The two coronary arteries to the heart.
40 μm²
Single layer endothelial cells lined by a basal lamina
Lymph nodes
It is the longest vein in the body.
Different pathological conditions that affect the organs within the mediastinum, such as infiltration, entrapment, or compression.
The superior mesenteric and splenic veins join to form the hepatic portal vein.
Coarctation means narrowing of part of the aorta.
Blood enters venules.
The anterior cerebral arteries of each side anastomose through the anterior communicating artery.
Venules will drain into the Superior and Inferior Pulmonary veins.
An anastomosis is a union.
Anterior and middle cerebral arteries.
Maintains osmotic pressure of the blood.
Common symptoms include swollen lymph nodes (buboes), fever, chills, and fatigue.
Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles.
Arterial stenosis
Veins have a brachiocephalic on both the right and left sides, unlike arteries.
An abnormal dilatation of a vessel, usually occurring in the aorta.
Vertebral arteries, thyrocervical trunk, and costocervical trunk.
The basilar artery branches into the left and right posterior cerebral arteries.
A coronary angiogram is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside of the coronary arteries, helping to diagnose blockages or other heart conditions.
The left gonadal and suprarenal veins drain into the left renal vein, while on the right, they drain directly into the IVC.
1. Oesophageal 2. Paraumbilical 3. Rectal 4. Retroperitoneal
Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica adventitia.
The right and left hepatic veins enter the superior part of the inferior vena cava.
Granulocytes contain granules in their cytoplasm, while agranulocytes do not.
The average volume of blood in an adult ranges between 5 and 6 L, which is about 8% of body weight or 80 ml/kg of body weight.
Storage of nutrients and detoxification of toxins, drugs, etc.
The names are analogues to arteries.
Continuous capillaries, Fenestrated capillaries, Discontinuous capillaries.
Deep veins of the upper limbs follow arteries, with most of them being double to one artery.
When red blood cells coagulate, plasma is referred to as serum.
Celiac trunk, Superior mesenteric artery, Inferior mesenteric artery.
Aortic coarctation is a type of birth defect.
Ophthalmic artery.
The Fossa Ovalis is a depression in the interatrial septum of the heart, which is the remnant of the foramen ovale that closes after birth.
Cellular elements (primarily blood cells) and plasma (fluid).
Thoracic Vertebral Column
L4
The fetal heart starts beating at 21 days post conception.
Veins have valves present.
Internal iliac artery and external iliac artery
The veins of the brain.
It has a larger quantity of collagen fibers with less elastic and muscle fibers.
Two capillary beds.
Plasma constitutes 55% of the blood volume.
The purpose of performing a brain angiogram is to diagnose conditions such as aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations, and other vascular abnormalities.
Nerves often run with them.
Oxygenated blood is delivered to the fetus through the umbilical vein from the placenta.
The tunica adventitia is thicker than the tunica media when compared to arteries.
The main constituents of plasma are water (91%), solids (9%), which include plasma proteins (7%), organic molecules (1%), and inorganic substances or mineral salts (1%).
Internal carotids and external carotids.
Through the carotid canal.
Thymus and bone marrow.
Fluid form of connective tissue.
Spleen and lymph nodes.
Thrombocytes
The Middle Mediastinum contains the pericardium with the heart, the root of the superior vena cava (SVC), the azygos vein, the ascending aorta, the pulmonary trunk, the pulmonary veins, and the phrenic nerve.
The color of blood is opaque red due to the haemoglobin pigment.
Responsible for the transport of substances from one part of the body to another.
T-lymphocytes and B-lymphocytes.
Middle suprarenal arteries supply the adrenal glands.
Major part of the extracellular fluid of the body.
It can help diagnose conditions such as coronary artery disease, heart attacks, and other heart-related issues.
The renal arteries supply the kidneys.
'branch, diverge, fork'
It collapses easily due to its structure.
Artery to capillaries of gut to hepatic portal vein to liver’s capillaries to hepatic vein to IVC.
The pH of blood is about 7.4, but it can range from 7.38 to 7.42.
Leucopenia refers to a decrease in the white blood cell count, often associated with infections or conditions like AIDS.
It continues as the brachial artery.
Plasma is the clear, straw-colored fluid portion of blood that constitutes 55% of blood volume and contains dissolved solid substances.
Right and Left vertebral arteries.
Anterior intercostal arteries branch off the Internal thoracic artery.
