.
p.18
Coronary Arteries and Heart Attack Risk
What can untreated coronary artery disease lead to?
Myocardial infarction (heart attack).
p.7
Heart Valves and Blood Flow Regulation
How do heart valves operate?
They open and close in response to pressure changes.
p.24
Heart's Blood Supply and Blockages
What is the simplest pathway of blood flow?
A pathway with one capillary bed.
p.27
Hepatic Portal Circulation and Its Function
What is the hepatic portal circulation?
A subdivision of systemic circulation.
p.17
Coronary Circulation and Myocardial Infarction
What is a myocardial infarction (MI)?
The dying off of myocardial tissue due to lack of oxygenated blood.
p.11
Heart Valves and Blood Flow Regulation
Where is the auscultation position for the bicuspid valve?
5th intercostal space, mid clavicle, left of sternum.
p.19
Coronary Circulation and Myocardial Infarction
What is the relationship between coronary arteries and cardiac veins?
Coronary arteries and cardiac veins run next to each other.
p.10
Heart Valve Closure and Related Conditions
What causes the 'dup' sound in the heart?
The closing of the semilunar valves.
p.23
Importance of Venous Valves in Varicose Veins
What is a varicocele?
A varicocele is a varicose vein in the scrotum.
p.21
Importance of Venous Valves in Varicose Veins
What are superficial veins?
Veins that run independent from named arteries in subcutaneous tissue under the skin.
p.16
Heart's Blood Supply and Blockages
What is the consequence of a burst aneurysm in the brain?
It causes a hemorrhagic stroke.
p.14
Great Vessels of the Heart
How do veins act as blood reservoirs?
They can hold a large volume of blood.
p.7
Heart Valves and Blood Flow Regulation
What is the function of the atrioventricular (AV) valves?
To prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract.
p.25
Hepatic Portal Circulation and Its Function
What does the liver do with the nutrients in the blood from the hepatic portal circulation?
The liver stores or modifies the nutrients.
p.1
Heart's Blood Supply and Blockages
Why does the heart have its own blood supply, and what happens when it's blocked?
The heart has its own blood supply to ensure it receives enough oxygen and nutrients to function properly. When this supply is blocked, it can lead to a heart attack.
p.15
Great Vessels of the Heart
Which major artery supplies blood to the head and neck?
The carotid arteries, which branch off from the aorta.
p.28
Great Vessels of the Heart
Which artery connects the anterior cerebral arteries in the Circle of Willis?
Anterior communicating artery.
p.24
Heart's Blood Supply and Blockages
What is a portal system in terms of blood flow?
A system with two capillary beds.
p.8
Heart Valves and Blood Flow Regulation
What is the function of the atrioventricular valve?
To regulate blood flow between the atria and ventricles.
p.17
Coronary Arteries and Heart Attack Risk
What are coronary arteries?
Arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle.
p.23
Importance of Venous Valves in Varicose Veins
What causes varicose veins to develop?
They develop when the valves of veins become weak.
p.13
Great Vessels of the Heart
Which system of veins is included in the systemic circuit?
The system of veins that return blood to the right atrium.
p.15
Great Vessels of the Heart
What is the primary function of the aorta?
To supply blood to various regions and organs of the body.
p.29
Anatomy and Location of the Heart
Name the dural venous sinuses mentioned.
Superior sagittal sinus, Inferior sagittal sinus, Straight sinus, Sigmoid sinus, Transverse sinus (right).
p.16
Heart's Blood Supply and Blockages
Where can aneurysms occur in the body?
In the aorta, arteries in the brain, heart, and other parts of the body.
p.14
Great Vessels of the Heart
What role do large arteries play in the circulatory system?
They act as pressure reservoirs.
p.24
Heart's Blood Supply and Blockages
What is the function of venous anastomoses?
They provide alternate drainage of organs.
p.25
Hepatic Portal Circulation and Its Function
Where does the hepatic portal circulation detour venous blood from the GI tract?
To the liver on its way to the heart.
p.13
Great Vessels of the Heart
What major artery and its branches are included in the systemic circuit?
The aorta and its branches.
p.21
Importance of Venous Valves in Varicose Veins
What are deep veins?
Veins that accompany deep arteries.
p.21
Importance of Venous Valves in Varicose Veins
How do deep veins of the limbs usually occur?
As double or triple forms of accompanying veins (L. venae comitantes).
p.2
Heart Chambers and Their Functions
Where does gaseous exchange occur in the body tissues?
In the capillary beds of all body tissues.
p.16
Heart's Blood Supply and Blockages
What is an aneurysm?
An abnormal local dilation of arteries.
p.16
Heart's Blood Supply and Blockages
What causes an aneurysm?
Congenital or acquired weakness of the arterial wall.
p.4
Heart Chambers and Their Functions
What structure separates the left and right ventricles?
The interventricular septum separates the left and right ventricles.
p.16
Heart's Blood Supply and Blockages
What is a cerebral (berry) aneurysm?
An aneurysm that occurs in the brain.
p.3
Anatomy and Location of the Heart
Where is the heart located in relation to the vertebral column?
