p.16
Active Transport Mechanisms
What is the primary function of active transport?
To provide a path and energy for specific molecules to move across a membrane.
p.4
Types of Membrane Transport Proteins
What are membrane transport proteins?
Integral membrane proteins that facilitate the movement of substances across a cell membrane.
p.14
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
What is the significance of GLUT in human physiology?
GLUT is crucial for regulating blood glucose levels and ensuring glucose uptake by cells for energy production.
p.3
Passive Transport Mechanisms
Can you give examples of molecules that diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer?
Gases and steroid hormones.
p.3
Active Transport Mechanisms
What transport mechanisms are used for large molecules?
Exocytosis and endocytosis.
p.28
Active Transport Mechanisms
Why is the Sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT) considered an active transport mechanism?
Because it moves glucose against its concentration gradient using energy from the sodium gradient.
p.39
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
What are the two types of glucose transporters mentioned?
A. GLUT, GLUT B. GLUT, SGLT C. SGLT, GLUT D. SGLT, SGLT
p.17
ATP-Powered Transporters
What type of transport do ATP-powered transporters facilitate?
Active transport of ions.
p.14
Passive Transport Mechanisms
How does the Glucose transporter (GLUT) operate?
It operates via facilitated diffusion, a type of passive transport.
p.10
ATP-Powered Transporters
How is the CFTR chloride channel activated?
By ATP binding and hydrolysis.
p.25
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
What are the two main components involved in the sucrose-proton transporter mechanism?
Sucrose and protons (H+).
p.38
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
What is the difference between GLUT1 and GLUT4 transporters?
GLUT1 is responsible for basal glucose uptake in most tissues, while GLUT4 is insulin-responsive and primarily found in muscle and fat cells.
p.15
Channel Proteins in Passive Transport
Which are faster: channels or passive transporters?
Channels are faster than passive transporters.
p.11
Passive Transporters and Their Function
What types of molecules are typically transported by passive transporters?
Monomers such as amino acids and monosaccharides.
p.32
E. coli Lactose Uptake Mechanism
What type of transport mechanism is used by E. coli for lactose uptake?
Active transport mechanism
p.10
Types of Membrane Transport Proteins
What does CFTR stand for?
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator.
p.2
E. coli Lactose Uptake Mechanism
How does E. coli uptake lactose?
Through a specific mechanism involving membrane transport proteins.
p.8
Channel Proteins in Passive Transport
What type of transport do channel proteins facilitate?
Passive transport of ions such as Na+, K+, and Cl-.
p.26
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
What is the function of Na+-powered transporters in animal cells?
They are used to import and export substances across the cell membrane.
p.23
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
What type of transport do H+-powered transporters facilitate?
Active transport of other ions and monomers.
p.2
Overview of Cell Transport Mechanisms
What are the main topics covered in Lecture 8 on cell transport?
Overview, Membrane transport proteins, Passive transport, Active transport, Summary, E. coli uptake of lactose, Human uptake of glucose.
p.2
Active Transport Mechanisms
What is active transport?
The movement of substances across a cell membrane using energy, typically against a concentration gradient.
p.2
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
How do humans uptake glucose?
Through specific transport mechanisms involving membrane proteins.
p.25
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
What is the primary function of the sucrose-proton transporter?
To transport sucrose into cells using the proton gradient.
p.38
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
What happens to glucose uptake in the absence of insulin?
Glucose uptake is significantly reduced, leading to elevated blood glucose levels.
p.6
Active Transport Mechanisms
Name a type of active transport.
The sodium-potassium pump is a type of active transport.
p.29
Passive Transporters and Their Function
Give an example of a passive transporter.
Glucose transporters (GLUT).
p.41
ATP-Powered Transporters
What does the proton pump do?
It actively transports protons (H+) across membranes using ATP.
p.8
Channel Proteins in Passive Transport
Do channel proteins change shape during the transport process?
No, channel proteins do not change shape during the transport process.
p.17
ATP-Powered Transporters
How do ATP-powered transporters move ions across the membrane?
By changing the shape of the protein.
p.23
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
How do H+-powered transporters function in terms of protein structure?
The protein changes shape.
p.32
E. coli Lactose Uptake Mechanism
What energy source drives the lactose uptake in E. coli?
Proton motive force (H+ gradient)
p.19
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
What is the primary function of a proton pump?
To transport protons (H+) across a membrane, creating a proton gradient.
p.19
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
In which cellular organelle is the proton pump most commonly found?
