p.21
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What does CGRP stand for?
Calcitonin gene-related peptide.
p.19
Role of the Trigeminal Nerve in Migraine
What is the neurovascular theory of migraine?
It involves the activation of the trigeminovascular system.
p.19
Role of the Trigeminal Nerve in Migraine
What are unmyelinated fibers from the trigeminal nerve associated with?
Surrounding large cerebral vessels.
p.15
Modern Pharmacological Treatments for Migraine
What is the focus of modern drugs in migraine treatment?
To alleviate pain and associated symptoms of migraine attacks.
p.27
Modern Pharmacological Treatments for Migraine
What is a key focus of Clinical Pharmacology in relation to migraines?
Designing drugs to treat migraine.
p.27
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is an important consideration when designing migraine medications?
Understanding the underlying mechanisms of migraine.
p.22
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What type of receptor does CGRP activate?
A GPCR (G protein-coupled receptor).
p.5
Understanding Migraine Attacks
Is there a sex bias in migraine prevalence?
Yes, females are affected more than men.
p.21
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What happens to CGRP levels during a migraine attack?
CGRP levels are increased.
p.13
Migraine Symptoms and Triggers
What are the key features of a migraine attack?
Pain severity, aura, nausea, and photophobia.
p.25
5HT Receptors and Their Impact on Migraine
What effect does 5HT infusion have on migraine headaches?
It suppresses spontaneous and evoked migraine headaches.
p.4
5HT Receptors and Their Impact on Migraine
What are triptans and ditans?
Drugs that work on 5HT receptors in sensory nerves and arteries.
p.3
Migraine Symptoms and Triggers
What are the key aspects of a migraine attack?
Pain severity, aura, nausea, and photophobia.
p.18
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What are some areas of the brain involved in migraine pathophysiology?
Hypothalamus and thalamus.
p.27
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What role do CGRP antagonists play in migraine treatment?
They block the action of calcitonin gene-related peptide, which is involved in migraine attacks.
p.9
Migraine Symptoms and Triggers
What unusual feeling can occur after a migraine?
Feeling unusually refreshed or happy.
p.8
Phases of Migraine Attacks
What is photophobia in the context of migraines?
Bright lights elicit pain.
p.22
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What is the effect of C-fibre activation on CGRP release?
It leads to increased CGRP release.
p.13
5HT Receptors and Their Impact on Migraine
What are triptans and ditans?
Drugs that work on 5HT receptors found in sensory nerves and arteries.
p.17
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What role do mast cells play in migraine pathophysiology?
Stimulation of mast cells contributes to the inflammatory response.
p.22
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What is the potency of CGRP as a relaxant molecule?
Very potent, with a concentration of less than nM.
p.24
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What is the relationship between CGRP and amylin?
Both can interact with the CTR and RAMPs.
p.11
Modern Pharmacological Treatments for Migraine
What is the DOI for the study by Khan et al.?
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111557.
p.23
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What does CGRP stand for?
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide.
p.4
Migraine Symptoms and Triggers
What are the key features of a migraine attack?
Pain severity, aura, nausea, and photophobia.
p.2
Modern Pharmacological Treatments for Migraine
What is the modern approach to treating migraines?
It includes pharmacological treatments, lifestyle changes, and preventive measures.
p.3
Role of the Trigeminal Nerve in Migraine
What role does the trigeminal nerve play in migraines?
It interacts with the pial arteries of the cerebral circulation.
p.14
Modern Pharmacological Treatments for Migraine
What is Lasmiditan classified as?
A DITAN and 5HT 1F agonist.
p.22
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What is the result of CGRP activation on cAMP levels?
It leads to increased cAMP.
p.27
5HT Receptors and Their Impact on Migraine
What is the significance of 5HT receptors in migraine treatment?
They are targeted by various migraine medications to alleviate symptoms.
p.14
5HT Receptors and Their Impact on Migraine
What is the significance of 5HT receptors in migraine therapy?
They are targeted by various medications to relieve migraine symptoms.
p.9
Migraine Symptoms and Triggers
What feeling might someone experience after a migraine?
Feeling tired, wiped out, or cranky.
p.17
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is a key factor in the pathophysiology of migraine?
Dilatation of pial and meningeal arteries.
p.5
Understanding Migraine Attacks
What cardiovascular risks are associated with migraines?
Increased stroke and coronary artery disease.
p.15
Migraine Symptoms and Triggers
What are the key features of a migraine attack?
Pain severity, aura, nausea, and photophobia.
p.14
Modern Pharmacological Treatments for Migraine
What are the TRIPTANs used for?
They are 5HT 1B / 1D agonists used in migraine treatment.
p.4
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What is the function of gepants in migraine treatment?
They target calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) signaling.
p.6
Phases of Migraine Attacks
What type of pain is experienced during a migraine attack?
Severe unilateral (one-sided) pulsating pain.
p.26
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What is the result of activating the CGRP receptor (CRLR + RAMP1)?
