The natural tendency of the patella is to dislocate laterally due to the upward and lateral pull by the Quadriceps.
It is a roughened ridge running from the greater to the lesser trochanter.
The synovial membrane lines the capsule and is attached to the articular surface.
It indicates the integrity of the hip abductors.
Inversion is the movement in which the medial border of the foot is raised so that the sole faces medially.
The three main parts of the talus are the head, neck, and body.
Triceps of hip
Quadriceps femoris
At the ankle, the weight is transferred to the talus.
The talus is the keystone of a longitudinal arch formed by the tarsal and metatarsal bones, distributing weight evenly between the heel and the forefoot when standing.
The lateral (fibular) collateral ligament is a ligament that provides stability to the outer side of the knee joint.
The two hip bones articulate in front at the pubic symphysis.
The PCL arises from the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia.
The trochanteric bursa is present between the tendons of the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus and the greater trochanter.
The lower limb undergoes medial rotation through 180ยบ, causing the original dorsal or extensor surface to become anterior and the ventral or flexor surface to become posterior.
The acetabular labrum, which is made up of fibrocartilage.
The proximal end of the femur consists of a head, neck, and two trochanters (greater and lesser).
The head of the femur is covered with articular cartilage, except for a medially placed depression or pit, the fovea for the ligament of the head.
The anterior surface of the neck of the femur is completely intracapsular, whereas only the medial half of its posterior surface is intracapsular.
The hip joint is designed for stability over a wide range of movement.
Medial rotation
Paralysis of the hamstrings and muscles distal to the knee joint (both anterior and posterior).
The medial meniscus is C-shaped and broader posteriorly than anteriorly.
Cuboid
The trochanters.
The strength of the surrounding muscles contributes to the stability of the hip joint.
Gluteal region
It abducts the thigh laterally to bring the lower limb into a sitting position.
The ligamentum patellae serves to connect the patella to the tibia and helps in stabilizing the knee joint.
The ilium.
Adduction
An ACL injury refers to a rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament, which is one of the most common knee injuries.
It is tested by having the patient stand on one leg; if the pelvis drops on the opposite side, the sign is positive.
Fracture of the neck of the femur often disrupts the blood supply to the head of the femur.
The neck of the femur supports the head.
Lateral rotator of the thigh.
Superior gluteal nerve.
The outer longitudinal (retinacular) layer and the inner circular fibres.
The 'unhappy triad' refers to a combination of injuries including the ACL tear, TCL rupture, and damage to the meniscus.
The human lower limb is built for support and propulsion.
The femurs of females are slightly more oblique than those of males, reflecting the greater width of their pelves.
The ACL has a relatively poor blood supply.
The PCL attaches to the anterior part of the lateral surface of the medial condyle of the femur.
A positive sign suggests weakness or dysfunction of the hip abductors on the standing leg side.
A lateral ligament sprain is very common when the plantarflexed foot is excessively inverted.
It is a flat, triangular bone with the base facing upward and the apex downward.
Anterior superior iliac spine, inguinal ligament, and pubic tubercle.
Talus
The medial meniscus is firmly adhered to the deep surface of the tibial collateral ligament.
They are connected by a strong interosseous ligament.
Femoral nerve
It is the strongest ligament that prevents hyperextension of the hip joint.
It prevents overabduction of the hip joint.
It flexes both the hip and knee joints.
Flexion
Extension
The ACL arises from the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia, just posterior to the attachment of the medial meniscus.
A potential drawback is that it imposes considerable strain on the neck of the femur.
The main abductors of the hip joint are innervated by the Superior gluteal nerve.
Eversion is the movement in which the lateral border of the foot is raised so that the sole faces laterally.
ACL injuries are commonly seen in skiing accidents.
During an ACL rupture, the free tibia slides anteriorly under the femur.
The main function is to extend the knee.
The anterior end (horn) of the medial meniscus is attached to the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia, anterior to the attachment of the ACL.
Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries, which are branches from the profunda femoris artery.
The iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments strengthen the capsule of the hip joint.
Weight is transferred from the knee joint to the ankle joint by the tibia.
No, the fibula does not articulate with the femur and does not bear weight.
The hip joint is a strong and stable multiaxial ball and socket type of synovial joint.
Abduction
Femoral, Tibial, common peroneal, and Obturator nerves
The primary functions are flexion of the hip and extension of the knee.
The oblique popliteal ligament is a ligament that is a reflection of the semi-membranosus muscle tendon and helps to reinforce the posterior aspect of the knee joint.
The rigid bony pelvis transmits the body weight through the acetabulum to the lower limb.
The tibia.
The main muscles in the gluteal region include the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus.
The two separate joints are the talocalcaneonavicular joint and the calcaneocuboid joint.
The retinacular arteries often are torn when the femoral neck is fractured or the hip joint is dislocated.
Quadriceps femoris
The main types of arches in the foot are the medial longitudinal arch, lateral longitudinal arch, and transverse arch.
The lateral meniscus is nearly circular, smaller, and more freely movable than the medial meniscus.
The fibula does not take part in the transmission of body weight.
The superior and inferior gluteal arteries.
The capsule encloses the joint and is attached to the acetabular labrum medially and the intertrochanteric line and posterior aspect of the neck of the femur laterally.
Suprapatellar bursa, Semimembranous bursa, Popliteal bursa.
A head-on collision during an automobile accident.
A cup-like cavity (socket) on the lateral aspect of the hip bone for articulation with the head of the femur.
The gluteus maximus is innervated by the inferior gluteal nerve.
Plantar flexion is the movement of the foot downwards away from the shin, mainly performed by the Gastrocnemius and Soleus.
The greater and lesser trochanters serve as important muscle attachment sites for muscles that move the hip and thigh.
When the joint is flexed at a right angle, the tibia cannot be pulled anteriorly because it is held by the ACL.
The deep fascia of the thigh that encloses the thigh like a sleeve.
The ankle joint is unstable in plantarflexion, as seen in tiptoe movements during ballet dancing.
The subtalar joint is supported by medial, lateral, posterior, and interosseous talocalcaneal ligaments.
Syndesmosis variety of fibrous joint, which is the strongest of all three joints.
Iliac crest.
The curved shape of an arch allows for the distribution of weight downwards and outwards, which helps to maintain its stability.
Originates from the lumbar vertebrae to the lesser trochanter of the femur (L1 to L4 ventral rami).
Limited movements that are adapted for flexible rigidity and propulsion.
The menisci must move as the points of contact between the femur and the tibia change.
Front and sides of the knee and its capsule.
L2 and L3 spinal segments
1. Most forward projection of the lateral femoral condyle. 2. More prolonged insertion of Vastus medialis to the medial border than of Vastus lateralis to the lateral border of the Patella. 3. Medial pull exerted by the medial patellar retinaculum.
It prevents hyperextension of the hip joint and limits medial rotation of the hip.
Bursae are outpocketings of the synovial membrane.
Foot drop
It is advantageous for bipedal walking because it enhances the mobility of the femur at the hip joint.
The primary function of the femur is to support the weight of the body and allow for movement of the lower limb.
The gluteus medius and gluteus minimus are primarily responsible for hip abduction.
The sciatic nerve.
Lateral rotation
Plane synovial joint between the head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia.
The subtalar joint is surrounded by a weak joint capsule.
In transverse section, the menisci are firmly attached at their ends to the intercondylar area of the tibia, and their external margins are attached to the fibrous layer of the capsule of the knee joint.
Gluteus maximus and hamstrings.
Movements in the hip region are more restricted compared to the relatively free shoulder joint.
The gluteus medius is primarily responsible for hip abduction.
It provides a propulsive force.
