p.1
Definitions and Types of Renal Failure
What is the focus of Dr. Liu Peiyun's consultation?
Acute Kidney Injury, Chronic Kidney Disease, and End Stage Renal Failure.
p.9
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is the relationship between Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease?
They are part of a continuum where acute injury can lead to chronic disease.
p.45
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What causes fluid retention in the body?
Failure of sodium and free water excretion.
p.9
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What does end-stage renal failure indicate?
It indicates a severe decline in kidney function requiring dialysis or transplantation.
p.72
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What are the two types of vascular catheters used for haemodialysis access?
Temporary non-tunneled vascular catheter and tunneled vascular catheter.
p.17
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is one mechanism of injury in radiation nephropathy?
Damage to renal blood vessels resulting in ischaemic insult to the kidneys.
p.68
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What is a pleuro-peritoneal leak?
A leak between the pleural cavity and the peritoneal cavity.
p.18
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What effect does ionizing radiation have on chemical bonds?
It disrupts chemical bonds and knocks electrons out of atoms.
p.23
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is Contrast Induced Nephropathy (CIN)?
A generally reversible form of acute kidney injury that occurs soon after administration of radiocontrast media.
p.54
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What does the Singapore Renal Registry 2018 Report focus on?
Dialysis modality in Singapore.
p.45
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What is the result of fluid retention?
Extracellular volume expansion and total-body volume overload.
p.40
Chronic Kidney Disease: Stages and Causes
What role does Vitamin D play in bone health?
It helps in bone reabsorption.
p.16
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is post-renal acute kidney injury (AKI)?
AKI caused by urinary tract obstruction.
p.74
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What type of thrombus can occur in the right atrium due to vascular catheters?
Mural thrombus/right atrium thrombus.
p.19
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is filtered at the glomeruli and reabsorbed by tubular epithelium?
Radioisotope protein conjugate.
p.33
Signs and Symptoms of Renal Failure
What is a common characteristic of renal failure in its early stages?
Most patients are asymptomatic.
p.33
Signs and Symptoms of Renal Failure
What can occur in end-stage renal failure?
Breathlessness due to accumulation of fluid in the body.
p.10
Chronic Kidney Disease: Stages and Causes
What is the definition of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
Abnormalities of kidney structure or renal function present for more than 3 months, with implications for health.
p.37
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What complications can metabolic acidosis aggravate in patients with CKD?
Bone disease, protein/muscle wasting, CKD progression, and mortality.
p.40
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
How does a decrease in GFR affect phosphate levels?
It leads to decreased phosphate excretion, resulting in hyperphosphatemia.
p.21
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is a classical cause of kidney damage in patients at risk?
Post external beam radiation for treatment of solid cancers.
p.12
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
How can cardiac issues contribute to Acute Kidney Injury?
Cardiac-related causes can lead to decreased blood flow to the kidneys, resulting in injury.
p.14
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is pre-renal acute kidney injury (AKI)?
A type of kidney injury caused by inadequate blood flow to the kidneys.
p.25
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
Which journal published the study on Mehran’s CIN Risk Score?
JACC (Journal of the American College of Cardiology).
p.12
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What role do kidney stones play in Acute Kidney Injury?
Kidney stones can obstruct urine flow, leading to increased pressure and potential kidney damage.
p.14
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What are common causes of pre-renal AKI?
Dehydration, heart failure, and blood loss.
p.74
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What type of infection can occur at the exit site of a vascular catheter?
Exit site/tunnel track infection.
p.28
Chronic Kidney Disease: Stages and Causes
What is the term for kidney damage caused by high blood pressure?
Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis.
p.25
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What is Mehran’s CIN Risk Score used for?
To assess the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing procedures involving contrast media.
p.42
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What are some traditional cardiovascular risk factors that should be controlled in CKD patients?
Obesity, smoking, diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension, and lipids.
p.38
Drug Dosing Considerations in Renal Impairment
Which class of medications is preferred for controlling blood pressure?
ACE inhibitors (ACEi) or Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB).
p.79
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What does the KDIGO 2012 Guideline recommend for people with CKD regarding physical activity?
They should be encouraged to undertake physical activity compatible with cardiovascular health and tolerance, aiming for at least 30 minutes 5 times per week.
p.10
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What guidelines provide the clinical practice for the evaluation and management of Chronic Kidney Disease?
KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline.
p.16
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is a common cause of post-renal AKI?
Urinary tract obstruction.
p.85
Drug Dosing Considerations in Renal Impairment
Which agents are important to consider for dosing adjustments in renal impairment?
Oral hypoglycemic agents.
p.72
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What are the two types of arteriovenous grafts?
Loop graft and straight graft.
p.1
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
Where does Dr. Liu Peiyun work?
Singapore General Hospital.
p.83
Drug Dosing Considerations in Renal Impairment
How does chronic kidney disease (CKD) affect drug elimination?
It affects renal drug elimination, potentially leading to accumulation of both metabolite and parent compound.
p.52
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is a key reason to avoid unplanned initiation of Renal Replacement Therapy (RRT)?
