p.7
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What is the drug of choice in emergencies with pulmonary and peripheral edema caused by heart failure or renal impairment?
Loop diuretics such as Bumetanide and Furosemide.
p.5
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What are the indications for cardiorenal drugs?
BP medication for patients with DM, angina, supraventricular tachyarrhythmias, migraine, and cluster headache.
p.2
Hypertension and Its Types
What affects peripheral resistance?
The diameter of the vessels and the force of contraction exerted in the smooth muscles.
p.15
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is the role of tissue plasminogen activator?
To dissolve clots and prevent embolism.
p.15
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is the primary purpose of anticoagulants?
To reduce the ability of the blood to clot or promote hemostasis.
p.13
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of bile-sequestering drugs?
They cause the body to convert hepatic cholesterol to bile acids, decreasing hepatic cholesterol levels and increasing the number of LDL receptors to clear LDL-cholesterol in the blood.
p.13
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the indication for bile-sequestering drugs?
Treatment of Type IIA hyperlipoproteinemia (familial hypercholesterolemia) in patients unable to lower LDL levels through dietary changes.
p.5
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What should be monitored when administering cardiorenal drugs?
Vital signs, specifically SBP < 90 mmHg and HR < 60 bpm.
p.14
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the potential drug interactions with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?
Combining with niacin, mycin, or fluoroquinolones can increase myopathy or rhabdomyolysis, which may lead to renal failure.
p.6
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is the primary action of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs)?
Inhibits aldosterone secretion and blocks angiotensin II from binding to receptor sites, preventing vasoconstriction.
p.10
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are some contraindications for cardiorenal drugs?
Hypersensitivity, early myocardial infarction, severe anemia, angle-closure glaucoma, orthostatic hypotension, cardiac tamponade.
p.9
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are common side effects of digoxin?
Bradycardia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
p.13
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the drug interactions associated with fibric acid derivatives?
They can increase bleeding tendencies when taken with anticoagulants.
p.1
Cardiovascular System Overview
What does the cardiovascular system deal with?
The heart and the blood vessels.
p.14
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are some side effects of nicotinic acid?
Vasodilation, flushing, hepatotoxicity, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and epigastric pain.
p.16
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the indications for Heparin?
DVT, Pulmonary embolism, DIC, unstable angina, post MI, cerebral thrombosis, heart failure, atrial fibrillation.
p.8
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What nursing action should be taken regarding weight monitoring?
Record weight each morning after voiding and before breakfast.
p.4
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is the action of beta adrenergic blockers?
Compete with beta-adrenergic receptor sites in the heart and inhibit renin release in kidneys.
p.1
Heart Chambers and Circulation
What is the pathway of blood circulation starting from the body?
Blood collects in the SVC and IVC, enters the right atrium, passes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, and then goes to the pulmonary circuit.
p.4
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What are examples of beta-1 adrenergic blockers?
Metoprolol, Atenolol, and Bisoprolol.
p.6
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What is the main goal of diuretics?
To reduce blood pressure by decreasing circulatory blood volume through increased urine output.
p.9
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the effect of nitrates on the cardiovascular system?
They cause vasodilation and reduce myocardial oxygen demand.
p.12
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are common side effects of nitrates?
Effects usually decrease when dosage is reduced.
What happens during right-sided heart failure?
It occurs as a consequence of left-sided heart failure, leading to increased pressure in pulmonary arteries and workload on the right ventricle.
p.1
Electrical Conduction of the Heart
What does automaticity refer to in heart tissue?
The ability to spontaneously develop action potentials.
p.13
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
How do calcium channel blockers affect the heart?
They prevent the passage of Ca ions into the cell membrane of myocardial smooth muscle, resulting in arteriolar vasodilation, decreased cardiac workload, blood pressure, afterload, and O2 demand of the heart.
p.15
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What occurs during vascular spasm in hemostasis?
Blood vessels constrict to prevent blood leakage.
p.8
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What is a contraindication for using potassium-sparing diuretics with digoxin?
Increased digoxin toxicity if the patient has hyperkalemia.
p.9
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is a significant risk associated with digoxin?
It has a low therapeutic index and may cause toxicity.
p.7
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What should be monitored when administering loop diuretics?
Weight, blood pressure, and electrolyte imbalances, especially potassium levels.
p.4
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What should not be taken with CNS depressants?
Clonidine, as it can worsen CNS depression.
p.16
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the types of anticoagulants?
