What is the primary function of fiber in the diet?
To bulk the digestive contents and aid in maintaining correct transit times for nutrient absorption.
p.5
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
Where is the liver located in the body?
Just behind the diaphragm, mostly on the right side.
p.3
Digestive Process in Dogs and Cats
What is ingestion in the context of the eating process?
Ingestion is where food is swallowed.
p.6
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What is the function of a cat's salivary glands?
To moisten food to aid its passage down the esophagus and to commence the digestive process.
p.4
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What covers the top of a dog's tongue?
Five types of mushroom-shaped papillae and pores that lead to the taste buds.
What are conditional nutrients?
Amino acids whose production depends on the presence of other amino acids, such as tyrosine and cysteine.
p.6
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What happens in the large intestine of a cat?
Water is absorbed from feces to maintain hydration, and waste products are passed out through the anus.
p.4
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What does the esophagus do?
Carries food from the pharynx to the stomach.
p.4
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What is chyme?
A mixture of food broken down by enzymes and acid secreted by the stomach.
p.7
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
Where is the liver located in cats?
Just behind the diaphragm, mostly on the right side of the body.
p.3
Digestive Process in Dogs and Cats
What happens during digestion?
Food is broken down to extract essential nutrients.
p.7
Importance of Proteins
What substances does the liver metabolize?
Protein, fat, and carbohydrates.
p.6
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What is the pH level of a cat's stomach compared to humans?
More acidic than humans to assist with the digestion of bones and destruction of harmful bacteria.
Why are carbohydrates not considered essential nutrients for dogs and cats?
Because they can synthesize blood glucose from dietary proteins.
What is glucose and how is it formed?
Glucose is the most common sugar formed by breaking down carbohydrates like starch.
p.4
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What does the pancreas produce?
Digestive enzymes and insulin.
p.3
Digestive Process in Dogs and Cats
What does mastication refer to in the eating process?
Mastication is where food is chewed.
p.1
Nutrition Requirements
What is a major concern regarding research in the field of nutrition?
Market bias due to pet food companies conducting much of the research.
What are the six classes of nutrients required for a balanced diet?
Carbohydrates, Protein, Fat, Minerals, Vitamins, Water.
p.1
Macronutrients vs Micronutrients
What are macronutrients and micronutrients?
Macronutrients are required in large amounts (carbohydrates, protein, fats, water), while micronutrients are needed in small amounts (vitamins and minerals).
p.6
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What role does the pancreas play in a cat's digestion?
Produces digestive enzymes and insulin to control blood glucose levels.
p.1
Energy Sources and Requirements
What is a common issue with energy consumption in pets?
Overconsumption leading to obesity and subsequent health issues.
p.5
Importance of Proteins
What types of metabolism does the liver perform?
Protein, fat, and carbohydrate metabolism.
p.6
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What is the primary function of a cat's rough tongue?
To lap up liquids and scrape food from bones.
p.6
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
How is a cat's stomach designed in terms of meal frequency?
It is designed to handle many small meals spread throughout the day.
p.4
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What is the dental formula for an adult dog?
12 incisors, 4 canines, 16 premolars, and 10 molars.
p.1
Energy Sources and Requirements
What is metabolizable energy (ME)?
The amount of actual energy available for use in food after digestion.
p.2
Vitamins and Minerals in Diet
What are the two categories of minerals based on the amount required?
Macro-minerals and micro-minerals (trace minerals).
p.5
Digestive Process in Dogs and Cats
What is one of the detoxification functions of the liver?
Detoxification of wastes.
p.1
Nutrition Requirements
Why is basic nutrition important for veterinary professionals?
It should be part of their knowledge base for optimal health and disease prevention.
p.2
Importance of Proteins
What are proteins required for in the body?
Body maintenance, tissue building and repair, energy supply, and formation of antibodies and hormones.
p.1
Energy Sources and Requirements
What provides energy among the nutrients?
Carbohydrates, protein, and fat provide energy.
p.4
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What is the function of salivary glands in dogs?
To moisten food to aid its passage down the esophagus and to commence the digestive process.
p.2
Vitamins and Minerals in Diet
What are the consequences of overconsumption of fat-soluble vitamins?
They can present problems of toxicities if consumed in excess.
p.4
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
p.6
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
How many teeth does an adult cat have?
30 teeth: 12 incisors, 4 canines, 10 premolars, and 4 molars.
p.3
Digestive Process in Dogs and Cats
What does excretion refer to in the context of digestion?
Excretion is where the by-products of digestion are eliminated from the body.
What distinguishes essential nutrients from non-essential nutrients?
Essential nutrients must be supplied in the diet as they cannot be synthesized by the animal.
p.6
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What is the function of the gall bladder in cats?
Stores bile needed to break down fats before digestion.
p.2
Vitamins and Minerals in Diet
How many vitamins are there, and how are they classified?
There are 13 vitamins, classified as either fat-soluble or water-soluble.
p.4
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What is the function of the gall bladder?
To store bile needed to break down fats before digestion.
p.3
Digestive Process in Dogs and Cats
What is the first step in the process of eating for dogs and cats?
Prehension - where food is taken into the mouth.
p.6
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What does the esophagus do in a cat?
Carries food from the pharynx to the stomach.
What is the energy density of fats compared to carbohydrates and proteins?
Fats provide twice as many calories per weight as carbohydrates or proteins.
p.4
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What is absorbed in the large intestine?
Water from feces to maintain hydration levels in the body.
p.4
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What are the four major salivary glands in dogs?
Parotid, mandibular, sublingual, and zygomatic glands.
p.2
Vitamins and Minerals in Diet
What is the role of minerals in the body?
They form structure and fluid components, and are necessary for enzyme and hormone function.
p.3
Digestive Process in Dogs and Cats
What is absorption in the digestive process?
Absorption is where nutrient particles are absorbed from the digestive tract into the bloodstream.
What is one of the detoxification functions of the liver?
Detoxification of wastes.
p.6
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
How long is a cat's small intestine relative to its body length?
About two and a half times their total body length.
What roles do fats play in the body?
Energy delivery, insulation, organ protection, and aiding fat-soluble vitamin absorption.
How many amino acids are there, and how many are essential for cats and dogs?
There are 20 amino acids; 11 are essential for cats and 10 for dogs.
p.1
Energy Sources and Requirements
How is energy usually expressed?
In kilocalories (kcal) or kilojoules (kJ).
p.4
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
How is the canine stomach divided?
Into four regions: the cardia, fundus, body, and pylorus.
p.4
Digestive Anatomy and Physiology
What happens to waste products in the large intestine?
They are passed out of the body through the anus.