To prevent infective complications associated with vascular catheters.
p.45
Patient Management and Dietary Considerations in CKD
What dietary changes can help manage fluid retention?
Fluid restriction and a low salt diet.
p.28
Chronic Kidney Disease: Stages and Causes
Which report provides data on renal health in Singapore?
Singapore Renal Registry 2018 Report.
p.80
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What is VO2peak and why is it significant in ESRD patients?
VO2peak is a measure of exercise capacity and an independent predictor of mortality in ESRD patients.
p.56
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What are the criteria for deceased donor renal transplants?
Standard criteria, expanded criteria, and donation after cardiac death.
p.49
Patient Management and Dietary Considerations in CKD
What are common strategies in conservative management of CKD?
Dietary modifications, blood pressure control, and management of comorbidities.
p.17
Chronic Kidney Disease: Stages and Causes
What can patients who develop acute radiation nephritis progress to?
Chronic kidney disease and subsequently end stage renal failure.
p.74
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What are some causes of occlusion in vascular catheters?
Blood clot/fibrin, fibrin sheath, kink.
p.13
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is a common cause of glomerular disease leading to acute kidney injury?
Inflammation, specifically glomerulonephritis.
p.49
Chronic Kidney Disease: Stages and Causes
Why is early intervention important in CKD?
To prevent or delay the transition to ESRF.
p.27
Chronic Kidney Disease: Stages and Causes
What is one cause of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
Chronic Obstructive Uropathy.
p.28
Chronic Kidney Disease: Stages and Causes
Which condition involves inflammation of the kidney's filtering units and can lead to Chronic Kidney Disease?
Chronic Glomerulonephritis.
p.69
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What can cause catheter obstruction in PD?
Fibrin, kink, omentum wrapping, and tip migration.
p.39
Chronic Kidney Disease: Stages and Causes
What is Mineral Bone Disease?
A condition characterized by abnormalities in bone metabolism and mineralization.
p.41
Patient Management and Dietary Considerations in CKD
What are some options for symptomatic relief in renal failure?
Dialysis or symptomatic relief treatments.
p.55
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
Which report provides information on survival outcomes of dialysis modalities?
Singapore Renal Registry 2018 Report.
p.72
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
Name the three types of arteriovenous fistulas.
Radiocephalic, brachiocephalic, and brachiobasilic.
p.81
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What should dialysis patients be regularly encouraged to do?
Increase their level of physical activity.
p.52
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What benefit does timely initiation of RRT provide?
Allows timely dialysis access placement.
What is hyperkalaemia?
A condition characterized by reduced excretion of potassium from the kidneys.
p.83
Drug Dosing Considerations in Renal Impairment
How does CKD affect nonrenal clearance of medications?
It may lead to alterations due to changes in the activities of uptake and efflux transporters as well as cytochrome P450 in the liver and other organs.
p.54
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What is the significance of the Singapore Renal Registry?
It provides data and insights on renal health and dialysis practices in Singapore.
p.86
Definitions and Types of Renal Failure
In what context might someone say 'Thank You 86'?
It could imply gratitude for something that has been removed or resolved.
p.37
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is a key characteristic of metabolic acidosis related to kidney function?
Kidneys are unable to produce enough ammonia in the proximal tubules to excrete endogenous acid as ammonium.
p.7
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is anuria?
Urine output less than 100 ml/day.
p.61
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is the function of a semi-permeable membrane in dialysis?
It allows certain substances to pass while blocking others.
p.50
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is the long-term plan for a patient transitioning from CKD to ESRF?
Conservative renal replacement therapy.
p.83
Drug Dosing Considerations in Renal Impairment
What factors can be altered in drug pharmacokinetics due to CKD?
Drug absorption, bioavailability, protein binding, distribution volume, and nonrenal clearance.
p.11
Chronic Kidney Disease: Stages and Causes
What does the green stage indicate in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
Low risk (if no other markers of kidney disease, no CKD).
p.73
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is a tunneled catheter?
A vascular catheter that is inserted under the skin and tunneled to a central vein.
p.11
Chronic Kidney Disease: Stages and Causes
What does the yellow stage indicate in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
Moderately increased risk.
p.67
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What is peritonitis?
An infection of the peritoneum, often indicated by cloudy dialysate in PD.
p.8
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is the first stage of Acute Kidney Injury according to KDIGO?
Stage 1: Increase in serum creatinine of 0.3 mg/dL or more within 48 hours.
p.9
Chronic Kidney Disease: Stages and Causes
What is a potential outcome for patients with Acute Kidney Injury?
Patients may not fully recover and can progress to end-stage renal failure.
p.7
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is non-oliguric AKI?
AKI with urine output greater than 400 ml/day.
p.68
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What are the types of hernias associated with mechanical complications in PD?
Inguinal, femoral, ventral, umbilical, and paraumbilical hernias.
p.68
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What is a peri-catheter leak?
A leak occurring around the catheter, often accompanied by subcutaneous edema.
p.69
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What are the two types of flow issues that can occur in PD?
Inflow and outflow problems.
p.59
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is a single kidney transplant?