Heparin, Warfarin, Antiplatelets, Factor XA inhibitors, Thrombolytic drugs.
p.12
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the three classes of anti-anginal drugs?
Nitrates, beta-adrenergic blockers, and calcium channel blockers (CCB).
p.9
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of beta blockers in heart failure treatment?
They compete with beta-adrenergic receptors and inhibit renin release in kidneys.
p.2
Renal System and Nephron Function
What is the renal system composed of?
The kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
What is unstable angina also known as?
Pre-infarction or crescendo angina.
What is congestive heart failure (CHF)?
A condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the myocardial oxygen demand.
p.12
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of nitrates?
Relax vascular smooth muscles, decreasing afterload and cardiac workload.
p.17
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What drug interactions increase the risk of hemorrhage with Factor Xa inhibitors?
Antiplatelets and NSAIDs.
p.3
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What are contraindications for central-acting sympatholytics?
Asthma, tachycardia, cardiogenic shock, second or third-degree heart block, and heart failure.
p.6
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What are the types of diuretics mentioned?
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors, Loop Diuretics, Osmotic Diuretics, Thiazide Diuretics, and Potassium-sparing Diuretics.
p.10
Antiarrhythmic Drug Classes
What are the side effects of Quinidine?
Increased QT interval, torsades de pointes, thrombocytopenia.
p.16
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the antidote for Warfarin?
Phytomenadione (Vitamin K).
p.1
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
How is cardiac output calculated?
Cardiac output (CO) = Stroke volume (SV) x Heart rate (HR).
p.2
Hypertension and Its Types
What is blood volume?
The sum of the formed elements and plasma volume in the vascular system.
p.7
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What conditions can loop diuretics help treat?
Hypercalcemia and hyperkalemia, along with hydration.
p.2
Hypertension and Its Types
What is viscosity in the context of blood flow?
The resistance of fluid to flow; increased viscosity leads to increased flow resistance.
p.2
Hypertension and Its Types
What is hypertension?
A state of elevation in systemic arterial blood pressure caused by an increase in peripheral vascular resistance.
p.2
Hypertension and Its Types
What are the two types of hypertension?
Essential hypertension (most common, cause unknown) and secondary hypertension (5%, caused by other diseases).
p.5
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is the action of Angiotensin Converting Enzymes (ACE) inhibitors?
They inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
p.3
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
What does the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) do when blood pressure is low?
It causes the kidneys to produce renin.
p.7
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What is the action of osmotic diuretics like Mannitol?
Increases osmotic pressure of glomerular filtrate, inhibiting sodium and water reabsorption.
p.14
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of nicotinic acid?
It decreases triglyceride and apolipoprotein B-100 levels while increasing HDL levels by inhibiting hepatic synthesis of lipoproteins.
p.2
Hypertension and Its Types
What defines a hypertensive crisis?
Systolic blood pressure greater than 180 and diastolic blood pressure greater than 120, requiring immediate hospitalization if there are no signs of organ damage.
p.7
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What are the side effects of osmotic diuretics?
Hypotension and reflex tachycardia.
p.5
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What should be monitored during ACE inhibitor therapy?
WBC and differential counts, as well as potassium levels.
p.6
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is the action of renin inhibitors?
Inhibits renin production.
p.3
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is the action of central-acting sympatholytics?
They inhibit vasomotor centers in the brainstem, decreasing sympathetic outflow.
p.7
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What is a common use for thiazide diuretics?
To treat peripheral edema.
p.2
Renal System and Nephron Function
What is the role of nephrons?
To maintain sodium, potassium, water, and other electrolytes regulation through reabsorption and secretion.
What happens in left-sided heart failure?
Blood accumulates in the pulmonary circuit.
p.10
Antiarrhythmic Drug Classes
What is the action of Class I Na+ channel blockers?
They control arrhythmias by altering myocardial cell membranes and decreasing Na+ influx.
p.16
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of Warfarin?
Inhibits Vitamin K synthesis in the liver.
p.6
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What is the action of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors?
Blocks the action of carbonic anhydrase, preventing the exchange of H+ ions with sodium and water.
p.16
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the side effects of Warfarin?
Hemorrhage, prolonged bleeding time, hepatitis.
p.1
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is afterload?
The pressure the cardiac muscle exerts to move blood into the aorta.
p.16
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the side effects of antiplatelet drugs?