A common clinical issue is obturator nerve entrapment, which can lead to pain and weakness in the adductor muscles.
The primary muscles include the adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, and pectineus.
Circumduction.
Body weight is transferred from the vertebral column through the sacroiliac joints to the pelvic girdle and from the pelvic girdle through the hip joints to the femurs.
The muscles that do not attach to the fibula are Tibialis anterior, Gastrocnemius, and Plantaris.
The ACL serves as a pivot for rotatory movements of the knee.
The ACL may tear subsequent to the rupture of the TCL.
Ilium, ischium, and pubis.
Lateral and medial femorotibial condyles (condylar type) and femoropatellar articulation (saddle type)
Posterior dislocation of the hip joint.
During standing, the entire weight of the upper body is transmitted through the 2 hip bones to the head and neck of the 2 femurs.
Femoral nerve
The menisci are crescentic plates of fibrocartilage on the articular surface of the tibia that deepen the surface and play a role in shock absorption.
The medial meniscus is more prone to injury due to its firm attachment to the tibial collateral ligament and greater movement during rotational activities.
The transverse tarsal joint is a compound joint formed by the talonavicular part of the talocalcaneonavicular and the calcaneocuboid joints.
Superior gluteal nerve
Long and short plantar ligaments
The anterior aspect is convex and rough.
The factors include the shape of the arch, the weight distribution of the materials, and the use of keystones that lock the structure in place.
The intermuscular septa of the thigh are connective tissue structures that separate the thigh muscles into compartments.
The primary function is to adduct the thigh, bringing it closer to the midline of the body.
The popliteus contracts, rotating the femur laterally about 5ยฐ on the tibial plateau to allow flexion of the knee.
It allows for the passage of structures such as the great saphenous vein.
Injury to the femoral nerve can result in weakness of the quadriceps muscle, leading to difficulty in extending the knee and loss of sensation in the anterior thigh.
The depth of the acetabulum contributes to the stability of the hip joint.
The obturator artery supplies blood to the head of the femur.
The ACL is taut during flexion of the knee.
The angle of inclination refers to the bending of the proximal femur (L-shaped) where the long axis of the head and neck projects superomedially at an angle to the obliquely oriented shaft.
Modified hinge joint
The main abductors of the hip joint are the gluteus medius and gluteus minimus.
The medial (tibial) collateral ligament stabilizes the inner side of the knee joint and prevents excessive side-to-side movement.
The subtalar joint occurs where the talus rests on and articulates with the calcaneus.
Obturator nerve
The femur allows for a wide range of movements at the hip joint, including flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation.
Twisting strains, such as kicking a football with a slightly flexed knee, commonly cause meniscal tears.
Hamstrings
The popliteus muscle protects the lateral meniscus by pulling the posterior horn backward, preventing it from being crushed between the articular surfaces.
The femoral nerve primarily innervates the quadriceps muscle and provides sensation to the anterior thigh and part of the medial leg.
Spring ligament, Interosseous ligaments, Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
At the knee joint.
Into one of the bones of the leg.
Anterior fibres of gluteus minimus and medius, and tensor fascia lata.
The anterior compartment of the thigh primarily contains the quadriceps femoris muscle group.
They are flexors of the knee and extensors of the hip joint.
The medial arch is higher than the lateral arch.
The tarsal bones are the calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, and the three cuneiform bones (medial, intermediate, and lateral).
Abducts the hip joint and maintains the extended position of the knee joint through the iliotibial tract.
The hemispherical head of the femur and the cup-shaped acetabulum of the hip bone.
The angle of inclination allows greater mobility of the femur at the hip joint by placing the head and neck more perpendicular to the acetabulum.
The femoral head acts as the ball, and the acetabulum serves as the socket.
The gluteus maximus is the chief extensor of the hip joint during standing up from a sitting position and climbing upstairs.
Dorsiflexion is the movement of the foot upwards towards the shin, primarily performed by the Tibialis anterior.