A surgical procedure where a healthy kidney from a donor is transplanted into a recipient with kidney failure.
p.80
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
How does exercise affect dialysis patients?
Exercise improves oxygen peak consumption and strength in dialysis patients.
p.20
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is the accepted threshold dose of photon irradiation that can cause radiation nephropathy?
A total dose of 23Gy, fractionated in 20 doses over 4 weeks.
p.16
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
How does urinary tract obstruction lead to post-renal AKI?
It causes increased pressure in the urinary system, leading to kidney damage.
p.80
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What type of exercise equipment is used for cycling during dialysis?
A modified exercise bike attached to the end of the patient’s couch.
p.84
Drug Dosing Considerations in Renal Impairment
What can inappropriate dosing in renal patients cause?
Toxicity or ineffective therapy.
What causes hyperphosphataemia?
Reduced excretion of phosphate from the kidneys.
p.16
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What factors can contribute to urinary tract obstruction?
Kidney stones, tumors, or enlarged prostate.
p.86
Definitions and Types of Renal Failure
What is the significance of the number 86?
It is often used as a slang term meaning to remove or get rid of something.
p.42
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
Why is it important to control cardiovascular risk factors in CKD patients?
To reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, which is a leading cause of death.
p.38
Drug Dosing Considerations in Renal Impairment
Name two other classes of medications used to control blood pressure.
Beta blockers and calcium channel blockers.
p.37
Patient Management and Dietary Considerations in CKD
What is a potential treatment approach for metabolic acidosis in CKD?
Prescribing to decrease acidity in blood to reduce CKD progression.
p.82
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What is a common barrier to exercise in dialysis patients related to exercise modality?
Uncertainty about optimal modality and dose of exercise.
p.39
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
How is Mineral Bone Disease diagnosed?
Through blood tests, imaging studies, and assessment of symptoms.
p.52
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
How does early RRT initiation affect transplantation?
It allows for transplantation referral for consideration of preemptive renal transplant.
p.73
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is the primary use of vascular catheters?
To provide access for dialysis or other medical treatments.
p.81
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
How should patients who are not currently active begin their exercise routine?
At very low levels and durations, gradually progressing to the recommended level.
p.59
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is the source of the kidney in a single kidney transplant?
The kidney can come from a living donor or a deceased donor.
What are phosphate binders used for?
To manage hyperphosphataemia.
p.7
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What defines oliguria in the context of AKI?
Urine output less than 400 ml/day.
p.6
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What does an increase in creatinine levels indicate in the context of Acute Kidney Injury?
It indicates a decline in kidney function.
p.17
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is radiation nephropathy?
Renal injury and loss of function caused by ionizing radiation.
p.1
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
Which department is Dr. Liu Peiyun associated with?
Department of Renal Medicine.
p.12
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What are some common infectious causes of Acute Kidney Injury?
Infections can lead to Acute Kidney Injury through sepsis or urinary tract infections.
p.37
Patient Management and Dietary Considerations in CKD
How can treatment for metabolic acidosis affect CKD progression?
Treatment may reduce the CKD progression rate.
p.8
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What does KDIGO stand for?
Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes.
p.3
Nephron Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the glomerulus?
To filter blood and form urine.
p.68
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What are the symptoms of a pleuro-peritoneal leak?
Vulva or scrotal swelling.
p.60
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is a dual kidney transplant?
A surgical procedure where two kidneys are transplanted into a single recipient.
p.29
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is a potential mechanism of progressive loss of nephrons in Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
Glomerular hypertension leading to glomerulosclerosis.
p.58
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What age qualifies a donor as an Expanded Criteria Donor (ECD)?
50 - 59 years of age with specific health criteria or ≥ 60 years of age.
p.58
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What are the health criteria that can classify a donor aged 50-59 as ECD?
Terminal Cr > 1.5 mg/dl, death due to CVA, hypertension, or diabetes mellitus of any age.
p.14
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What compensatory mechanisms may occur in response to pre-renal AKI?
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and increased sympathetic nervous system activity.
p.74
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What is a common complication associated with vascular catheters?
Catheter related blood stream infection.
p.85
Drug Dosing Considerations in Renal Impairment
What is a key consideration when dosing drugs in renal impairment?
Adjustments may be needed for diuretics, antimicrobials, oral hypoglycemic agents, and analgesics.
p.71
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is the primary function of a dialyser in haemodialysis?
To remove waste products and excess water from the blood.
p.56
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What are the types of living donor renal transplants?
Living related, living unrelated (e.g., spousal donation), and ABO incompatible.
p.49
Patient Management and Dietary Considerations in CKD
What is the focus of conservative management in CKD?
To slow the progression of the disease and manage symptoms.
p.3
Nephron Structure and Function
What is the glomerulus?
A network of capillaries located at the beginning of a nephron, responsible for filtering blood.
p.39
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What are common causes of Mineral Bone Disease?
Chronic kidney disease, vitamin D deficiency, and imbalances in calcium and phosphorus.
p.83
Drug Dosing Considerations in Renal Impairment
What may cause an increase in the volume of distribution in CKD patients?
