p.47
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What should you do before pouring liquid medication?
Gently shake the medication.
p.50
Nursing Process for Medication Administration
What should be done if adverse effects or allergic reactions are observed in a patient?
Document and report the adverse effects or allergic reactions to the doctors.
p.27
Medication Administration Process
What is a plastic graduated cup used for in medication administration?
For measuring and administering liquid medications.
p.18
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What knowledge should nurses have regarding safe drug administration?
Nurses should understand pharmacology, including classifications, side effects, and interactions.
p.27
Medication Administration Process
What is the function of a pill cutter?
To split tablets into smaller doses.
p.9
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
How often must dangerous drugs in possession of any authorized person be examined?
At least once every month.
p.26
Medication Administration Process
What patient data should be gathered before medication administration?
Relative physical examination and laboratory data such as heart rate, blood pressure, blood glucose level, and lab results.
p.49
Medication Administration Process
When should the two-cup system be applied?
When you are checking more than one tablet or capsule.
p.18
Medication Administration Process
What techniques should nurses use during the preparation and administration of medications?
Nurses should use aseptic techniques and minimize distractions.
p.32
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What should be checked for the validity of a prescription?
Date of commencement with physician’s signature and date of termination with physician’s signature.
p.41
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What is a STAT order?
A STAT order is any medication that is needed immediately and is to be given only once.
p.53
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What are the FIVE rights of medication administration?
Right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time.
p.8
Legislation and Standards for Controlled Substances
Why is compliance with the Dangerous Drugs Ordnance (DDO) crucial for healthcare professionals?
To ensure the proper and responsible use of drugs, safeguard patient safety, and prevent illegal drug activities.
p.55
Principles of Drug Administration
In what forms can skin applications be administered?
Cream, lotion, ointment, powder, paste, or patch (disk).
p.3
Drug Classifications and Categories
What is the origin of the word 'drug'?
It is taken from the French word 'drogue' which means dry herb.
p.4
Medication Administration Process
What is a Medication Administration Record (MAR)?
A record required for documenting the administration of medication to a patient.
p.3
Drug Classifications and Categories
What is medicine?
A drug being used for an intended therapeutic effect.
p.31
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What are the Five Rights of Medication Administration?
Right patient, Right drug, Right time, Right dose, Right route.
p.27
Medication Administration Process
What is a calibrated syringe used for in medication administration?
To measure and administer precise doses of liquid medications.
p.26
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What should a nurse know about each medication before administration?
The indication, action, side effects, and contraindications.
p.50
Nursing Process for Medication Administration
What should be evaluated in a patient's response to medications?
Evaluate within an appropriate time frame, including bowel movements after laxatives, pain level after analgesics, urine output after diuretics, signs of adverse events, and allergic responses.
p.14
Drug Classifications and Categories
What is the chemical name for Panadol?
N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide
p.10
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
Who should check dangerous drugs?
Two qualified nurses, one of whom should be a Registered Nurse.
p.21
Side Effects vs. Adverse Effects
What is Minoxidil now used for?
Hair growth to treat baldness.
p.45
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What is the first step in calculating a dosage if you only need to give 250mg of a medication?
Determine the concentration of the medication available.
p.50
Nursing Process for Medication Administration
What should be reported in addition to adverse effects and allergic reactions?
Report the patient's response to the medication and the care given.
p.51
Medication Administration Process
When should medication documentation be completed?
Immediately and accurately for each medication, never delay.
p.26
Medication Administration Process
What should be prepared before administering medication?
Necessary equipment, environment, and patient explanation.
p.46
Drug Classifications and Categories
How does the concentration of an elixir compare to a suspension?
An elixir is more concentrated than a suspension.
p.31
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What should be used to verify the right patient?
At least two identifiers.
p.10
Legislation and Standards for Controlled Substances
What is the purpose of the Dangerous Drug Record Book?
To record the balance and administration of dangerous drugs.
p.51
Medication Administration Process
What patient information should be documented after medication administration?
The patient's response and any unexpected events.
p.47
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
How should the desired volume of liquid medication be measured?
Ensure the meniscus is aligned with the scale on the medication cup.
p.4
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What is a prescription?
A physician's order for the preparation and administration of a drug for a patient.
p.56
Principles of Drug Administration
What should be done to the skin surface before applying a transdermal medication?