The proton pump is most commonly found in the mitochondria.
p.19
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
What is the significance of the proton gradient created by the proton pump?
The proton gradient is essential for processes like ATP synthesis and maintaining pH balance.
p.25
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
In which direction do protons move in the sucrose-proton transporter mechanism?
Protons move down their concentration gradient.
p.38
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
Why is glucose uptake important for brain function?
The brain relies on glucose as its primary energy source, and efficient glucose uptake is crucial for proper brain function.
p.6
Overview of Cell Transport Mechanisms
What is the main difference between passive and active transport?
Passive transport does not require energy, while active transport does.
p.41
ATP-Powered Transporters
What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump?
It actively transports sodium (Na+) out of cells and potassium (K+) into cells using ATP.
p.40
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
Where are sodium-potassium pumps located to power glucose transport?
On both the gut side and the blood side.
p.11
Passive Transporters and Their Function
What is the role of passive transporters?
To facilitate the passive transport of monomers such as amino acids and monosaccharides.
p.14
Types of Membrane Transport Proteins
What type of protein is the Glucose transporter (GLUT)?
It is a membrane transport protein.
p.2
Types of Membrane Transport Proteins
What are membrane transport proteins?
Proteins that facilitate the movement of substances across a cell membrane.
p.3
Types of Membrane Transport Proteins
What type of molecules require membrane transport proteins to cross the cell membrane?
Small and polar molecules.
p.25
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
How does the sucrose-proton transporter utilize the proton gradient?
It uses the energy from the proton gradient to move sucrose against its concentration gradient.
p.38
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
What is the impact of exercise on glucose uptake?
Exercise increases glucose uptake in muscle cells independently of insulin by promoting the translocation of GLUT4 transporters to the cell surface.
p.37
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
Where is the sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) primarily located?
In the intestines and kidneys.
p.41
Types of Membrane Transport Proteins
What are the main types of membrane transport proteins used by cells?
Channels, passive transporters, ATP-powered transporters, H+-powered transporters, Na+-powered transporters.
p.41
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
How does the sucrose-proton transporter work?
It uses the proton gradient to co-transport sucrose into cells.
p.12
Passive Transporters and Their Function
What is a key characteristic of passive transporters?
They are constantly changing shape.
p.26
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
What is the primary difference between Na+-powered transporters and H+-powered transporters?
Na+-powered transporters are primarily found in animal cells.
p.11
Passive Transporters and Their Function
How do passive transporters facilitate the movement of molecules?
By changing shape to allow the passage of molecules across the membrane.
p.20
ATP-Powered Transporters
What energy source does the sodium-potassium pump use to function?
The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP as its energy source.
p.2
Passive Transport Mechanisms
What is passive transport?
The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy.
p.28
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
How does the Sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT) utilize sodium ions?
It uses the sodium gradient to co-transport glucose into cells.
p.19
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
What energy source does the proton pump use to transport protons?
The proton pump uses energy from ATP hydrolysis to transport protons.
p.33
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
What type of transporter is Lactose Permease?
D. H+ - powered transporter
p.25
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
In which direction does sucrose move in the sucrose-proton transporter mechanism?
Sucrose moves against its concentration gradient.
p.41
Channel Proteins in Passive Transport
What is the function of the CFTR chloride channel?
It facilitates the transport of chloride ions across cell membranes.
p.27
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
What is the function of the Sodium-Glucose Transporter (SGLT) in human cells?
The Sodium-Glucose Transporter (SGLT) facilitates the uptake of glucose into cells by coupling it with sodium transport.
p.14
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
What is the primary function of the Glucose transporter (GLUT)?
To facilitate the transport of glucose across cell membranes.
p.23
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
What processes are facilitated by H+-powered transporters?
Import and export of ions and monomers.
p.32
E. coli Lactose Uptake Mechanism
How does lactose permease function in E. coli?
It uses the proton motive force to transport lactose into the cell against its concentration gradient.
p.3
Types of Membrane Transport Proteins
Can you give examples of molecules that use membrane transport proteins?
Amino acids, monosaccharides, and ions.
p.21
ATP-Powered Transporters
What is the result of the sodium-potassium pump's activity on the cell's interior charge?
The cell's interior becomes negatively charged relative to the exterior.
p.38
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
How does insulin affect glucose uptake in muscle and fat cells?