2 inches long
The lumen is the central blood-filled space.
The Basilar artery.
The elastic lamina is not stained and appears as a pale scalloped appearance just below the endothelium.
Arteries, Capillaries, Veins
Tissue fluid.
The normal red blood cell count in adults is 5 million/ml.
There are three lobar arteries on the right and two on the left.
Tunica intima, Tunica media, Tunica adventitia
The Circle of Willis loops around the pituitary gland.
The two main varieties of white blood cells are granulocytes and agranulocytes.
An angiogram of the brain is a medical imaging technique used to visualize the blood vessels in the brain, typically using a contrast dye and X-ray technology.
The common types of aneurysms include abdominal aortic aneurysms, thoracic aortic aneurysms, and cerebral aneurysms.
It becomes the external iliac vein.
The specific gravity of blood is between 1.050 and 1.060.
Leucocytosis refers to an increase in the white blood cell count.
It supports the immune system to defend against pathogens.
Anterior Mediastinum
Treatment options may include monitoring, medication, or surgical procedures such as endovascular repair or open surgery.
The inferior mesenteric artery supplies the distal half of the large intestines.
Left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery, right brachiocephalic artery.
The middle cerebral arteries run through lateral fissures.
Right and left common iliac arteries.
Plague formation refers to the development of localized areas of infection or necrosis in tissues, often associated with bacterial infections such as Yersinia pestis, which causes the bubonic plague.
Superior mesenteric, splenic, right and left gastric, paraumbilical vein, and cystic vein
Yersinia pestis is the primary bacteria responsible for plague formation.
The pair of umbilical arteries carry blood to the placenta to pick up oxygen and nutrients.
The Ligamentum Arteriosum is a fibrous remnant of the ductus arteriosus, which closes after birth and connects the pulmonary artery to the aorta.
The Circle of Willis is now called the cerebral arterial circle.
White blood cells are colourless, the largest blood cells, make up 1% of blood volume, are nucleated, and play a crucial role in the body's defense mechanisms.
Valves allow blood flow to the heart but prevent back flow.
An aneurysm is a localized enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall.
The major blood vessels located in the Middle Mediastinum include the ascending aorta, the pulmonary trunk, and the pulmonary veins.
Many veins are very superficial, unlike arteries.
Adhesiveness and aggregation.
Internal thoracic artery
The common carotids are located just lateral to the trachea.
In the spleen by the tissue-macrophage system
Head and hepatic portal systems.
The Internal Jugular vein.
The space between two lungs.
The sternal angle is the separation between the manubrium and the body of the sternum anteriorly, represented by an imaginary horizontal line that passes between the T4 and T5 vertebrae.
The inferior mesenteric vein empties into the splenic vein.
The azygos system drains the thorax.
Most of the blood from the brain.
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
They run lateral to the internal and then common carotid arteries.
The branches of the pulmonary trunk are the right and left pulmonary arteries.
Erythropoiesis
They are the smallest blood cells.
Alpha and beta globulins transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins, while gamma globulins function as antibodies in immunity.
SVC (superior vena cava), IVC (inferior vena cava), and coronary sinus.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus is a condition where the ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth, leading to abnormal blood flow between the aorta and pulmonary artery.
Veins branch into smaller vessels called venules.
Yes, arteries and veins usually run together.
Bronchial circulation is part of systemic circulation.
A disease characterized by the buildup of plaques in the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow.
A condition that affects the brain, often resulting in strokes.
Sometimes the systems do not have bilateral symmetry.
It affects the arteries of the heart, leading to reduced blood flow and potential heart attacks.
After birth, the ductus venosus closes and becomes a ligament, as blood flow from the placenta ceases.
The brachial artery splits into the radial and ulnar arteries.
At T12.
Dysphagia (difficulty in swallowing), Dyspnoea (shortness of breath), and Hoarseness of voice (damage to recurrent laryngeal nerve).
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
At L4.
Thoracic inlet
Azygous vein
Lymphocytes, Monocytes
Blood is commonly drawn from the median cubital vein in the antecubital fossa.
1. Tunica intima – innermost layer 2. Tunica media – middle layer that contains smooth muscle 3. Tunica externa/adventitia – outermost layer
Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic.
They pass through the foramen magnum.
Sternum
The sternal angle separates the superior mediastinum from the anterior, posterior, and middle mediastinum.
Sympathetic chain
The posterior intercostal arteries branch off the Thoracic aorta.