Decreased protein binding, increased tissue binding, or alteration in body composition (e.g., fluid overload).
p.21
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What recent treatment has increased the risk of kidney damage?
Total body irradiation (TBI) used before hematopoietic stem cell transplant.
p.42
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What are non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors in CKD patients?
Factors that are not typically associated with cardiovascular disease but may affect CKD patients.
p.61
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is a dialysate solution?
A solution consisting of electrolytes dissolved in water.
p.56
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What does ABO incompatible mean in the context of renal transplantation?
It refers to transplants where the donor and recipient have different blood types.
p.59
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What are the potential benefits of a single kidney transplant?
Improved kidney function, better quality of life, and reduced need for dialysis.
p.21
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What type of therapy is associated with kidney risk in neuroendocrine malignancies?
Targeted radionuclide therapy.
p.36
Chronic Kidney Disease: Stages and Causes
What happens to the lifespan of red blood cells (RBC) in patients with CKD?
The lifespan of RBC is shortened to 60-90 days.
p.6
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What is the significance of monitoring creatinine levels in patients with Acute Kidney Injury?
It helps assess the severity and progression of kidney damage.
p.72
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is an arteriovenous fistula?
A surgical connection between an artery and a vein, used for haemodialysis access.
p.71
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
How does blood become purified during haemodialysis?
Waste products diffuse from the blood across the membrane of the dialyser's tiny capillaries.
p.67
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What is a tunnel track infection in the context of peritoneal dialysis?
An infection that occurs along the catheter tunnel from the exit site to the peritoneal cavity.
p.39
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What are the symptoms of Mineral Bone Disease?
Bone pain, fractures, and deformities.
p.8
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What is the purpose of the KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline?
To provide a framework for the diagnosis and management of Acute Kidney Injury.
p.73
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is a non-tunneled catheter?
A vascular catheter that is inserted directly into a central vein without tunneling.
p.79
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What benefits are associated with regular exercise in adults with CKD?
Improved physical fitness, cardiovascular dimensions, and health-related quality of life.
p.5
Definitions and Types of Renal Failure
What factors influence normal creatinine levels?
Age, gender, and body size.
p.56
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is meant by 'donation after cardiac death'?
It refers to organ donation that occurs after a donor's heart has stopped beating.
p.23
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is a key characteristic of CIN regarding its reversibility?
CIN is generally reversible.
p.46
Patient Management and Dietary Considerations in CKD
What is the role of a dietician in managing CKD patients?
Dietician input is paramount, especially for non-compliant patients.
p.11
Chronic Kidney Disease: Stages and Causes
What is mentioned as toxic in relation to protein?
Protein in the wine protein area.
p.62
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What role does the peritoneal membrane play in Peritoneal Dialysis?
It filters waste and fluids from blood into the PD solution.
p.51
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What are the options if a patient is not keen on renal transplant?
Continue with Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) or Hemodialysis (HD).
p.4
Nephron Structure and Function
What is the function of the renal corpuscle?
To filter blood and form urine.
p.71
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What happens to the blood after it is purified in the dialyser?
It is returned to the patient’s body through larger tubes.
p.58
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is a Standard Criteria Donor (SCD)?
A deceased donor who does not meet the criteria for Expanded Criteria Donor (ECD).
p.5
Definitions and Types of Renal Failure
What is creatinine?
A waste product derived from muscle metabolism, present in the bloodstream and excreted in urine.
p.21
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
How can cytotoxic chemotherapy affect kidney risk?
It can potentiate the effects of ionizing radiation.
p.12
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
How can an enlarged prostate affect kidney function?
An enlarged prostate can obstruct the urinary tract, causing urine retention and kidney injury.
p.61
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
Why do electrolyte levels in dialysate resemble those in human blood?
To reduce the loss of electrolytes from blood into the dialysate during dialysis.
p.8
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What characterizes Stage 2 of Acute Kidney Injury in KDIGO staging?
Increase in serum creatinine of 2.0 to 2.9 times the baseline.
p.82
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What psychological barrier do dialysis patients often face regarding exercise?
Lack of motivation by patients.
p.60
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What side is the right kidney typically transplanted on?
The right side of the body.
p.77
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What syndrome can occur due to rapid changes during dialysis?
Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome.
p.22
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
Why is renal tissue affected later after radiation exposure?
Due to slower cell turnover rates in renal tissue.
p.47
Chronic Kidney Disease: Stages and Causes
What is a key goal in managing CKD?
Retardation of Progression.
p.65
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD)?
A modality where dialysis exchanges are performed 3-4 times during the day, with PD solution remaining in the abdomen for 4-6 hours before draining.
p.15
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is pre-renal acute kidney injury (AKI)?
A type of kidney injury caused by inadequate blood flow to the kidneys.
p.77
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What can cause fluid shifts to the brain during dialysis?
Rapid changes in blood volume.
p.15
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
How does decreased blood flow affect kidney function in pre-renal AKI?
It leads to reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
p.2
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What are common causes of renal failure?
Conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, and glomerulonephritis.
p.2
Signs and Symptoms of Renal Failure
What are common signs and symptoms of renal failure?