Clean the skin surface thoroughly.
p.27
Medication Administration Process
What is the purpose of a paper soufflé cup in medication administration?
To hold tablets and capsules.
p.9
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What must nurses ensure when administering drugs under DDO regulations?
Proper storage, preparation, and disposal of drugs.
p.51
Medication Administration Process
Where should detailed documentation of medication administration be recorded?
In the patient's medical record.
p.18
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What are the 'Five Rights' of medication administration?
Right Patient, Right Drug, Right Dose, Right Route, Right Time.
p.55
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What should be assessed before applying skin medications?
Assess for skin breakdown, lesions, rashes, or erythema.
p.27
Medication Administration Process
What is the purpose of a medication cart or drug trolley in medication administration?
To organize and transport medications needed for administration.
p.56
Principles of Drug Administration
How should medications be applied to the skin surfaces?
Medications should be applied evenly to skin surfaces.
p.48
Patient Education and Safety Measures
What is the purpose of the HA Medication Safety Bulletin from May 2012?
To alert about risks associated with blister packing.
p.53
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What should you do with all calculations before administering medication?
Double-check all calculations and verify with a second nurse.
p.47
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What type of cup should be used for measuring liquid medication?
A graduated medicine cup.
p.29
Medication Administration Process
What is the third check in the medication administration process?
Before returning the medication back to its storage place.
p.19
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
Why is continuous education important for nurses in the context of medication safety?
Nurses need to engage in ongoing training related to medication safety.
p.45
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
Why is it important to verify the concentration of the medication before administering a dose?
To ensure the correct amount is given and to avoid underdosing or overdosing the patient.
p.48
Patient Education and Safety Measures
What is the main topic of the HA Medication Safety Bulletin from May 2012, Vol. 4?
Risk alert regarding blister packing.
p.55
Principles of Drug Administration
What effects do skin applications mainly produce?
Mainly local effects and some with systemic effects.
p.28
Medication Administration Process
What should be done before administering drugs?
Check and administer the drugs with a qualified nurse.
p.51
Medication Administration Process
What should be documented if a medication is withheld or refused by the patient?
The reasons for withholding or the patient refusing the medication.
p.46
Drug Classifications and Categories
What is a suspension?
A suspension is a liquid mixture where the medicine is mixed with a liquid, usually water, in which it cannot dissolve and remains as small particles.
p.49
Medication Administration Process
What is the purpose of Cup 2 in the two-cup system?
Cup 2 is for the newly checked medication that has not completed the 3-checks and 5-rights.
p.13
Drug Classifications and Categories
When is the chemical name of a drug used?
When the drug is marketed.
p.20
Side Effects vs. Adverse Effects
What is an adverse effect?
An adverse effect is an undesirable experience associated with the use of a medical product in a patient, which is more severe and life-threatening, and may require immediate attention.
p.32
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What necessary assessments should be done for medication administration?
Assessments such as H’stix, BP, lab results, etc.
p.8
Legislation and Standards for Controlled Substances
What does the Dangerous Drugs Ordnance (DDO) (Cap 134) govern in Hong Kong?
The import, export, manufacture, sale, possession, and use of dangerous drugs.
p.3
Drug Classifications and Categories
What is a drug?
A chemical that alters an organism’s function, which may or may not have a therapeutic (beneficial) effect.
p.19
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What are the responsibilities of nurses regarding safe drug administration?
Monitoring and documentation, reporting and communication, advocacy, continuous education, and collaboration.
p.19
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What should nurses do to ensure accurate monitoring and documentation in drug administration?
Observe for reactions and document accurately.
p.29
Medication Administration Process
What is the second check in the medication administration process?
After preparing the medication in the medication cup.
p.18
Medication Administration Process
What are the 'Three Checks' in medication administration?
The 'Three Checks' involve verifying the medication three times before administration.
p.55
Principles of Drug Administration
What tools should be used for applying skin medications?
Use dressing applicators or gauze swabs and renew the swab for additional application.
p.46
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What must nurses do before administering a suspension to a patient?
Nurses should shake the suspension well before administering it.
p.32
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What should be checked regarding the expiration of medication?
Expiry date on the drug packing and/or drug label, and issue date of the medication on the drug label if the expiry date is not available.
p.47
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What should be done with excess liquid medication?
Discard it into another cup or use a calibrated syringe to draw it out.
p.44
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
Where can you find the dosage calculation picture for amoxicillin?
