Edward Jenner.
The study of the body's defense mechanisms against foreign agents such as pathogens.
They help to eliminate pathogens at epithelial surfaces and in the blood.
Skin and mucous membranes that prevent pathogen entry.
Hypersensitivity, such as allergies and asthma.
No, memory is not present in innate immunity.
T Cell Receptor (TCR) that recognizes antigens presented by MHC molecules.
Variolation, an early form of inoculation.
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu in 1718.
Cytokines.
Organs, white blood cells, and soluble and non-soluble molecules.
Memory cells (lymphocytes).
Soluble and non-soluble molecules.
Memory B cells and memory T cells.
It allows T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens.
Complement components, C Reactive Proteins (CRP), defensins, cytokines, and chemokines.
They directly kill infected cells presenting antigens with MHC Class I molecules.
B cells producing antibodies.
Uncontrolled inflammation.
Protection from disease, especially infectious diseases.
It allows for a faster and stronger immune response to previously encountered pathogens.
They can phagocytose (ingest) and kill microbes.
B Cell Receptor (BCR).
Successfully vaccinated Joseph Meister against rabies.
Adaptive immunity is specific and develops over time in response to exposure to pathogens.
A rapid and generalized response.
They recognize circulating antigens and produce specific antibodies.
First exposure to an antigen.
Bone marrow and thymus.
Historical milestones in immunology.
Overly active or misdirected immune responses, immune deficiency, and immune imbalance.
Examples include the thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes.
They help to initiate and regulate the immune response.
Multiple sclerosis or Crohn's disease.
A group of proteins in the blood that can lyse invading cells, recruit immune cells, and enhance phagocytosis when activated.
Infections that can occur in people with impaired immune responses, such as oral thrush.
They help modulate the immune response, preventing autoimmunity and overreaction.
Immunological memory.
The causative agent of tuberculosis.
Innate immunity and adaptive immunity.
Through receptors on B cells (BCR) and T cells (TCR).
Vaccines stimulate the immune system to create memory cells without causing disease.
The immune system's ability to identify, specifically target, and respond to pathogens, offering long-term protection (memory).
To distinguish self from non-self.
Both B and T cells form memory cells after an initial encounter with an antigen, allowing for a faster response upon re-exposure.
Specific immune cells that recognize antigens.
Processed antigens presented by other cells.
Innate immunity.
To recognize common microbial patterns.
The body's immediate defense against pathogens, offering non-specific protection without requiring prior exposure.
It is specific and has memory, allowing for a stronger response upon re-exposure to an antigen.
Vaccine.
Self (the body's own cells).
Antigen-specific T cells.
They are tailored to the type of organism involved.
To prevent or reduce the immune response to allergens.
Innate and adaptive immunity.
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs).
Lymph nodes and spleen.
Organs, cells, and molecules.
A faster, more significant, and better response.
Avoid the infected as you would flee from a lion.
Plasma cells that produce antibodies specific to the recognized antigen.
Invasion by microbial pathogens.
It helps prevent diseases like smallpox, polio, and measles.
It is critical for the eradication of infectious diseases.
Rheumatoid arthritis and type 1 diabetes.
Monoclonal antibodies, checkpoint inhibitors, and CAR-T cell therapy.
Through immunosuppressive therapies.
They play a crucial role in inflammation.
The ability of the immune system to remember past infections and respond more effectively upon re-exposure.
Toll-like Receptors (TLRs), NOD-like Receptors (NLRs), and C-type Lectin Receptors (CLRs).
Macrophages, granulocytes, mast cells, and dendritic cells.
The process where specific B or T cells clone themselves to produce many cells targeting the same antigen.
It helps in understanding the phases of adaptive immunity.
Primary is a genetic loss of immune function, while secondary is an acquired loss.
They assist in activating other immune cells by releasing cytokines.
Extracellular organisms (bacteria, fungi, parasites) and intracellular pathogens (viruses).
The innate and adaptive components working together.
They are key to successful organ transplantation and managing rejection.
Physical and chemical barriers, specialized receptors, anti-microbial proteins, phagocytic immune cells, cells that kill infected cells, and proteins that promote inflammation.
Targeting and destroying infected or cancerous cells.
Through variable immune organs, cells, and molecules.
By using weakened bacteria.
The principle of infection.
T cells, B cells, and NK cells.
The primary response occurs upon first exposure to a pathogen, while the secondary response is faster and more robust due to memory cells.
It increases body metabolism and accelerates the body's defenses.
The Latin word 'immunis', meaning exemption.
Molecules on or within immune cells that recognize and bind to specific structures on pathogens.
To understand how these components interact to protect the body from infection.
The causative agent of cholera.
Second exposure to the same antigen.
They include substances like stomach acid and enzymes in saliva that destroy pathogens.
Recognition of an antigen presented by an antigen-presenting cell (APC) along with co-stimulatory signals.
Lymphocytes have antigen-specific receptors, allowing for a subtle recognition system.
A process that recruits immune cells to the site of infection, increases blood flow, and facilitates repair of damaged tissue.
It has memory, allowing for a faster response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen.
Phagocytes, natural killer cells, and complement proteins.
Days to weeks after initial exposure to a pathogen.
Innate immune receptors.
They act as the first line of defense against pathogens.
They are crucial for defending the body against infections and foreign substances.
They were immune to reinfection.
Inflammation, Phagocytosis, and the complement system.
Humoral immunity involves antibodies, while cell-mediated immunity involves T cells.
It provides immediate, non-specific defense against pathogens.
White blood cells like macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells that engulf and destroy invaders.
Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
Between 10^9 to 10^16 different antigen receptors.
Immune dysregulation.
Immune modulation to alleviate symptoms.
In Turkey.
T cells and B cells.
An overreaction of the immune system to harmless substances.
