Encoding, storage, and retrieval.
To facilitate the process of self-actualization by providing necessary conditions for growth.
Unconditional Positive Regard.
How humans grow, develop, and change over the lifespan.
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
The active role of children in constructing their understanding of the world.
The range between what a learner can do independently and with help.
It is the moral conscience that imposes societal standards.
Learning through the consequences of others' actions.
A person's behavior is influenced by their unconscious drives.
Excessive and persistent worry or anxiety about a variety of situations or events.
Ivan Pavlov.
B.F. Skinner.
Identifying and measuring stable personality traits such as openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
Regulates movement, reward, motivation, and pleasure.
Positive Reinforcement adds a stimulus to increase behavior, while Negative Reinforcement removes a stimulus to increase behavior.
How human development is influenced by different environmental systems, from immediate interactions to broader societal factors.
Robert Sternberg.
A general factor (g) and specific factors (s) for different cognitive tasks.
It involves the transition from wakefulness to sleep, decreased muscle activity, and is dominated by alpha waves.
Behavior driven by internal moral principles.
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS), Unconditioned Response (UCR), Conditioned Stimulus (CS), Conditioned Response (CR), and Neutral Stimulus (NS).
A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened or weakened by its consequences.
Development proceeds from head downward (cephalo-caudal).
Body types correspond to different personality traits, such as endomorphs being sociable and ectomorphs being introverted.
Stages proposed by Freud where individuals confront conflicts related to biological drives and social expectations.
Authoritative, Authoritarian, Permissive, and Neglectful.
Children who observed aggression were more likely to imitate it.
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.
Temporary support provided by a More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) to help learners.
It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that regulates neuronal excitability and contributes to muscle tone regulation.
Emotions arise from physiological arousal.
Edward Titchener.
Trust vs. Mistrust.
An optical illusion where movement is perceived when there is none.
It focuses on mental processes like memory, perception, and problem-solving.
Interpreting familiar, incomplete forms as complete by filling in gaps.
Learning by watching and imitating others' behaviors.
Physiological needs, safety and security needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs.
PCT emphasizes self-growth and healing, while psychotherapy focuses on uncovering unconscious conflicts.
Pre-conventional, Conventional, and Post-conventional.
Wilhelm Wundt.
Analyzes the basic elements of the mind through introspection.
Personality development is a lifelong process through eight stages.
The bond between a child and their primary caregiver is crucial for survival and emotional development.
They increase alertness, attention, and energy while elevating blood pressure and heart rate.
Behavior driven by balance of social order and individual rights.
Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson.
It consists of the Id, Ego, and Superego, each playing a role in managing desires and anxiety.
It acts as a rational mediator between the Id and Superego, dealing with realistic anxiety.
The fulfillment and maximization of one’s full potential.
Childhood is critical and affects later life stages, even if not remembered.
They modulate pain perception and emotions, acting as natural painkillers and inducing feelings of euphoria.
High responsiveness and high control; parents are warm but set clear rules and expectations.
The tendency to remember initial items in a sequence.
The tendency to favor information that confirms preexisting beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence.
Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and impaired social functioning.
Persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities.
It combines behaviorist and cognitive principles.
An intense fear of social situations and scrutiny by others.
Involves obsessions (intrusive, unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (repetitive behaviors).
Involves restriction of food intake, intense fear of gaining weight, and distorted body image.
It is the withdrawal of an unwanted idea or desire into the unconscious mind.
It is an excitatory neurotransmitter involved in learning and memory.
An experiment by John Watson where a child was conditioned to fear a rat due to its association with a loud noise.
William James.
Emotional processing, fear response, and memory consolidation.
We perceive certain objects as being in the foreground and others as being in the background.
Characterized by recurrent panic attacks and sudden feelings of intense fear or discomfort.
Intrusive memories, avoidance, negative changes in mood and cognition, and hyperarousal after a traumatic event.
The scientific study of human mind and behavior.
To bring unconscious thoughts and feelings to consciousness.
Multiple sclerosis and epilepsy.
Short-term memory holds a limited amount of information for a short duration, while long-term memory stores vast amounts of information for an extended period.
The inability to form new memories after an amnestic event.
Viewing objects that are near each other as one group.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, used by psychiatrists as the authoritative guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders.
It represents instinctual desires seeking immediate gratification.
Urie Bronfenbrenner.
Anxiety disorders, epilepsy, and insomnia.
Scolding a pet for chewing shoes.
How mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment.
Perceiving the whole rather than its parts in isolation.
Howard Gardner.
We can learn by merely observing others, not just through reinforcements and punishments.
The scientific method.
A boy's sexual desire for his mother and hostility toward his father.
Verbal comprehension, word fluency, number facility, spatial visualization, associative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning.
It includes rapid eye movements, vivid dreams, muscle paralysis, and is important for cognitive function and emotional regulation.
Grouping items together based on their similarities.
It suggests that intelligence is composed of multiple independent abilities or 'intelligences'.
Psychoanalysis emphasizes the power of the unconscious, while Behaviorism focuses on observable behavior.
There are hygiene factors that prevent dissatisfaction and motivators that lead to satisfaction and increased motivation.
It is the most restorative stage involving body repair, immune system strengthening, and memory consolidation.
Pragnanz.
Elements arranged on a line or curve are perceived as related.
Direct settings that involve immediate interaction with the individual, such as family, school, and peers.
Analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence.
Pain disorders and mood disorders.
The Strange Situation Experiment.
Acetylcholine (Ach).
It is a mental framework that describes norms and expected behavior associated with specific societal roles.
Basic physiological functions such as heart rate, breathing, and arousal.
Serotonin (5-HT).