High blood pressure, atherosclerosis, and trauma to blood vessels.
Red blood cells are non-nucleated, lack usual cell organelles, are circular biconcave discs, and their red color is due to the presence of hemoglobin in the cytoplasm.
Most of the intestines.
½ of arterial blood.
The one umbilical vein brings blood to the placenta for oxygenation through gas diffusion from the mother's blood.
Diaphragm
Albumin (60%), Globulins (36%), and Fibrinogen (4%).
Intercostal arteries, veins, and nerves run just under the ribs.
Double layered sheets of peritoneum that support most organs in the abdominopelvic cavity.
Lymphocytes, Monocytes
It shows a distinctly stained internal elastic lamina.
80% of the cerebrum.
150,000 – 450,000/ml
Plague formation can lead to septicemia, which can severely impact the circulatory system by causing blood vessel damage and leading to shock.
The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery.
250,000 cells/ml
Pelvic organs, perineum, buttocks, and medial thighs
Carotid arteries and some cranial nerves.
The subclavian artery runs laterally onto the 1st rib, under the clavicle.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus can lead to increased blood flow to the lungs, resulting in pulmonary hypertension and heart failure if not treated.
Plasma is a clear, straw-colored fluid portion of blood.
A common contrast agent used in a brain angiogram is iodine-based dye, which enhances the visibility of blood vessels on the X-ray images.
The common carotid divides into internal and external carotids at the larynx.
7 μm
The main components include sedimented erythrocytes (RBCs), a thin layer of leukocytes (the buffy coat), and platelets (thrombocytes).
By distributing heat throughout the body.
Umbilical artery
The internal carotid supplies the orbits and most of the cerebrum.
Increased blood pressure in the portal venous system, often due to liver disease.
Arteries have a higher blood pressure compared to veins.
Superior gluteal artery
Turbulence of blood flow, thrombosis, embolism, rupture, torrential bleeding, and pressure on nearby structures.
From the abdominal aorta.
A coronary angiogram is performed by inserting a catheter into a blood vessel and guiding it to the coronary arteries, followed by the injection of a contrast dye and taking X-ray images.
They join the subclavian vein to form the brachiocephalic vein.
Pulmonary circulation receives 100% of blood flow.
Erythropoietin
Some of the scalp and face.
Bronchial circulation arises from the aorta.
The viscosity of blood is five times more than that of water.
By transporting oxygen to tissues and carbon dioxide to the lungs.
10 days
Networks of anastomoses and parallel veins that are very common.
Promoting the formation of blood clots in haemostasis.
They form the common iliac vein.
It becomes the axillary artery.
The foramen ovale allows blood to flow directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the lungs.
When the muscles contract, they compress the veins and thus help in venous return.
By regulating pH, temperature, and electrolyte balance.
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
Feel the brachial and radial pulses.
Arteries have thick, muscular walls that can withstand high pressure, a narrow lumen, and are typically elastic to accommodate blood flow.
Veins have thinner walls than arteries, a wider lumen, and often contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.
A condition characterized by consistently high blood pressure, which can lead to various health issues.
Biliverdin, then bilirubin, then as a major component of bile.
The normal red blood cell count at birth is 6 to 7 million/ml.
Four Pulmonary Veins empty into the left atrium.
Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries.
It picks up digested nutrients from the stomach and intestines and delivers them to the liver for processing and storage.
The phrenic nerve is found in the Middle Mediastinum.
Thymus gland
They are colourless, spherical, or oval discoid in shape and anucleate.
They divide into smaller arterioles, which lead into capillaries surrounding alveoli to increase surface area for gaseous exchange.
Brachiocephalic veins
The ductus arteriosus allows blood to bypass the non-functioning fetal lungs by connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta.
The blood pressure for the pulmonary system is only 1/6 of that in systemic circulation.
Superior Vena Cava
It helps in the removal of waste products from the body.
Because they contain important structures like carotid arteries and cranial nerves.
Trachea
Aneurysms can be diagnosed using imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI.
Esophagus
The external carotid supplies the head external to the brain and orbit.
They do not have a nucleus.
Haemolysis
Arteries typically carry oxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary arteries.
Superior vesical artery
It is added to the amino acid pool.
Middle rectal artery
The posterior communicating arteries connect to the middle cerebral arteries.
Pulmonary circulation arises from the right ventricle.