The femoral head is located at the proximal end of the femur and articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvis.
The ACL prevents posterior displacement of the femur on the tibia and hyperextension of the knee joint.
The subtalar joint is a synovial joint.
The menisci are thicker at their external margins and taper to thin, unattached edges in the interior of the joint.
The anterior drawer sign is a clinical sign indicating that the tibia is sliding anteriorly under the femur, often associated with ACL injuries.
Flexion, extension, and restricted rotations.
Fascia lata
To provide stability and support to the ankle.
The posterior aspect has medial and lateral articular surfaces.
Flexion and extension.
The large lateral surface articulates with the lateral femoral condyle.
The primary muscles involved in the abductor mechanism are the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae.
Keystones are the central stone at the top of an arch that locks the other stones in place, providing structural integrity and stability.
The abductor mechanism helps maintain pelvic stability during walking by preventing the pelvis from dropping on the opposite side when the weight is shifted.
The lower end of the tibia and the two malleoli above, and the body of the talus below.
They provide additional support and stability to the ankle joint.
Muscles such as the tibialis posterior and intrinsic foot muscles help maintain the arches by providing dynamic support.
The phalanges provide structure and support to the toes, allowing for movement and balance.
The gluteal region or buttock lies behind the pelvis and hip, above the posterior compartment of the thigh.
L4 and L5 spinal segments
The line of axis of the foot passes through the second toe.
The length and obliquity of the neck of the femur affect the stability of the hip joint.
The chief flexors of the knee joint include the hamstring muscles.
The hip extensors during walking on flat ground primarily include the gluteus maximus and hamstrings.
The action of hip extensors restricts the range of hip flexion when the knee is extended, such as during toe touching.
The ischium.
The flexors of the hip include the iliopsoas and rectus femoris.
The obturator nerve primarily innervates the adductor muscles of the thigh.
The ankle joint is stable in dorsiflexion.
Flexion and extension are the main knee movements; some rotation occurs when the knee is flexed.
The femur plays a crucial role in weight-bearing by transferring forces from the pelvis to the lower leg during standing and walking.
The posterior end of the medial meniscus is attached to the posterior intercondylar area, anterior to the attachment of the PCL.
The main types of femoral neck fractures are intracapsular and extracapsular fractures.
Gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae, and sartorius.
Ischial tuberosity.
The body of the talus is the largest part and articulates with the tibia and fibula, forming the ankle joint.
Anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments.
The lateral malleolus.
The medial longitudinal arch is primarily responsible for shock absorption.
The second and third metatarsals are most commonly affected by March fractures.
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
Flat feet can lead to a collapse of the arches, resulting in pain and difficulty in walking.
It is more pliant due to the presence of talocalcaneonavicular and subtalar joints.
Treatment usually involves rest, ice, elevation, and possibly immobilization with a boot or cast, along with gradual return to activity.
Medial and lateral collateral ligaments.
Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)
The ACL extends superiorly, posteriorly, and laterally to attach to the posterior part of the medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur.
The main parts of the femur include the head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters, and the shaft.
Each hip bone is firmly fixed to the lateral part of the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint.
The tibia and fibula.
The anterior part of the acetabulum and the anteromedial part of the hip bone.
The patella.
The obturator nerve originates from the lumbar plexus, specifically from the L2 to L4 spinal nerves.
The adductor group of muscles primarily functions to adduct the thigh.
The obturator nerve provides sensory innervation to the skin of the medial thigh.
Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Biceps femoris, and ischial head of Adductor magnus.
The artery to the ligament of the femoral head may be the only remaining source of blood to the proximal fragment.
An intracapsular femoral neck fracture occurs within the hip joint capsule, often affecting the blood supply to the femoral head.
This artery is frequently inadequate for maintaining the femoral head; consequently, the fragment may undergo aseptic vascular necrosis.
The intermuscular septa create three main compartments in the thigh: anterior, medial, and posterior.