Retrieved from https://starhealth24.com/shop/amoxicillin/
p.27
Medication Administration Process
What is a medication cup used for?
To hold and administer medications.
p.53
Patient Education and Safety Measures
How many patient identifiers should be used before administering medication?
At least TWO patient identifiers.
p.29
Medication Administration Process
What is the first check in the medication administration process?
Before getting the medication from its container or packing.
p.39
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What is the dosage and frequency for Amoxycillin (Amoxil) as per the given implementation?
500mg, 3 times a day (TDS).
p.19
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
How do nurses advocate for patients' rights regarding medication safety?
By advocating for patients' rights regarding medication safety.
p.28
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What are the '3 checks' and '5 rights' in medication administration?
The '3 checks' involve checking the medication three times before administration, and the '5 rights' include the right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, and right time.
p.4
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What information must be included in a prescription?
The patient's name, drug name, dose, route, frequency, and physician's signature.
p.50
Nursing Process for Medication Administration
What are some examples of patient responses to medications that should be evaluated?
Bowel movements after laxatives, pain level after analgesics, and urine output after diuretics.
p.10
Drug Classifications and Categories
Name three examples of dangerous drugs.
Morphine, Ketamine, Diazepam.
p.46
Drug Classifications and Categories
What is an elixir?
An elixir is a liquid mixture where active ingredients are dissolved in a syrup or alcohol.
p.19
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What is the nurse's responsibility when errors or adverse reactions occur?
Report errors and adverse reactions promptly.
p.56
Principles of Drug Administration
Give an example of a transdermal patch and its use.
A nicotine patch is used for the cessation of tobacco smoking.
p.45
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
Where can you find the concentration information for a medication like amoxicillin?
On the medication label or the prescribing information, such as from a reliable source like https://starhealth24.com/shop/amoxicillin/
p.49
Medication Administration Process
What is the purpose of Cup 1 in the two-cup system?
Cup 1 is for already checked medications.
p.16
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What principles should be followed during medication administration?
Safe administration principles
p.35
Principles of Drug Administration
How are eye drops typically administered?
Eye drops are administered by tilting the head back, pulling down the lower eyelid to create a small pocket, and placing the prescribed number of drops into the pocket.
p.28
Patient Education and Safety Measures
What should be provided to the patient regarding their medication?
Appropriate drug education.
p.30
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What are the Five Rights of Medication Administration?
Right patient, Right drug, Right time, Right dose, Right route.
p.42
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
When should Cefazolin be administered according to the single order example?
When the operation theatre calls the ward staff that the patient is going to be sent for surgery.
p.23
Nursing Process for Medication Administration
What past history should be reviewed during the assessment?
Medical history, allergy history (food and drug), medication history, any adverse drug reactions.
p.37
Medication Administration Process
What does the abbreviation 'qd' stand for in medication administration?
Daily (not used in HA hospitals).
p.33
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What is the 'Right to refuse' in medication administration?
Acknowledging that patients can and do refuse to take medication.
p.44
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What is the final step in implementing a dosage calculation?
Divide the prescribed dosage by the dosage per tablet or capsule to find the number of tablets or capsules to be given.
p.39
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What is a routine order in drug administration?
Orders not written as STAT or PRN, usually carried out within 2 hours of the time the order is written by the doctor.
p.27
Medication Administration Process
What is a pill crusher used for?
To crush tablets into a powder form for easier administration.
p.18
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What should nurses include in a thorough patient assessment for safe drug administration?
Nurses should include allergies and current medications in their assessment.
p.10
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
When should the balance of dangerous drugs be checked?
After each administering and at regular time intervals.
p.3
Drug Classifications and Categories
What is the origin of the word 'medicine'?
It is derived from Latin meaning 'healing, or physician'.
p.9
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
Why is accurate record-keeping of drug administration details important?
For patient monitoring and accountability.
p.31
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What should be checked to ensure the right drug?
Both drug packing and prescription.
p.17
Side Effects vs. Adverse Effects
What is an adverse medication reaction?
An adverse medication reaction is an unwanted or harmful reaction experienced following the administration of a drug or combination of drugs under normal conditions of use.
p.31
Five Rights of Medication Administration
How should the right dose be verified?
Verify the dosage in the cup at the 2nd and 3rd dose.
p.44
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What is the formula to calculate the number of capsules to be given?