Insulin increases the number of GLUT4 transporters on the cell surface, enhancing glucose uptake.
p.6
ATP-Powered Transporters
What is a common energy source for active transport?
ATP is a common energy source for active transport.
p.29
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
Give an example of an H+-powered transporter.
Sucrose-proton transporter.
p.7
Passive Transport Mechanisms
What is the primary function of passive transport?
To provide a path for specific molecules to move across a membrane.
p.17
ATP-Powered Transporters
What powers ATP-powered transporters?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
p.4
Types of Membrane Transport Proteins
Where are membrane transport proteins found?
In the plasma membrane of all cells and the internal membranes of eukaryotic cells.
p.20
ATP-Powered Transporters
How many sodium and potassium ions are transported by the sodium-potassium pump?
The pump transports 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell.
p.28
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
What does SGLT stand for?
Sodium-glucose transporter.
p.10
Channel Proteins in Passive Transport
What is the primary function of the CFTR chloride channel?
To regulate the transport of chloride ions across epithelial cell membranes.
p.21
ATP-Powered Transporters
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump?
To maintain the electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane by pumping sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.
p.21
ATP-Powered Transporters
What energy molecule is required for the sodium-potassium pump to function?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
p.38
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
What is the role of GLUT transporters in glucose uptake?
GLUT transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across cell membranes.
p.37
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
What is the primary mechanism for glucose uptake in humans?
Facilitated diffusion through glucose transporters (GLUT).
p.37
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
What is the difference between GLUT and SGLT transporters?
GLUT transporters facilitate passive diffusion of glucose, while SGLT transporters use active transport.
p.41
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
What is the role of the sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT)?
It uses the sodium gradient to co-transport glucose into cells.
p.20
ATP-Powered Transporters
What is the function of the sodium-potassium pump in animal cells?
The sodium-potassium pump helps maintain the cell's electrochemical gradient by pumping sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell.
p.20
ATP-Powered Transporters
Why is the sodium-potassium pump essential for animal cells?
It is essential for maintaining the cell's membrane potential and proper cell function.
p.28
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
What is the primary function of the Sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT)?
To transport glucose into cells using the sodium gradient.
p.28
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
Where in the human body are Sodium-glucose transporters (SGLTs) primarily found?
In the intestines and kidneys.
p.6
Active Transport Mechanisms
What is active transport?
Active transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane requiring energy, usually in the form of ATP.
p.37
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
How does insulin affect glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue?
Insulin stimulates the translocation of GLUT4 to the cell membrane, increasing glucose uptake.
p.14
Passive Transport Mechanisms
Is the transport of glucose by GLUT energy-dependent?
No, it is not energy-dependent as it uses facilitated diffusion.
p.3
Passive Transport Mechanisms
What type of molecules can diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer?
Small and non-polar molecules.
p.19
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
How does a proton pump contribute to ATP synthesis?
The proton gradient created by the pump drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase.
p.10
Types of Membrane Transport Proteins
What is the consequence of defective CFTR channels in cystic fibrosis?
Impaired chloride ion transport leading to thick mucus buildup in various organs.
p.38
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
What is the primary function of glucose uptake in the human body?
To provide cells with glucose for energy production.
p.6
Passive Transport Mechanisms
What is passive transport?
Passive transport is the movement of molecules across a cell membrane without the need for energy input.
p.41
Passive Transporters and Their Function
What is the role of the Glucose transporter (GLUT)?
It facilitates the passive transport of glucose into cells.
p.25
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
What type of transport mechanism does the sucrose-proton transporter represent?
Secondary active transport.
p.21
ATP-Powered Transporters
Why is the sodium-potassium pump crucial for cellular function?
It helps maintain cell volume, osmotic balance, and the resting membrane potential.
p.6
Active Transport Mechanisms
Does active transport require energy?
Yes, active transport requires energy.
p.6
Passive Transport Mechanisms
Does passive transport require energy?
No, passive transport does not require energy.
p.37
Human Glucose Uptake Mechanism
What role does the sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT) play in glucose uptake?
SGLT is involved in the active transport of glucose in the intestines and kidneys.
p.29
ATP-Powered Transporters
Give an example of an ATP-powered transporter.
Proton pump or Sodium-potassium pump.
p.29
H+ and Na+ Powered Transporters
Give an example of a Na+-powered transporter.
Sodium-glucose transporter (SGLT).
p.6
Passive Transport Mechanisms
Name a type of passive transport.
Diffusion is a type of passive transport.