March fractures are caused by repetitive impact or stress on the metatarsals, often from activities like running or marching.
From the upper two thirds of the floor of the iliac fossa, inner lip of the iliac crest, and upper surface of the lateral part of the sacrum to the lesser trochanter of the femur.
Piriformis, obturator internus, obturator externus, superior and inferior gemelli, and quadratus femoris.
The cruciate ligaments cross each other obliquely like the letter X.
The knee joint is classified as a hinge joint.
The Pauwels classification indicates the angle of the fracture line, which can affect the stability and healing process.
The movements possible at the ankle joint are dorsiflexion and plantarflexion.
Apex of greater trochanter
Medial surface of greater trochanter
Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)
The quadriceps femoris group, including the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius, is involved in knee extension.
The PCL prevents anterior displacement of the femur on the tibia and posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur, as well as helps prevent hyperflexion of the knee joint.
Psoas major, iliacus, sartorius, rectus femoris, and pectineus.
In the weight-bearing flexed knee, such as when walking downhill.
The knee passively 'locks' due to medial rotation of the femur on the tibia, making the lower limb a solid column for weight bearing.
Plantar aponeurosis (lateral part) and intrinsic muscles of the little toe
It stabilizes the knee both in extension and in partial flexion.
Fibularis brevis and tertius tendons
Sacrum, coccyx, and sacrotuberous ligament.
An extracapsular femoral neck fracture occurs outside the hip joint capsule and typically has a better blood supply than intracapsular fractures.
Biceps femoris
Strong medial and lateral collateral ligaments provide stability.
The Garden classification helps in assessing the stability and treatment options for femoral neck fractures.
The blood supply mainly comes from the profunda femoris artery and its branches.
Weakness in the abductor mechanism can lead to gait abnormalities, such as Trendelenburg gait, where the pelvis drops on the opposite side during walking.
The synovial membrane lines the inner surface of the capsule.
The patella protects the knee joint and improves the leverage of the quadriceps muscle.
Common injuries include ligament tears, meniscus tears, and patellar dislocations.
It helps in stabilizing a partially flexed knee.
The adductor muscles primarily originate from the pubis and ischium.
The medial circumflex femoral artery supplies most of the blood to the head and neck of the femur.
The head of the talus articulates with the navicular bone and plays a crucial role in the ankle joint's movement.
Sartorius, Quadriceps femoris, and Adductors
The neck of the talus connects the head to the body and is important for the stability and movement of the ankle joint.
The obturator nerve innervates the adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, and gracilis muscles.
A March fracture is a type of metatarsal fracture that typically occurs due to repetitive stress or overuse, often seen in military recruits or athletes.
It allows the tibiofibular mortise to grip the wedge-shaped body of the talus, enhancing stability.
It functions as a static support and helps in weight transmission.
The main bones that form the knee joint are the femur, tibia, and patella.
The medial compartment of the thigh includes the adductor muscles, such as adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus.
Pes cavus (high arched foot) and Pes planus (flat foot).
The capsule encloses the joint and is attached to the articular margins.
The adductor magnus has both adductor and hamstring components, allowing it to also extend the thigh.
Upper part of ischial tuberosity, Lower part of lesser sciatic notch
The tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus contribute to ankle dorsiflexion.
The primary function of the adductor group of muscles is to adduct the thigh, bringing it closer to the midline of the body.
By a fibrous joint connected by the interosseous membrane.
They distribute the body weight to the weight bearing points of the sole.
The transverse ligament of the knee is a slender fibrous band that joins the anterior edges of the menisci, allowing them to move together during knee movements.
They absorb shock while jumping.
The primary function of the abductor mechanism in the hip is to facilitate the movement of the leg away from the midline of the body.
The femoral nerve originates from the lumbar plexus, specifically from the L2, L3, and L4 spinal nerves.
