They are innate, long-lived phagocytic cells that secrete inflammatory molecules.
AID; it switches cytosine to uracil.
It hinders bacterial and viral replication.
It activates other cytokines.
Cytokine secretion.
Neutrophils are short-lived, while macrophages are long-lived.
Affinity refers to one-to-one binding, while avidity refers to the overall strength of binding.
False.
Classical pathway; activated by IgG and IgM.
False.
True.
True.
Antigen receptor on B cells.
Release to somewhere around you.
Immunoglobulins.
The number of epitopes it can bind.
3 hypervariable regions.
It allows individual cells to be identified using monoclonal antibodies to surface molecules (CD markers).
Resident macrophages found in tissues.
E. All of the above are pyrogenic.
Innate Lymphocytic cells; they are both lymphocytes and leukocytes.
Nucleated cells that are susceptible to viral infections.
HLA-E.
Inflammatory mediators or chemoattractants.
It states that segments with 12 base pairs must pair with segments with 23 base pairs.
IgA can be a monomer or dimer.
No, because the DNA for IgG3 has been cut out.
False; the light chain contains only V and J segments.
iC3b and LPS.
Increases blood vessels’ permeability.
4 subclasses.
NK cell matches with CD8.
CXCL8 and CCL2.
When MHC1 expression is lost, NK cells will kill the cell.
1. Rolling adhesion 2. Tight binding 3. Diapedesis 4. Migration.
The expression of genes from only one allele for heavy and light chains.
3 hypervariable regions.
The V region.
Alternative, Lectin, and Classical Pathways.
LPS-LBP-CD14-MD2-TLR4, followed by MyD88, IKK, NFKB, leading to cytokine production.
True.
They increase temperature and signal liver cells.
Yes, including B, T, NK, and ILCs.
1. Selectins (e.g., L-Selectin) 2. Integrins (e.g., LFA-1) 3. Mucin-like vascular addressins (e.g., glyCAM-1) 4. Immunoglobulin superfamily (e.g., ICAM-1).
TdT adds nucleotides randomly between gene segments.
IgG, IgE, and IgA.
Yes, but they occur in different regions; isotype switching in RNA and somatic hypermutation in the variable region.
Damage Associated Molecular Patterns.
Directly inactivate pathogens.
Found in milk, tears, saliva, and sweat.
No.
B cells.
IgM and IgD.
The process where somatic hypermutation results in mutant Igs with higher affinity.
Lectin.
Recruits NK cells.
When neutrophils burst and release a net to kill pathogens.
10 binding sites.
Triggers allergic reactions.
1. Raise temperature 2. Vasodilation 3. Increased permeability 4. Endothelial adhesiveness.
Neutralization, opsonization (tagging for destruction), activates complement.
2 isotypes: Kappa and Lambda.
Isotype switching, combinatorial V(D)J joining, junctional diversity, germ-line segments, and association of heavy and light chains.
A nucleotide change had to occur.
IgM.
TLR4.
Phagocytosis.
Enable cytotoxicity of NK Cells, give resistance to viral replication, increase expression of ligands for NK Cells.
MIC-A and MIC-B.
No.
Recombination Signal Sequences that tell RAG-1 and RAG-2 where to cut.
IgM is a pentamer with 10 binding sites.
CDR's (Complementarity Determining Regions).
They enhance the ability of phagocytes to engulf pathogens.
Recruits monocytes.
2 subclasses.
ILC2 and TH2 secrete IL-4 and IL-5.
IRF-7; for IFN-β, Ap-1, NFKB, and IRF3 are required.
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD.
True.
It is the set of enzymes needed to recombine gene segments in the variable heavy chain.
6 hypervariable regions.
Neutrophils.
Recruits monocytes.
Cell death that releases massive amounts of IL-1, done in macrophages.
Can cross the placenta.
Cytotoxicity.
It generates heat.
Cut them into 2 fab regions and 1 Fc region.
5 main isotypes: Gamma, Alpha, Mew, Epsilon, and Delta.
Random point mutations occurring in the V regions of immunoglobulins.
Only in B cells.
Lipopolysaccharide, found in gram-negative bacteria.
Cell suicide, programmed cell death.
It tells hepatocytes to start making acute phase reactants, such as MBL and CRP.
Alpha and beta; type II interferon is gamma.
Released to yourself.
Primary granules are azurophilic, secondary granules are specific, and tertiary granules are gelatinase.
Water and Oxygen.
The addition of nucleotides between gene segments, facilitated by TdT.
IgG is a monomer with 2 binding sites.
True.