Bleeding, pancytopenia, neutropenia, hemorrhage, thrombocytopenic purpura, abnormal stools, pain at injection site.
p.11
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are some side effects of Beta Blockers?
Impotence, bradycardia, depression, worsens asthma.
p.15
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is an embolus?
A clot that moves inside the blood vessel, which can cause problems in smaller vessels like the brain, potentially leading to ischemic stroke.
p.2
Hypertension and Its Types
How is blood volume related to blood pressure?
Blood volume is directly proportional to blood pressure; a decrease in blood volume results in a decrease in blood pressure.
p.7
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What are common side effects of loop diuretics?
Acute hypovolemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperuricemia, and ototoxicity.
p.12
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is adenosine used for?
Used for AV node arrhythmias.
p.12
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What condition is magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) used to treat?
Digitalis-induced arrhythmias and Torsades de pointes.
p.4
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is a key nursing action when tapering off clonidine?
Monitor for rebound hypertension due to abrupt withdrawal.
p.15
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What triggers the intrinsic pathway of coagulation?
Internal damage to the internal layers of blood vessels.
p.13
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of fibric acid derivatives?
They reduce cholesterol production early in its formation, mobilize cholesterol from tissues, and increase cholesterol excretion.
p.3
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
What is the role of angiotensin II?
It is a potent vasoconstrictor that increases blood pressure.
What causes angina?
Insufficient oxygen supply to the myocardium due to coronary artery issues.
p.6
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What are common side effects of ARBs?
Headache, fatigue, dizziness, cough, and symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection (URTI).
p.5
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is a significant contraindication for ACE inhibitors?
Pregnancy, as they are teratogenic.
p.1
Cardiovascular System Overview
What is the function of the heart?
To pump blood and carry it to the body for oxygenation and nutrients.
p.14
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the contraindications for nicotinic acid?
Hypersensitivity to nicotinic acid, hepatic or renal dysfunction, active peptic ulcer disease, gout, heart disease, muscle disorder, or arterial bleeding.
p.17
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of Factor Xa inhibitors?
They interfere with the coagulation pathway by neutralizing factor Xa, inhibiting thrombin and thrombus formation, especially in newly formed thrombi.
p.16
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the contraindications for Heparin?
Stroke, peptic ulcer, coagulation disorders, active bleeding, and severe thrombocytopenia.
p.7
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What are some examples of thiazide diuretics?
Chlorothiazide, Indapamide, Metolazone, and Hydrochlorothiazide.
p.4
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What are common side effects of beta adrenergic blockers?
Bradycardia, hypotension, fatigue, lethargy, and erectile dysfunction.
p.1
Electrical Conduction of the Heart
What is the role of the sinoatrial node (SA node)?
It initiates the heartbeat.
p.16
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the indications for Warfarin?
Prevent pulmonary embolism caused by DVT, MI, prosthetic heart valves, or chronic AF.
p.17
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are some examples of thrombolytics?
Alteplase, Reteplase, Tenecteplase, Urokinase, Streptokinase.
p.6
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What is the action of Loop Diuretics?
Inhibits Na and Cl absorption in the loop of Henle, increasing Na and water excretion.
p.11
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of Class III K+ Channel Blockers like Sotalol?
Prolongs phase 3 repolarization and increases effective refractory period.
p.13
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of beta-adrenergic blockers?
They compete with beta-adrenergic receptor sites in the heart muscle and inhibit the release of renin in the kidneys, decreasing the availability of angiotensinogen II and aldosterone.
p.13
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are antilipemic medications used for?
To lower abnormally high blood levels of lipids, such as cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids.
p.15
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is the function of Von Willebrand factor?
To assist in platelet aggregation and stabilize platelet plug formation.
p.15
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is the coagulation cascade?
A mechanism of blood clotting activated by chemicals called clotting factors.
p.13
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are some examples of bile-sequestering drugs?
Cholestyramine, colesevelam, and colestipol hydrochloride.
p.10
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are common side effects of cardiorenal drugs?
Headache, dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, tachycardia, flushing, palpitation, nausea/vomiting.
p.9
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
How does digoxin enhance myocardial contractility?
By promoting the movement of calcium from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid.
p.15
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is the common pathway in coagulation?
Both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways activate prothrombin (X) factor, converting it to thrombin, which activates fibrinogen to form fibrin.
p.16
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of Heparin?
Combines with antithrombin III to inactivate thrombin and inhibits the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, preventing clot formation.
p.10
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What nursing actions should be taken for patients on cardiorenal drugs?