Fatigue, swelling, changes in urination, and confusion.
p.57
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What complication related to dialysis is avoided through renal transplantation?
Complications related to dialysis access and treatment.
p.79
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
According to a Cochrane review, how often should adults with CKD exercise to improve health outcomes?
Regularly for more than 30 minutes per session for 3 sessions per week.
p.40
Chronic Kidney Disease: Stages and Causes
What is a consequence of hyperphosphatemia in renal disease?
It can lead to mineral bone disease.
p.18
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What do oxygen radicals generated by ionizing radiation cause?
Prompt DNA injury within milliseconds of irradiation.
p.81
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What is the recommended goal for cardiovascular exercise in dialysis patients?
Moderate intensity for 30 minutes most days of the week.
p.14
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
How does decreased blood flow affect kidney function in pre-renal AKI?
It leads to reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and impaired kidney function.
p.73
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is a key difference between tunneled and non-tunneled catheters?
Tunneled catheters are placed under the skin, while non-tunneled catheters are not.
p.20
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What happens if only one kidney is irradiated with a threshold or higher dose?
Renal failure from radiation nephropathy will not occur, but radiation injury will occur in that kidney.
p.59
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is a common concern after a single kidney transplant?
The risk of organ rejection and the need for immunosuppressive medications.
p.84
Drug Dosing Considerations in Renal Impairment
What adjustments are required for maintenance doses in renal patients?
Dose reduction and lengthening dosing intervals.
p.58
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is the difference between cardiopulmonary criteria and neurologic criteria for declaring death?
Cardiopulmonary criteria involve irreversible cessation of circulatory and respiratory function, while neurologic criteria involve irreversible loss of all brain functions.
p.29
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
How does hyperglycemia affect nephron loss in CKD?
It can lead to diabetic nephropathy and increased nephron damage.
p.47
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is an important aspect of treating CKD?
Treatment of the underlying cause.
What effect does elevated serum phosphate levels have on calcium?
It causes increased calcium-phosphate binding.
p.22
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is a characteristic of renal injury expression post-radiation?
Delayed expression of renal injury.
p.46
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What is a consequence of non-compliance with dietary restrictions in CKD?
Recurrent fluid overload and hyperkalaemia.
p.64
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What role do family members play in peritoneal dialysis?
They can assist if patients are unable to perform therapy themselves.
p.70
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is the purpose of the second needle during haemodialysis?
To return cleansed blood to the body.
p.32
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What types of history are important in evaluating renal failure?
Family history, drug history, and past medical history.
p.2
Definitions and Types of Renal Failure
How is renal failure defined?
A condition where the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste from the blood.
p.2
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What are some complications associated with renal failure?
Anemia, bone disease, and cardiovascular issues.
p.59
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
Why might a patient need a single kidney transplant?
Due to end-stage renal disease or severe kidney dysfunction.
p.3
Nephron Structure and Function
Where is the glomerulus located?
At the beginning of a nephron.
p.20
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
Under what condition will CKD not occur from irradiation?
If the total irradiated renal volume is less than 30% of both kidneys.
p.16
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What are potential consequences of untreated urinary tract obstruction?
Progression to chronic kidney disease or kidney failure.
p.62
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is the first step in Peritoneal Dialysis?
A PD catheter is inserted permanently into the abdomen.
p.5
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What does GFR stand for?
Glomerular filtration rate.
p.29
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What role does inflammation play in the progression of CKD?
Inflammation can exacerbate nephron injury and fibrosis.
p.8
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What defines Stage 3 of Acute Kidney Injury according to KDIGO?
Increase in serum creatinine of 3.0 times the baseline or initiation of renal replacement therapy.
p.31
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is the primary focus of the article by Lin et al. in the Journal of the Formosan Medical Association?
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Nephropathy.
p.18
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
Which organization is associated with the Onco-Nephrology Curriculum?
American Society of Nephrology.
p.34
Nephron Structure and Function
How do the kidneys contribute to electrolyte balance?
By regulating the levels of sodium, potassium, and calcium in the blood.
p.4
Nephron Structure and Function
What are the main components of a nephron?
The renal corpuscle and the renal tubule.
p.34
Nephron Structure and Function
What is the function of the kidneys in waste elimination?
They filter out waste products from the blood and excrete them in urine.
p.62
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is the inflow and outflow time during an exchange?
Inflow takes 10 minutes and outflow takes 20 minutes.
p.34
Nephron Structure and Function
How do the kidneys affect red blood cell production?
By producing erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow.
p.63
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What role does diffusion play in peritoneal dialysis?
It helps in the movement of uremic toxins across the peritoneal membrane.
What are the uncertain benefit measures for preventing CIN according to the guidelines?
N-acetylcysteine and intravenous sodium bicarbonate.
p.4
Nephron Structure and Function
What is the collecting duct's function?
To collect urine from multiple nephrons and transport it to the renal pelvis.
p.15
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is the significance of urine output in pre-renal AKI?
Urine output may decrease as the kidneys conserve water due to low blood flow.
p.63
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is intraabdominal pressure's relevance in peritoneal dialysis?