Number of capsules to be given = (Prescribed dosage) / (Dosage per capsule)
p.35
Principles of Drug Administration
How are drops administered to both ears?
Drops are administered to both ears by repeating the ear drop procedure for each ear separately.
p.7
Legislation and Standards for Controlled Substances
What are some common types of dangerous drugs?
Opium poppy, opium, morphine, heroin, narcotic analgesics, ketamine.
p.5
Drug Classifications and Categories
Give examples of drugs in Category 1 in Hong Kong.
Anti-hypertensive drugs, oral anti-diabetics, tranquillizers.
p.23
Nursing Process for Medication Administration
What does PRN medication stand for and when is it needed?
PRN stands for 'as necessary' or 'as required' medication, and it is needed based on the patient's condition.
p.36
Patient Education and Safety Measures
Which abbreviations should not be used for 'daily'?
QD, Q.D., qd, q.d., od, O.D.
p.8
Legislation and Standards for Controlled Substances
What are the main objectives of the Dangerous Drugs Ordnance (DDO) (Cap 134)?
To control and prevent drug abuse and trafficking.
p.53
Patient Education and Safety Measures
What should you ask the patient regarding allergies before administering medication?
Ask if the patient has any medication allergies.
p.56
Principles of Drug Administration
How should each type of transdermal medication be applied?
Each type of medication should be applied according to its specific directions.
p.21
Side Effects vs. Adverse Effects
What was Thalidomide initially used to treat?
Morning sickness in pregnant women.
p.10
Legislation and Standards for Controlled Substances
Where should all dangerous drugs be kept?
In a double door cabinet with double locks.
p.46
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
Why must nurses have accurate measurements when administering an elixir?
Due to the high drug concentration in elixirs.
p.47
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
Where should the medicine cup be placed when pouring liquid medication?
On a flat and firm surface.
p.9
Patient Education and Safety Measures
What aspects of drug use do nurses educate patients on?
Purpose, dosage, side effects, and precautions.
p.19
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
How do nurses collaborate to ensure safe drug administration practices?
By working with healthcare professionals to ensure safe practices.
p.33
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What is the 'Right reason' in medication administration?
The medication should be given for the correct reason based on the patient's condition.
p.57
Patient Education and Safety Measures
Should eye medication be used for both eyes if only one is affected?
No, use ONLY for the affected eye.
p.23
Nursing Process for Medication Administration
What should be checked to confirm a patient's identity during the assessment step?
Check the prescription carefully and make sure all MAR forms belong to the same patient.
p.7
Legislation and Standards for Controlled Substances
What legislation specifies dangerous drugs or substances?
Dangerous Drugs Ordinance (Cap 134).
p.17
Patient Education and Safety Measures
How can organisms be transferred to a patient during medication administration?
Organisms can be transferred to a patient during medication administration through contaminated equipment, improper hand hygiene, or non-sterile techniques.
p.40
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What does the abbreviation 'PO' stand for in drug orders?
'PO' stands for 'per oral,' meaning the medication is taken by mouth.
p.12
Drug Classifications and Categories
What are controlled substances?
Medications that are regulated by law due to their potential for abuse and dependence.
p.6
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What role do pharmacists play in the sale of drugs under supervised sales?
Pharmacists ensure that drugs under supervised sales are dispensed correctly and provide necessary information to the patient about their use.
p.12
Drug Classifications and Categories
What is an example of a Schedule V controlled substance?
Cough preparations with less than 200 milligrams of codeine per 100 milliliters.
p.27
Medication Administration Process
What is a measuring spoon used for in medication administration?
To measure and administer liquid medications accurately.
p.51
Medication Administration Process
Which types of medication orders require special attention in documentation?
PRN medication, stat, and once-only orders.
p.13
Drug Classifications and Categories
Who assigns the generic (nonproprietary) name of a drug?
The U.S. Adopted Names Council (USAN).
p.55
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What precaution should be taken during the application of skin medications?
Wear gloves during application as part of standard precautions.
p.45
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What formula can be used to calculate the correct dosage if you need to administer 250mg?
Dosage required (mg) / Concentration of medication (mg/mL) = Volume to administer (mL)
p.28
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What is essential to perform accurately before administering medication?
Accurate dosage calculation.
p.17
Patient Education and Safety Measures
What is cross-infection in the context of medication administration?