Teach proper use of sublingual tablets, inform about common headaches, avoid alcohol, and monitor for tolerance.
p.8
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What are some side effects of potassium-sparing diuretics?
Hyperkalemia, gastric upset, and gynecomastia in males.
p.9
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What do ACE inhibitors do?
They inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
p.10
Electrical Conduction of the Heart
What are the phases of action potential in cardiac cells?
Phase 0: Depolarization; Phase 1: Balanced Na+ ions; Phase 2: Plateau; Phase 3: Rapid repolarization; Phase 4: Resting phase.
p.14
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What nursing actions should be taken for patients on cholesterol absorption inhibitors?
Monitor blood cholesterol and lipid levels, check CK levels, and assess for fat-soluble vitamin deficiency.
p.9
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the role of hydralazine in heart failure treatment?
It decreases systemic arteriolar resistance and reduces afterload.
p.17
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the indications for thrombolytics?
Thromboembolic disorders such as AMI, acute ischemic stroke, and PAOD.
p.1
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is preload?
The end-diastolic pressure and the work imposed on the heart before contraction begins.
p.16
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of antiplatelet drugs?
Arrests platelet aggregation, thereby preventing thrombolytic events.
p.11
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the indications for Class III K+ Channel Blockers?
Atrial flutter (AF), ventricular arrhythmia.
p.5
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is a common side effect of cardiorenal drugs?
Dizziness, headache, fatigue, and peripheral edema.
p.5
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What are the contraindications for cardiorenal drugs?
Heart failure and AV blocks due to their negative inotropic and dromotropic effects.
p.14
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
Name three examples of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors.
Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin, Simvastatin.
p.3
Renal System and Nephron Function
What is reabsorbed in the distal convoluted tubule (DCT)?
Na, Cl, K, Ca, Mg, and HCO3.
p.12
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the role of potassium chloride (KCl) in cardiac function?
Decreases ectopic pacemakers.
p.8
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What conditions are potassium-sparing diuretics used to treat?
Heart failure (HF) and hypertension (HPN), and they are most effective in treating ascites.
p.10
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What drug interactions can occur with cardiorenal drugs?
+ CCB can cause orthostatic hypotension; + erectile dysfunction drugs and alcohol can lead to hypotension.
p.10
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
How do diuretics reduce blood pressure?
By decreasing circulatory blood volume through increased urine output, resulting in improved cardiac output.
p.16
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the side effects of Heparin?
Bruising, hematoma formation, skin necrosis, and thrombocytopenia.
p.14
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the indication for cholesterol absorption inhibitors?
To inhibit the absorption of cholesterol and related phytosterols from the small intestine.
p.9
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
How do ARBs function in heart failure treatment?
They block angiotensin II from binding to its receptors, preventing vasoconstriction.
p.14
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are some side effects of cholesterol absorption inhibitors?
Back pain, fatigue, abdominal pain, and pharyngitis.
What causes left-sided heart failure?
It is commonly caused by myocardial infarction (MI), cardiomyopathy, and chronic hypertension.
p.7
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What are potential side effects of thiazide diuretics?
Reduced blood volume, orthostatic hypotension, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, and hyponatremia.
p.3
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What drug interactions can occur with central-acting sympatholytics?
They can decrease the effects of levodopa and interact with beta blockers, prazosin, tricyclic antidepressants, verapamil, lithium, and MAOIs.
p.4
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What should be checked prior to administering beta adrenergic blockers?
The patient's apical pulse.
p.12
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
How should nitrates be stored?
In a cool, dark place in a tightly closed container.
p.1
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is stroke volume?
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction.
p.11
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the indications for Class 1C Na+ Channel Blockers?
Last drug for refractory ventricular arrhythmias.
p.11
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of Class IV Ca++ Channel Blockers like Verapamil?
Blocks Ca channels, slows AV node conduction, and shortens action potential.
What are the main types of medications for heart failure?
Cardiac glycosides, beta blockers, vasodilators, and diuretics.
p.8
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What are the effects of potassium-sparing diuretics on the kidneys?
They affect collecting ducts and distal tubules, excreting sodium, water, bicarbonate, and calcium while retaining potassium and hydrogen ions.
p.12
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
In what condition is digitalis used?
In rapid atrial fibrillation (AF) and AV nodal reentry.
p.4
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is the action of peripheral acting sympatholytics?