Anterior to the vertebral column.
p.18
Coronary Arteries and Heart Attack Risk
What can insufficient oxygen delivery to cardiac tissues result in if untreated?
Cardiac muscle death (myocardial infarction).
p.7
Heart Valves and Blood Flow Regulation
What are the two types of semilunar valves?
The aortic valve and the pulmonary valve.
p.11
Heart Valves and Blood Flow Regulation
Where is the auscultation position for the pulmonary valve?
2nd intercostal space, left of sternum.
p.22
Importance of Venous Valves in Varicose Veins
What is the primary function of venous valves?
To prevent the backflow of blood.
p.19
Coronary Circulation and Myocardial Infarction
What is the function of the coronary sinus?
The coronary sinus collects deoxygenated blood from the cardiac veins and returns it to the right atrium.
p.6
Great Vessels of the Heart
What are the great vessels of the heart located posteriorly?
Superior vena cava, Inferior vena cava, Coronary sinus, Pulmonary veins, Pulmonary arteries, Aorta.
p.4
Heart Chambers and Their Functions
Which chamber of the heart has a thicker cardiac muscle wall?
The left ventricle has a thicker cardiac muscle wall.
p.5
Great Vessels of the Heart
What is the function of the aorta?
It supplies blood to body tissues except the lungs.
p.12
Great Vessels of the Heart
Where does blood go after it leaves the right ventricle?
Pulmonary arteries to the lungs.
p.14
Great Vessels of the Heart
What is the primary function of veins?
To return blood to the heart.
p.24
Heart's Blood Supply and Blockages
What is an arteriovenous anastomosis (AV shunt)?
It permits blood to pass directly from the arterial to the venous side without passing through capillaries.
p.7
Heart Valves and Blood Flow Regulation
What is the function of the semilunar valves?
To prevent backflow into the ventricles when ventricles relax.
p.23
Importance of Venous Valves in Varicose Veins
What are varicose veins?
Abnormal irregular dilations in superficial veins.
p.10
Heart Valve Closure and Related Conditions
What causes the 'lub' sound in the heart?
The closing of the AV (atrioventricular) valves.
p.29
Anatomy and Location of the Heart
What are dural venous sinuses?
Channels supported by walls of dura mater.
p.1
Importance of Venous Valves in Varicose Veins
Why are venous valves crucial in preventing varicose veins?
Venous valves are crucial in preventing varicose veins because they help maintain unidirectional blood flow back to the heart, preventing blood from pooling in the veins.
p.14
Great Vessels of the Heart
What is the primary function of arteries?
To transport blood away from the heart.
p.28
Great Vessels of the Heart
Which arteries contribute to the formation of the Circle of Willis?
Internal carotid artery, anterior communicating artery, posterior communicating artery, anterior cerebral artery, and posterior cerebral artery.
p.18
Coronary Arteries and Heart Attack Risk
What is ischemia?
Restricted blood flow due to plaque buildup in the arteries.
p.18
Coronary Arteries and Heart Attack Risk
What can blockages in coronary arteries lead to?
Decreased blood flow and insufficient oxygen delivered to the cardiac tissues.
p.17
Coronary Circulation and Myocardial Infarction
What is coronary circulation?
The functional blood supply to the heart muscle.
p.13
Heart Chambers and Their Functions
What does the systemic circuit consist of?
Blood vessels that lead from the heart to all body parts (except the lungs) and back to the heart.
p.29
Anatomy and Location of the Heart
What is the dura mater?
The outermost protective covering around the brain and the spinal cord.
p.4
Heart Chambers and Their Functions
What is a notable feature of the atrium on the anterior surface?
The atrium has a protruding auricle on the anterior surface.
p.28
Great Vessels of the Heart
Which artery is located posteriorly in the Circle of Willis?
Posterior cerebral artery.
p.3
Anatomy and Location of the Heart
Where is the heart located in relation to the ribs?
Between the 2nd rib and the 5th intercostal space.
p.14
Great Vessels of the Heart
What is unique about the structure of capillaries?
They are microscopic blood vessels composed of only one layer of cells, allowing simple diffusion of materials.
p.14
Great Vessels of the Heart
What is the flow of blood in the systemic circuit?
From the heart to the body and back to the heart.
p.24
Heart's Blood Supply and Blockages
What is the purpose of arterial anastomoses?
They provide potential detours for blood flow (collateral routes) in case the usual pathway is obstructed.
p.18
Coronary Arteries and Heart Attack Risk
Where do atherosclerotic plaques often form?
At branching points or where the vessels curve.
p.18
Coronary Arteries and Heart Attack Risk
What does a coronary angiogram (X-ray) with dye show?
It makes visible the occluded coronary arteries.
p.28
Great Vessels of the Heart
Which artery is located anteriorly in the Circle of Willis?
Anterior cerebral artery.
p.7
Heart Valves and Blood Flow Regulation
What is the primary function of heart valves?
To ensure unidirectional blood flow through the heart.
p.24
Heart's Blood Supply and Blockages
What are terminal (end) arteries?
Arteries that do not anastomose with adjacent arteries, such as the renal artery.