It can affect the efficiency of dialysis and patient comfort.
p.29
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
How does tubulointerstitial fibrosis contribute to CKD?
It leads to nephron damage and loss of function.
p.79
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What potential effect does physical activity have on renal function in CKD patients?
It may be associated with a slower decline in renal function.
p.30
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is the primary focus of the article by Yamaguchi et al.?
The pathophysiology of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).
p.81
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
Why might exercise immediately after dialysis be poorly tolerated?
Due to postural hypotension, dizziness, and washout sensations.
p.82
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What health concerns limit exercise in dialysis patients?
Safety and health concerns, including fatigue and shortness of breath.
p.78
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What is the relationship between CKD patients and physical functioning?
CKD patients have poor physical functioning and reduced exercise capacity, which is associated with increased all-cause mortality.
p.34
Nephron Structure and Function
What role do the kidneys play in acid-base balance?
They help maintain the pH level of the blood by excreting hydrogen ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate.
p.35
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What type of complications can renal failure lead to in the cardiovascular system?
Cardiovascular complications.
p.47
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What should be evaluated and managed in CKD patients?
Complications associated with CKD.
p.24
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What type of administration of radiocontrast poses a higher risk?
Intra-arterial administration.
p.32
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What family history should be considered in the evaluation of renal failure?
Family history of renal disease.
p.64
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is a significant difference between peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis?
Peritoneal dialysis is painless and does not involve needling.
p.65
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is Continuous Cycling Peritoneal Dialysis (CCPD)?
A type of automated peritoneal dialysis that includes a day dwell.
p.70
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is the structure of the dialyser?
Made of tiny capillaries.
p.32
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What investigations are conducted in the evaluation of renal failure?
Blood tests, urine tests, imaging, and renal biopsy.
p.32
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What might lower limb swelling indicate in a patient with renal failure?
Fluid retention due to impaired kidney function.
p.82
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What is a timing-related barrier for exercise interventions in dialysis patients?
Uncertainty about the best time for intervention (intra vs extra dialytic therapy).
p.3
Nephron Structure and Function
What type of blood vessels make up the glomerulus?
A network of capillaries.
p.84
Drug Dosing Considerations in Renal Impairment
How should dosages of drugs cleared renally be adjusted?
According to the glomerular filtration rate of the patient.
p.77
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What are common intradialytic complications related to blood pressure?
Hypertension and hypotension.
p.81
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What considerations should dialysis patients take into account when exercising?
They may need to modify routines to match their dialysis schedule due to potential postural hypotension, dizziness, and washout sensations.
p.82
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What is a barrier related to the treatment team in promoting exercise for dialysis patients?
Lack of enthusiasm from treatment team and providers.
p.4
Nephron Structure and Function
What is a nephron?
The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney.
p.46
Patient Management and Dietary Considerations in CKD
What dietary restrictions are important for CKD patients?
Fluid restriction, salt intake, low potassium diet, and low phosphate diet.
p.64
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is a key characteristic of peritoneal dialysis?
It is a home-based therapy.
p.70
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
How long does each haemodialysis session last?
About 4 hours, depending on body size and medical condition.
p.36
Patient Management and Dietary Considerations in CKD
What is one treatment option for anemia in CKD patients?
Subcutaneous erythropoietin injections.
p.76
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
List one benefit of haemodialysis.
Improves volume and blood pressure control.
p.75
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What condition can result from high blood flow in arteriovenous access?
High Outflow Cardiac Failure.
p.35
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
How can renal failure affect a patient's diet?
It can lead to malnutrition.
p.34
Nephron Structure and Function
What is the role of the kidneys in vitamin D metabolism?
They convert vitamin D into its active form, calcitriol, which is important for calcium absorption.
p.65
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What does 'cap up' mean in the context of peritoneal dialysis?
It refers to keeping the abdomen dry overnight.
p.4
Nephron Structure and Function
What is Bowman's capsule?
A cup-like structure that encases the glomerulus and collects filtrate.
p.34
Nephron Structure and Function
What is the function of the kidneys in detoxification?
They filter and remove toxins and drugs from the bloodstream.
p.15
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What compensatory mechanisms may occur in response to pre-renal AKI?
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).
p.70
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What happens to the blood during haemodialysis?
It is pumped from the body to the dialyser for cleansing.
p.63
Patient Management and Dietary Considerations in CKD
What effect can glucose in the dialysate have on patients?
It may lead to constipation and absorption of extra fluid.
p.2
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What role does physiotherapy play in renal disease?
It helps improve physical function and quality of life for patients.
p.60
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What does 'ameside' refer to in the context of kidney transplants?
It is unclear; further context is needed to define 'ameside' in this context.
p.39
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What treatments are available for Mineral Bone Disease?
Calcium and vitamin D supplements, phosphate binders, and medications to manage parathyroid hormone levels.
p.47
Patient Management and Dietary Considerations in CKD
What is the first step in the management of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)?
Prevention of CKD Development.
p.84
Drug Dosing Considerations in Renal Impairment
Do loading doses need to be adjusted in renal impairment?