Cross-infection refers to the transfer of harmful organisms from one patient to another during the administration of medication.
p.40
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What does PRN stand for in medication orders?
PRN stands for 'pro re nata,' which means 'as required' by the patient's condition.
p.57
Patient Education and Safety Measures
Is it safe to share eye medication with others?
No, do not share medication with others.
p.41
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What does 'Q2H' indicate in a drug order?
'Q2H' indicates that the medication should be administered every 2 hours.
p.33
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What is the 'Right response' in medication administration?
Monitoring for the appropriate response by the patient after medication administration.
p.40
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What does the abbreviation 'Q4H' mean in medication frequency?
'Q4H' means the medication should be taken every 4 hours.
p.5
Drug Classifications and Categories
Give an example of a Category 2 drug in Hong Kong.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
p.9
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What should be done if there are any irregularities or non-compliance with the Ordinance?
The Department of Health must be notified immediately.
p.21
Side Effects vs. Adverse Effects
What adverse effect was later discovered with Thalidomide?
It caused the birth of thousands of babies with malformed limbs.
p.29
Medication Administration Process
When should you pour the required dosage into the cup?
After getting the medication out from the drug cart.
p.18
Patient Education and Safety Measures
What should nurses inform patients about regarding their medications?
Nurses should inform patients about the purpose and side effects of their medications.
p.20
Side Effects vs. Adverse Effects
What is a side effect?
A side effect can be both therapeutic and harmful and is an undesirable experience associated with the use of a medical product in a patient.
p.49
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What are the steps to follow for the subsequent medication in Cup 2?
Perform the 3-checks and 5-rights before transferring it to Cup 1.
p.31
Five Rights of Medication Administration
Why is it important to check the route of administration for the same drug?
Because the same drug may have different routes.
p.24
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What should you do if the drug allergy information on the MAR is left blank?
Do not administer the medication.
p.5
Drug Classifications and Categories
How should medicines in Category 1 be labelled in Hong Kong?
With the words 'prescription drugs 處方藥物'.
p.35
Medication Administration Process
What are the key steps in the implementation of administering eye or ear drops?
The key steps include verifying the medication, washing hands, positioning the patient, administering the drops, and ensuring the patient remains in position for a few minutes to allow absorption.
p.24
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
How can you verbally confirm a patient's allergy status?
By asking the patient if he/she is communicable.
p.23
Nursing Process for Medication Administration
Why is it important to assess a patient's knowledge and understanding of medication therapy?
To ensure the patient is informed and can comply with the medication regimen.
p.40
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What is the dosage and frequency for Paracetamol (Panadol) in the given example?
500mg every 4 hours (Q4H) or as necessary (PRN).
p.7
Legislation and Standards for Controlled Substances
What are some additional effects of ketamine?
It blocks normal thinking and most sensory input, and brings on temporary memory loss.
p.13
Drug Classifications and Categories
Which organizations routinely describe a medication by its generic name?
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
p.9
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What should nurses do if they encounter discrepancies, errors, or suspected drug diversion?
Promptly report them to maintain integrity and patient safety.
p.42
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What is a single order in drug administration?
A drug that is to be given only once and at a specific time.
p.22
Nursing Process for Medication Administration
What are the steps of the Nursing Process for Medication Administration?
Assessment, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation, Documentation.
p.41
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What does 'PO' stand for in medical prescriptions?
'PO' stands for per oral, meaning the medication is to be taken by mouth.
p.58
Medication Administration Process
How should the patient be positioned for eye instillation?
In a supine position or sitting back in a chair with the head slightly hyperextended.
p.41
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What is the dosage and frequency for the drug Piriton in the given example?
Piriton 4mg to be administered immediately (stat).
p.58
Medication Administration Process
What should the patient do after eye drops are instilled?
Close their eyes gently without squeezing the eyelids shut and blink.
p.5
Drug Classifications and Categories
Do drugs in Category 2 in Hong Kong require a doctor’s prescription?
No, but they have to be sold in registered pharmacies under the direction and supervision of registered pharmacists.
p.23
Nursing Process for Medication Administration
What should be considered in the treatment plan during the assessment?
Scheduled tests or procedures that require fasting (NPO – Nil per oral/mouth) or omitting drugs.
p.58
Medication Administration Process
How should eye ointments be applied?
Apply a thin stream evenly on the conjunctiva moving from the inner canthus to the outer canthus.
p.26
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What is an important step a nurse should take if a medication needs to be withheld?