Smooth muscle relaxation.
p.12
Genetic Factors in Migraine
What does the ATP1A2 gene encode?
The Na+/K+ - ATPase ion transport pump (α2 isoform) catalytic domain.
What are the symptoms of hemiplegic migraine?
Weakness on one side of the body, loss of sensation, or feeling 'pins and needles'.
p.21
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What occurs when migraine patients are infused with CGRP?
They develop a delayed headache.
p.4
Role of the Trigeminal Nerve in Migraine
What is the role of the trigeminal nerve in migraines?
It interacts with the pial arteries of the cerebral circulation.
p.19
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What is released upon activation of trigeminal fibers?
Calcitonin gene-related peptide, Substance P, Vasoactive intestinal peptide, and Neurokinin A.
p.17
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What areas of the brain are implicated in migraine pathophysiology?
Hypothalamus and thalamus.
p.3
Modern Pharmacological Treatments for Migraine
What are modern drugs used for migraine treatment?
Various medications including triptans, ditans, and gepants.
p.24
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What are the components of the CGRP receptor architecture?
CGRP or amylin, CTR, and RAMP.
p.15
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What effects do GEPANTS have?
They affect CGRP receptors and help in migraine management.
p.14
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What is the role of CGRP in migraine treatment?
CGRP is targeted by receptor blockers and antibodies to alleviate migraine symptoms.
p.28
Modern Pharmacological Treatments for Migraine
Can you list main migraine therapies?
Main migraine therapies include triptans, NSAIDs, beta-blockers, and CGRP inhibitors.
p.2
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is the underlying pathophysiology of migraine?
It involves complex neurovascular mechanisms, including changes in blood flow and neurotransmitter release.
p.13
Modern Pharmacological Treatments for Migraine
What modern drugs are used for migraine treatment?
Various medications including triptans, ditans, and gepants.
p.6
Phases of Migraine Attacks
What is the aura phase in migraine attacks?
A phase seen in one-third of migraine patients characterized by visual disturbances.
p.6
Phases of Migraine Attacks
What is the premonitory phase of a migraine?
A phase that occurs hours before an attack with various symptoms.
p.14
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What is Erenumab?
A CGRP receptor antibody.
p.24
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What is the role of RAMPs in CGRP receptors?
They determine the pharmacology of the receptor.
p.27
Modern Pharmacological Treatments for Migraine
What is a potential future direction in migraine pharmacology?
Developing personalized medicine approaches based on genetic and environmental factors.
p.28
5HT Receptors and Their Impact on Migraine
What is the role of 5HT in the trigeminal system?
5HT (serotonin) modulates pain pathways in the trigeminal system and is involved in the development of migraine.
What is a characteristic symptom of retinal migraine?
Headache and temporary vision loss in one eye.
p.19
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What physiological effects do the released substances from trigeminal activation produce?
Blood vessel dilation, protein extravasation, and inflammation.
p.19
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is the role of ascending pain fibers in migraine?
They are activated during a migraine attack.
p.4
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What effects do gepants have on migraine receptors?
They modulate the activity of CGRP receptors.
p.15
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What are GEPANTS?
Drugs that work on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) signaling.
What is a common type of migraine that does not involve an aura?
Common or absence migraine.
p.23
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What does CGRP activate in relation to migraine?
The ascending Aδ afferent.
p.18
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is a key factor in the pathophysiology of migraine?
Dilatation of pial and meningeal arteries.
p.25
5HT Receptors and Their Impact on Migraine
Where are 5HT 1B/1D receptors well expressed?
In cranial artery smooth muscle and trigeminal ganglia nerve terminals.
p.18
Role of the Trigeminal Nerve in Migraine
What role does the trigeminal nerve play in migraines?
It is involved in the transmission of pain and activation of nerves.
p.15
5HT Receptors and Their Impact on Migraine
How are TRIPTANS and DITANS beneficial in migraine treatment?
They target 5HT receptors to alleviate migraine symptoms.
p.3
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What are gepants and their role in migraine treatment?
Drugs that target CGRP signaling, affecting its receptor and providing migraine relief.
p.18
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What other neuropeptides are released during migraines?
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP).
p.7
Migraine Symptoms and Triggers
What is an aura in the context of migraines?
Aura refers to visual disturbances and other sensory symptoms that occur before or during a migraine attack.
p.2
Understanding Migraine Attacks
What are the features of migraine attacks?
The characteristics include severe headache, nausea, and sensitivity to light and sound.
p.4
Modern Pharmacological Treatments for Migraine
What modern drugs are used for migraine treatment?
Various medications including triptans, ditans, and gepants.
p.13
Role of the Trigeminal Nerve in Migraine
What is the role of the trigeminal nerve in migraines?
It interacts with the pial arteries of the cerebral circulation.
p.22
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What are potential targets for CGRP?