Usually, loading doses do not need to be adjusted.
p.58
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What defines a Donor after Cardiac Death (DCD)?
Death declared based on cardiopulmonary criteria rather than neurologic criteria.
p.5
Nephron Structure and Function
What is the function of glomeruli in the kidneys?
They filter waste from the blood.
p.64
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
Where can peritoneal dialysis be performed aside from home?
At work or on trips, with careful supervision.
p.31
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What enzyme is mentioned in relation to diabetic nephropathy?
Angiotensin converting enzyme.
p.5
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What is haematuria?
The presence of blood in urine, which is a marker of kidney damage.
p.70
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is the purpose of one needle during haemodialysis?
To remove blood from the body.
p.4
Nephron Structure and Function
What is the role of the renal tubule?
To reabsorb water and essential substances, and secrete waste products.
p.34
Nephron Structure and Function
How do the kidneys contribute to fluid balance?
By adjusting the volume of urine produced based on the body's hydration status.
p.63
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is the significance of the tonicity of the dialysate solution?
It affects fluid movement and the efficiency of toxin removal during dialysis.
p.63
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is dwell time in the context of peritoneal dialysis?
The period during which the dialysate remains in the abdominal cavity to facilitate toxin removal.
p.57
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
How does renal transplantation affect metabolic abnormalities?
It corrects metabolic abnormalities.
p.80
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
When is cycling considered safe during dialysis?
During the first hour or two of dialysis.
p.20
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
Can lower radiation doses cause kidney injury?
Yes, lower radiation doses may still cause kidney injury after many years of follow-up.
p.60
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is the significance of the 'S' in the context of kidney transplants?
Further context is needed to clarify the meaning of 'S'.
p.80
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What is the difference between intradialytic and extra dialytic therapy?
Intradialytic therapy tends to have higher adherence compared to extra dialytic therapy.
p.13
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What type of disease involves inflammation of small blood vessels and can lead to acute kidney injury?
Small Vessel Disease, specifically vasculitis.
p.34
Nephron Structure and Function
What is one primary function of the kidneys?
Regulation of blood pressure.
p.36
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What effect do uraemic toxins have on platelets in CKD patients?
They induce platelet dysfunction and increase bleeding tendencies.
p.51
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is the first step if a patient is keen on a renal transplant?
Register for the waitlist.
p.65
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is Automated Peritoneal Dialysis (APD)?
A modality performed by a cycler while the patient sleeps at night, typically attached to the machine for 8-10 hours.
p.15
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What are common causes of pre-renal AKI?
Dehydration, heart failure, and blood loss.
p.65
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is Nocturnal Intermittent Peritoneal Dialysis (NIPD)?
A modality where the abdomen is dry during the day and dialysis occurs overnight.
p.2
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What is a key method for evaluating renal failure?
Measuring serum creatinine levels and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
p.2
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What are the main types of renal replacement therapies?
Transplant, peritoneal dialysis, and haemodialysis.
p.18
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What type of tissues can be injured by radiation therapy?
Irradiated normal tissues, such as the kidney.
p.75
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What is primary failure in the context of arteriovenous access?
The inability of the fistula or graft to mature and function properly.
p.36
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is the hypothesis regarding uremia's effect on bone marrow?
Uremia contributes to bone marrow suppression.
p.78
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What percentage of exercise capacity do CKD patients have compared to healthy, sedentary individuals?
Approximately 50% of the exercise capacity of non-uraemic, healthy, sedentary people.
p.48
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What organization provides guidelines for kidney disease management?
National Kidney Foundation / Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative (NKF/KDOQI).
p.47
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is important for planning renal replacement therapy?
Timing and planning for renal replacement therapy.
p.70
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
How is the patient connected to the dialysis machine?
Via tubing through a vein in the arm.
p.32
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What are some symptoms of complications of renal failure?
Vomiting, loss of appetite, breathlessness, lower limb swelling, and itching.
p.15
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
How can pre-renal AKI be differentiated from intrinsic AKI?
By assessing urine output and specific gravity, along with BUN and creatinine levels.
p.57
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
How does renal transplantation impact quality of life?
It improves quality of life.
p.57
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What can renal transplantation aggravate in patients?
Pre-existing comorbidities.
p.14
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What is the significance of recognizing pre-renal AKI early?
Early recognition can prevent progression to intrinsic renal injury and improve outcomes.
p.24
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What are nephrotoxins?
Substances that can cause damage to the kidneys.
p.5
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What does proteinuria indicate?
The presence of greater than normal amounts of protein in the urine.
p.48
Patient Management and Dietary Considerations in CKD
What is a long-term plan for patients transitioning from CKD to ESRF?
Counseling and preemptive renal transplant.
How can phosphate absorption from food be reduced?
By using phosphate binders.
p.46
Patient Management and Dietary Considerations in CKD
Why might CKD patients require a low potassium diet?
To manage recurrent hyperkalaemia, which limits the use of ARB/ACE inhibitors.
p.64
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
How does daily therapy in peritoneal dialysis affect treatment?
It makes it a gentler treatment with lesser food restrictions.
p.24
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
Which type of radiocontrast is associated with higher renal risk?