Make an appropriate judgment to withhold the medication if needed.
p.31
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What factors should be considered to ensure the right time for medication administration?
Frequency, last dosage time, and duration.
p.57
Drug Classifications and Categories
For what conditions are eye instillations typically prescribed?
Eye infections, glaucoma, or after cataract extraction.
p.29
Medication Administration Process
What should you do after preparing the medication in the medication cup?
Perform the second check.
p.35
Principles of Drug Administration
How are drops administered to both eyes?
Drops are administered to both eyes by repeating the eye drop procedure for each eye separately.
p.20
Side Effects vs. Adverse Effects
How are side effects studied?
Side effects are studied during clinical trials and drug development to weigh the benefits of the medication versus the risks.
p.57
Patient Education and Safety Measures
When should eye medication be discarded after opening?
30 days after opening or according to the drug prescription or p.r.n.
p.7
Legislation and Standards for Controlled Substances
What is the effect of narcotic analgesics on the brain?
They slow down or depress the actions of the brain.
p.20
Side Effects vs. Adverse Effects
How do side effects compare to adverse effects in terms of severity?
Side effects are mild and self-resolving when compared to adverse effects, which are more severe and life-threatening.
p.58
Medication Administration Process
Where should eye drops be instilled?
Into the lower conjunctival sac.
p.6
Legislation and Standards for Controlled Substances
Why are some drugs classified under supervised sales?
Some drugs are classified under supervised sales to ensure they are used safely and appropriately, even though they do not require a prescription.
p.13
Drug Classifications and Categories
What is the chemical name of a drug?
The name assigned using standard nomenclature established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
p.26
Medication Administration Process
What are the key steps in the medication administration process?
Assessment, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation, and Documentation.
p.41
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What does the prescription 'Syrup Potassium Chloride (KCL) 2 gram PO Q2H x 3 doses stat' mean?
It means Syrup KCL 2 grams to be administered immediately by oral route at 10:00 (1st dose), 12:00 (2nd dose), 14:00 (3rd dose) then stop.
p.42
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What is an example of a single order for a patient going to surgery?
Cefazolin 1 gram IV x 1 on call to O.T.
p.5
Drug Classifications and Categories
What is required for drugs in Category 1 in Hong Kong?
They must be dispensed and sold on a doctor’s prescription in registered pharmacies under the direct supervision of registered pharmacists.
p.23
Nursing Process for Medication Administration
What aspects of a patient's current condition should be assessed?
Patient’s general condition, mental state, clinical status, diagnosis, lab results, level of cooperation and compliance, swallowing ability, etc.
p.40
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
When would a nurse administer a PRN medication?
When the patient requests it or if the patient has not had a bowel movement for 2 days as recorded.
p.12
Drug Classifications and Categories
What is the difference between generic and brand-name medications?
Generic medications contain the same active ingredients as brand-name medications but are typically less expensive.
p.44
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What is the second step in implementing a dosage calculation?
Find out the dosage per tablet or capsule.
p.5
Drug Classifications and Categories
How should medicines in Category 2 be labelled in Hong Kong?
With the words 'Drug under Supervised Sales 監督售賣藥物'.
p.20
Side Effects vs. Adverse Effects
Can adverse effects hinder the treatment?
Yes, adverse effects can hinder the treatment and lead to more complications.
p.7
Legislation and Standards for Controlled Substances
What are other categories of controlled substances besides narcotic analgesics and central nervous system depressants?
Stimulants, hypnotics, tranquilizers, and sedatives.
p.34
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What is required from the doctor for the sign-off process?
Doctor’s signature and sign-off date.
p.49
Medication Administration Process
What should be done after completing the checking of the medication in Cup 2?
Pour the medication back into Cup 1.
p.45
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What should you do after calculating the dosage to ensure accuracy?
Double-check the calculation and verify with another healthcare professional if possible.
p.33
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What does 'Right (appropriate) assessment data' refer to in medication administration?
Using the correct assessment data to determine the need for the medication.
p.17
Side Effects vs. Adverse Effects
What are unwanted effects related to the administration of medication?
Unwanted effects related to the administration of medication can include side effects, adverse reactions, and complications from improper administration techniques.
p.6
Drug Classifications and Categories
What is a drug under supervised sales?