Phrenic, vagus, and cardiac nerves
The external iliac artery becomes the femoral artery.
Risks include bleeding, infection, allergic reactions to the dye, and damage to blood vessels or heart tissue.
Pericardium
Transporting nutrients to cells.
Functions in the formation of blood clots.
Sterno-pericardial ligaments
The popliteal artery branches into the anterior and posterior tibial arteries.
Seven days
The gonadal arteries supply the gonads.
You can palpate the dorsalis pedis artery, which continues from the anterior tibial artery.
To deliver oxygenated blood to the body.
Packed cell volume (PCV) or haematocrit represents 45% of the total blood volume.
In the head and limbs, most are bilaterally symmetrical.
Esophagus
The common carotid divides into internal and external carotids at the larynx.
A condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs.
It is a remnant connecting the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch.
Veins contain valves that help prevent backflow of blood.
Red blood cells are biconcave discs that contain hemoglobin, allowing them to transport oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues.
Pulmonary (lungs) and Systemic (the rest of the body)
Veins carry blood back to the heart.
In the red bone marrow present in the ends of long bones and in flat, irregular bones
The Circle of Willis includes the anterior cerebral artery (left and right), anterior communicating artery, internal carotid artery (left and right), posterior cerebral artery (left and right), and posterior communicating artery (left and right).
The normal white blood cell count in adults is between 4,000 and 11,000 cells per milliliter.
Supplies blood to the lower limbs
'join, merge, converge'
Multipotent stem cells
They also supply the abdominal body wall.
1/3 of platelets
120 days
50 μm
A condition where veins cannot pump enough blood back to the heart, leading to swelling and discomfort.
It branches into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery.
They allow passage of erythrocytes in a single line only
Inferior vesical artery
Valves are folds of epithelium with some connective tissue rich in elastic fibers.
An Atrial Septal Defect is a congenital heart defect characterized by a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the two upper chambers of the heart, allowing blood to flow between them.
Arterioles and venules are linked by a network of capillaries.
Valves are absent in small veins.
The potential risks include rupture, which can lead to severe internal bleeding and can be life-threatening.
Bronchial circulation receives about 2% of left ventricular output.
The flow of blood through the veins is assisted by muscles.
Complications from an Atrial Septal Defect can include heart failure, arrhythmias, and increased risk of stroke due to blood clots.
Risks associated with a brain angiogram include allergic reactions to the contrast dye, bleeding, infection, and potential damage to blood vessels.
The jugular foramen.
Fetal circulation is adapted to utilize the placenta for gas exchange, while postnatal circulation relies on the lungs for oxygenation.
Arteries have thicker, more muscular walls compared to veins, which have thinner walls.
Vaginal artery
The middle meningeal artery is vulnerable and is a branch of the maxillary artery.
Blood is a connective tissue composed of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets, and it functions in transportation, regulation, and protection.
Leucocytes, or white blood cells, vary in size, shape, and function, with types including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, each playing distinct roles in immune response.
It is used for grafting in coronary artery bypass grafts.
Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to the tissues.
A condition that affects the arteries, leading to reduced blood flow to the limbs.
Descending Aorta
The external carotid supplies the head external to the brain and orbit.
Abnormal bulges in the wall of a blood vessel, which can lead to serious complications if they rupture.
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels with thin walls that allow for the exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between blood and tissues.
Veins have a larger lumen compared to arteries.
It leaves the left ventricle through the ascending aorta.
The common carotids are located just lateral to the trachea.
The buffy coat is a thin layer of leukocytes that appears as a light-colored plasma supernatant after centrifugation.
Azygous Vein
Posterior intercostal arteries and veins
Macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system
It is recycled for the synthesis of new haemoglobin.
Iliolumbar artery and lateral sacral arteries
The superficial temporal artery can be felt on the side of the head.
The middle meningeal artery is vulnerable and a branch of the maxillary.
The superficial temporal artery can be felt on the side of the head.
They serve to slow down the blood flow.
Uterine artery
Obturator artery
1. Brachiocephalic trunk, 2. Left common carotid artery, 3. Left subclavian artery.
Spleen, liver, and bone marrow
Veins typically carry deoxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary veins.
To allow adequate time for gaseous exchange.
Plasma is the liquid component of blood, consisting of water, electrolytes, proteins, hormones, and waste products.
They are released into haem and globin.
The internal carotids supply the orbits and most of the cerebrum.
Internal pudendal artery