Meningeal artery smooth muscle cells, mast cells, satellite glial cells, and Aδ-neurons.
p.13
5HT Receptors and Their Impact on Migraine
How do triptans and ditans benefit migraine treatment?
They target 5HT receptors to alleviate migraine symptoms.
p.14
Modern Pharmacological Treatments for Migraine
What are GEPANTS used for?
They are small molecule CGRP receptor blockers.
p.24
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What does RAMP stand for?
Receptor Activity Modifying Protein.
p.27
Genetic Factors in Migraine
How can genetic factors influence the design of migraine drugs?
They can help identify specific targets for treatment based on individual patient profiles.
p.28
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What is the role of CGRP in the trigeminal system?
CGRP (Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide) is involved in vasodilation and pain transmission in the trigeminal system during migraine attacks.
p.9
Migraine Symptoms and Triggers
What are postdromal symptoms of a migraine?
Symptoms that occur up to a day after a headache.
p.8
Phases of Migraine Attacks
What is a characteristic of the pain experienced during a migraine attack?
Severe unilateral (one-sided) pulsating pain.
p.23
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What effect does CGRP have on artery smooth muscle?
It relaxes the artery smooth muscle.
p.21
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
Where is the receptor for CGRP identified?
In cranial arteries and trigeminal ganglia.
p.6
Phases of Migraine Attacks
What physiological process occurs during the aura phase?
Depolarization of the cortex and cortical spreading depression (CSD).
p.22
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
How does CGRP affect mast cells?
It causes the release of inflammatory mediators.
p.3
5HT Receptors and Their Impact on Migraine
What are triptans and how do they work?
Drugs that act on 5HT receptors in sensory nerves and arteries, providing relief from migraines.
p.28
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What is the underlying pathology of migraine?
Migraine involves neurovascular dysfunction, including changes in blood flow and inflammation in the brain.
p.16
Pathophysiology of Migraine
What physiological change occurs in cranial arteries during a migraine?
Dilation of pial and meningeal arteries.
p.7
Migraine Symptoms and Triggers
What are some common visual disturbances associated with an aura?
Flashes of light, zigzag patterns, or blind spots.
p.4
5HT Receptors and Their Impact on Migraine
How do triptans and ditans benefit migraine sufferers?
They alleviate migraine symptoms by targeting specific receptors.
p.25
5HT Receptors and Their Impact on Migraine
Where is the 5HT 1F receptor present?
In various trigeminal nerve terminals.
p.6
Phases of Migraine Attacks
What are common symptoms during the premonitory phase?
Light sensitivity, mood change, irritability, yawning, polyuria, neck pain, and concentration difficulties.
p.24
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What family of proteins does CGRP belong to?
The calcitonin family, which includes calcitonin, CGRP, adrenomedullin, and amylin.
p.26
5HT Receptors and Their Impact on Migraine
How does activation of two types of 5HT receptors affect CGRP release?
It suppresses CGRP release.
p.26
5HT Receptors and Their Impact on Migraine
What happens when 5HT receptors are activated?
Smooth muscle constriction.
p.9
Migraine Symptoms and Triggers
What changes in appetite might occur after a migraine?
Food cravings or lack of appetite.
p.17
Role of the Trigeminal Nerve in Migraine
What is the role of the trigeminal nerve in migraines?
It is involved in the activation of nerves related to headache.
p.15
Role of the Trigeminal Nerve in Migraine
What role does the trigeminal nerve play in migraine?
It interacts with pial arteries in the cerebral circulation.
p.15
5HT Receptors and Their Impact on Migraine
What are TRIPTANS and DITANS?
Drugs that work on 5HT receptors found in sensory nerves and arteries.
p.13
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What are gepants?
Drugs that work on calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) signaling.
p.18
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What does CGRP stand for?
Calcitonin gene-related peptide.
p.22
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What is the role of Aδ-neurons in relation to CGRP?
They lead to the activation of ascending signals.
p.14
Modern Pharmacological Treatments for Migraine
List three TRIPTANs.
Sumatriptan, Almotriptan, Eletriptan.
p.24
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What is the significance of the single TMD protein in CGRP receptors?
It is called a Receptor Activity Modifying Protein (RAMP).
p.13
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What is the effect of gepants on CGRP receptors?
They block CGRP signaling, which helps in migraine relief.
p.28
Migraine Symptoms and Triggers
What are the characteristics of migraine?
Migraine is characterized by recurrent headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound.
p.22
CGRP and Its Role in Migraine
What is the function of CGRP in the context of migraine?
It is involved in the modulation of pain and inflammation.
What are the differences between types of migraines?
Types of migraines include migraine with aura, migraine without aura, and chronic migraine, differing in symptoms and frequency.
p.28
Role of the Trigeminal Nerve in Migraine
What is the trigeminal nervous system?
The trigeminal nervous system is responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewing, playing a key role in migraine.