A drug under supervised sales is a medication that can be sold without a prescription but must be dispensed by a pharmacist or under the supervision of a healthcare professional.
p.7
Legislation and Standards for Controlled Substances
What is ketamine classified as?
A central nervous system depressant.
p.5
Drug Classifications and Categories
What must be followed for Category 2 drugs to avoid health risks?
The method of use and dosage.
p.58
Medication Administration Process
Which should be instilled first if both an ointment and drops are ordered?
The drops should be instilled first.
p.5
Drug Classifications and Categories
What are Category 3 medicines often used for in Hong Kong?
To treat or alleviate minor illnesses.
p.35
Principles of Drug Administration
How are ear drops typically administered?
Ear drops are administered by tilting the head to the side, pulling the ear lobe to open the ear canal, and placing the prescribed number of drops into the ear.
p.24
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What should you do if the allergy status of a patient is unknown?
Do not administer the medication.
p.28
Medication Administration Process
What must be ensured after administering medication to the patient?
Ensure the patient has taken all the medication.
p.6
Drug Classifications and Categories
What is a prescription drug?
A prescription drug is a medication that can only be obtained with a written order from a licensed healthcare provider.
p.20
Side Effects vs. Adverse Effects
Are adverse effects typically studied during drug development?
No, adverse effects are not typically studied during drug development.
p.33
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What does the 'Right to education' entail in medication administration?
Ensuring the patient receives accurate and thorough information about the medication.
p.20
Side Effects vs. Adverse Effects
Do side effects hamper the main treatment?
No, side effects do not hamper the main treatment.
p.12
Drug Classifications and Categories
What are the five schedules of controlled substances?
Schedule I, Schedule II, Schedule III, Schedule IV, and Schedule V, with Schedule I having the highest potential for abuse and no accepted medical use.
p.17
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What types of injuries can occur during medication administration?
Injuries during medication administration can include physical harm from incorrect administration techniques, such as needle sticks, or complications from incorrect dosages.
p.40
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What is an example of a PRN order?
A doctor prescribing a laxative to a patient with constipation: 'Lactulose 10 ml PO BD PRN.'
p.44
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What information do you need to calculate the number of capsules to be given?
Prescribed dosage and dosage per capsule.
p.58
Medication Administration Process
What should be done after instilling eye drops?
Gently compress the tear duct.
p.12
Drug Classifications and Categories
What are over-the-counter (OTC) medications?
Medications that can be purchased without a prescription.
p.5
Drug Classifications and Categories
Where can Category 3 medicines be sold in Hong Kong?
In pharmacies or medicine stores without resident pharmacists.
p.5
Drug Classifications and Categories
Give examples of Category 3 drugs in Hong Kong.
Drugs for common cold, antipyretics, and painkillers.
p.33
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What is meant by 'Right documentation' in medication administration?
Properly documenting the medication given and monitoring the patient's response.
p.58
Medication Administration Process
Where should you avoid instilling eye medication directly?
Directly onto the cornea.
p.34
Five Rights of Medication Administration
What are the two identifiers used to ensure the right patient in medication administration?
At least two identifiers.
p.6
Legislation and Standards for Controlled Substances
Who can authorize the sale of prescription drugs?
Only licensed healthcare providers can authorize the sale of prescription drugs.
p.34
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What is required from the doctor for the sign-on process?
Doctor’s signature and sign-on date.
p.58
Medication Administration Process
What should be avoided to prevent contamination during eye instillation?
Avoid contaminating the dropper or ointment tube.
p.30
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What should be checked regarding the medication's validity?
Expiry date or issue date of medication.
p.32
Nurse Responsibilities in Drug Administration
What should be checked regarding allergy status?
Allergy status on the MAR form with physician’s signature.
p.12
Drug Classifications and Categories
What are the main categories of medications?
Prescription medications, over-the-counter (OTC) medications, and controlled substances.
p.44
Dosage Calculations and Drug Orders
What is the first step in implementing a dosage calculation?
Determine the prescribed dosage.
p.6
Drug Classifications and Categories
What is the main difference between prescription drugs and drugs under supervised sales?
Prescription drugs require a written order from a healthcare provider, while drugs under supervised sales can be sold without a prescription but must be dispensed by a pharmacist or under supervision.
p.7
Legislation and Standards for Controlled Substances
What effect does ketamine generate?
A 'dissociative' effect, making the mind feel 'separate' from the body.