Hyperosmolar radiocontrast.
p.4
Nephron Structure and Function
What is the significance of the loop of Henle?
It plays a crucial role in concentrating urine and conserving water.
p.63
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What are the membrane characteristics relevant to peritoneal dialysis?
Membranes can be categorized as low transporter, low average, high average, or high transporter.
p.32
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What is a renal bruit?
A sound heard over the kidneys indicating possible vascular issues.
p.2
Drug Dosing Considerations in Renal Impairment
Why is drug dosing important in renal impairment?
Because impaired kidneys can affect drug clearance, leading to toxicity.
p.57
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What type of drug-related issue can occur after renal transplantation?
Toxicities of drugs due to immunosuppression.
p.29
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What is the impact of systemic hypertension on CKD progression?
It can worsen kidney function and accelerate nephron loss.
p.20
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What can happen to the unirradiated kidney after severe unilateral renal scarring?
It is likely to become damaged from renin-mediated hypertension.
p.51
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What should be done if a living donor is available for renal transplant?
Continue with the transplant process.
p.82
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
How can frequent hospitalization affect exercise training in dialysis patients?
Frequent hospitalization and clinical status changes can interrupt training.
p.24
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What procedural factor increases the risk of renal failure?
Increased dose of radiocontrast.
p.64
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What advantage does peritoneal dialysis provide in terms of patient experience?
It allows more flexibility and patient ownership.
p.51
Contraindications to Renal Transplant
What are the contraindications to renal transplant?
Specific medical conditions that prevent a successful transplant.
p.78
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
How does physical inactivity affect cardiovascular risk in CKD patients?
Cardiovascular risk is increased with physical inactivity.
p.4
Nephron Structure and Function
What is the glomerulus?
A network of capillaries involved in the filtration of blood.
p.48
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What are non-dialytic therapies?
Treatment options that do not involve dialysis.
p.57
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is one major benefit of renal transplantation?
Improved patient survival.
p.57
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is a financial benefit of renal transplantation?
Reduced healthcare costs.
p.23
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What must be absent for a diagnosis of CIN?
An alternative explanation for the acute decline in renal function.
p.47
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
How is the severity of CKD assessed?
By estimating and monitoring GFR (Glomerular Filtration Rate).
What is hypocalcaemia?
A condition caused by decreased intestinal calcium absorption due to low plasma calcitriol levels.
p.4
Nephron Structure and Function
How many nephrons are typically found in a human kidney?
Approximately 1 million nephrons.
p.84
Drug Dosing Considerations in Renal Impairment
What must be considered for patients on dialysis regarding drug dosing?
The clearance of the drug by dialysis therapy.
p.13
Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury
What can lead to intratubular obstruction in the kidneys?
Crystal formation or myoma.
p.46
Patient Management and Dietary Considerations in CKD
How does a dietician assist with CKD progression?
Through ongoing counseling and nutritional advice tailored to the type of renal replacement therapy (RRT).
p.75
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What is thrombosis in relation to arteriovenous fistulas and grafts?
The formation of a blood clot that obstructs blood flow.
p.66
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What is a serious complication that can lead to abdominal pain in PD patients?
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis.
p.78
Physiotherapy and Exercise in Renal Disease
What are some causes of poor physical functioning in CKD patients?
Anaemia, chronic inflammation, muscle wasting, reduced muscle function, malnutrition, and comorbidities like diabetes and cardiac disease.
p.77
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What is a potential consequence of haemolysis during dialysis?
Destruction of red blood cells.
p.63
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is the primary purpose of peritoneal dialysis?
To remove uremic toxins from the blood.
p.76
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What are the three types of treatment durations mentioned for haemodialysis?
Short daily, long daily, and long frequent.
p.63
Patient Management and Dietary Considerations in CKD
How does diabetes mellitus (DM) relate to peritoneal dialysis?
DM control is important for patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis to manage blood sugar levels.
p.32
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What physical examination findings are important in renal failure evaluation?
Fluid status, signs of uraemia, and palpation for distended bladder.
p.15
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What laboratory findings are typically seen in pre-renal AKI?
Increased BUN-to-creatinine ratio and concentrated urine.
p.2
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
How does peritoneal dialysis work?
It uses the lining of the abdomen to filter waste from the blood.
p.24
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
How does the timing of procedures affect renal risk?
Multiple procedures within 72 hours increase risk.
p.76
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
How does haemodialysis affect medication requirements?
It leads to fewer medications.
p.48
Renal Replacement Therapies: Dialysis and Transplantation
What is a preemptive renal transplant?
A transplant performed before the need for dialysis.
p.47
Patient Management and Dietary Considerations in CKD
How can CKD be managed in relation to diabetes and hypertension?
By controlling risk factors.
p.75
Complications Associated with Renal Failure
What are non-infection complications related to arteriovenous access?
Includes stenosis, thrombosis, and steal syndrome.
p.32
Evaluation and Diagnosis of Renal Failure
What signs might indicate uraemia during a physical examination?
Signs such as nausea, vomiting, and altered mental status.