Selective antagonism of A1 receptors in peripheral vasculature to produce vasodilation.
p.7
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What are the indications for using osmotic diuretics?
Increased intracranial pressure, acute renal failure due to shock, drug toxicities, and trauma.
p.8
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What are the types of potassium-sparing diuretics?
Aldosterone antagonists (e.g., spironolactone, eplerenone) and sodium channel blockers (e.g., triamterene).
p.2
Hypertension and Its Types
How is blood pressure regulated?
Changes in blood pressure are detected by baroreceptors located in the aorta and carotid sinus.
p.3
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What are the classifications of antihypertensives?
Central-acting sympatholytics, peripheral-acting sympatholytics, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators, and diuretics.
p.7
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What is the first-line treatment for hypertension?
Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics along with ACE inhibitors and ARBs.
p.3
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What are common side effects of central-acting sympatholytics?
Depression, drowsiness, edema, dry mouth, and impotence.
p.17
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of thrombolytics?
They dissolve an existing thrombus by converting plasminogen to plasmin, which lyses thrombi and other plasma proteins.
p.12
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What should a patient do if anginal pain is not relieved after three sublingual nitroglycerin tablets?
Go to the emergency department.
p.6
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
Name two examples of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors.
Acetazolamide and Methazolamide.
p.17
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the side effects of thrombolytics?
Bleeding, arrhythmias, urticaria, fever, hemorrhage.
p.11
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of Class 1B Na+ Channel Blockers like Lidocaine?
Decrease Na influx in ischemic episodes, shorten phase 3 repolarization, and decrease action potential duration.
p.11
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the indications for Beta Blockers?
SVT, post-MI, arrhythmia prophylaxis.
p.14
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?
They inhibit HMG-CoA reductase, decreasing hepatic cholesterol synthesis and increasing LDL receptors to reduce plasma cholesterol concentration.
p.8
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What should be monitored in patients receiving digoxin?
Potassium status and blood glucose levels.
p.13
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What nursing actions should be taken when administering bile-sequestering drugs?
Monitor for bleeding, ensure proper dietary management, and advise on fluid intake and reporting severe constipation.
p.14
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What nursing actions should be taken when administering HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors?
Administer 1 hour before or 4 hours after bile-sequestering drugs like cholestyramine.
p.5
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors?
Dry cough, fever, altered taste, hypotension, and hyperkalemia.
p.17
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the contraindications for cardiorenal drugs?
Active bleeding, thrombocytopenia, severe liver impairment, underlying coagulation disorder, ulcer disease, recent surgery, cancer.
p.3
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)
How does angiotensin II affect sodium reabsorption?
It increases sodium reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT).
p.17
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What nursing actions should be taken for patients on cardiorenal drugs?
Monitor for bruising and bleeding, minimize venipunctures and injections, apply pressure to puncture sites, and monitor hemoglobin, clotting factors, and platelet levels.
p.4
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What should be monitored when administering alpha adrenergic blockers?
ECG for arrhythmias and watch for reflex tachycardia and orthostatic hypotension.
p.2
Renal System and Nephron Function
What does the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) reabsorb?
Sodium, potassium, glucose, amino acids, bicarbonate, and water.
p.10
Antiarrhythmic Drug Classes
What should be monitored when administering Quinidine?
Hyperkalemia, as it enhances digitalis toxicity.
p.6
Diuretics and Their Mechanisms
What are common side effects of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors?
Metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia, and renal stone formation.
p.16
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are some examples of antiplatelet drugs?
Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Dipyridamole, Ticlopidine, Abciximab, Tirofiban.
p.11
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is a potential side effect of Class 1C Na+ Channel Blockers?
Forms new forms of arrhythmias.
p.11
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are the indications for Class IV Ca++ Channel Blockers?
Atrial fibrillation (AF), AV node re-entry.
p.4
Antihypertensive Drug Classes
What is the action of calcium channel blockers?
Prevent the passage of calcium ions into cell membranes, resulting in arteriolar vasodilation.
p.11
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of Class 1C Na+ Channel Blockers like Propafenone?
Decrease Na influx, slow phase 0 depolarization, slow conduction velocity, and increase QRS duration.
p.11
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What are some side effects of Class III K+ Channel Blockers?
Bradycardia, torsades de pointes, photosensitivity, hypotension.
p.11
Pharmacological Effects on Heart Function
What is the action of Beta Blockers like Metoprolol?
Decreases SA node automaticity and AV nodal conduction, increases PR interval.