Plantar aponeurosis (medial part), abductor hallucis, and flexor hallucis brevis
The tendon of the popliteus separates the lateral meniscus from the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament.
Common injuries include strains of the gluteal muscles and bursitis.
The obturator nerve primarily innervates the medial/adductor compartment.
They protect the nerves and vessels of the sole.
It acts as a syndesmosis, contributing to the overall stability of the ankle joint.
The ankle joint is a synovial hinge joint.
March fractures are diagnosed through clinical evaluation and imaging studies, such as X-rays, which may show a fracture line or stress reaction.
The menisci act as shock absorbers and help stabilize the knee joint.
There are 5 metatarsal bones in the foot.
The blood supply to the knee joint primarily comes from the genicular branches of the femoral and popliteal arteries.
Nerve to quadratus femoris (L4, L5, S1)
The gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae are involved in hip abduction.
To bear weight and support the body.
The primary function of the gluteus maximus is to extend and laterally rotate the hip joint.
Transection across the transverse tarsal joint is a standard method for surgical amputation of the foot.
When the knee is locked, the thigh and leg muscles can relax briefly without making the knee joint too unstable.
The intra-articular ligaments consist of the cruciate ligaments and menisci.
Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus, and gracilis.
Common classifications include Garden classification (I-IV) and Pauwels classification (type I-III).
It is constantly used while walking and running.
The arches of the foot are supported by ligaments, tendons, and the arrangement of bones.
The leg, which extends to the foot.
The posterior compartment of the thigh contains the hamstring muscles, including biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus.
Pelvic surface of middle three pieces of sacrum
Lateral border of ischial tuberosity
The gluteus maximus, hamstrings, and adductor magnus are involved in hip extension.
Semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and popliteus
The arches of the foot provide support, absorb shock, and help in weight distribution during walking and running.
Pubis, pubic arch, and ischial tuberosity.
The thigh.
The gluteus medius plays a crucial role in the abductor mechanism by abducting the thigh and stabilizing the pelvis during locomotion.
Symptoms include localized pain, swelling, and tenderness in the affected metatarsal area, especially during weight-bearing activities.
The gracilis muscle assists in adduction of the thigh and also flexes the knee.
The intermuscular septa provide structural support and compartmentalization for the muscles, aiding in their function and movement.
Posterior surface of ischial spine
The hamstrings, which include the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus, are responsible for knee flexion.
The gluteus minimus assists in hip abduction and medial rotation.
The popliteus tendon is intra-articular during part of its course.
These fractures are especially common in individuals over 60 years, particularly in women due to osteoporosis.
Tibial part of the sciatic nerve (except the short head of biceps, which is supplied by the common peroneal part of the sciatic nerve).
The femoral nerve passes under the inguinal ligament and enters the thigh, where it divides into several branches to innervate the anterior compartment of the thigh.
The skeleton of the foot consists of 26 bones, including the tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges.
The medial arch is more involved in propulsion.
They provide strength and actions that help stabilize the joint.
The cruciate ligaments join the femur and tibia, criss-crossing within the joint capsule but outside the articular cavity.
Through the interosseous membrane.
Because of their oblique orientation, in every position one cruciate ligament, or parts of one or both ligaments, is tense.
The transverse arch of the foot runs from side to side.
They serve as pillars for the transverse arch.
The adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, and gracilis are responsible for hip adduction.
The adductor group is primarily innervated by the obturator nerve, with some contributions from the femoral nerve and sciatic nerve.
Tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, and tibialis anterior tendons
Proper weight distribution prevents excessive stress on any single part of the arch, which could lead to failure or collapse.
Innervated by the femoral nerve.
The primary movements allowed at the knee joint are flexion and extension.
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are crucial for knee stability.
The transverse arch is formed by the cuboid, 3 cuneiforms, and bases of the metatarsals.
Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1, S2)
There are 7 tarsal bones in the foot.
The acetabular labrum deepens the socket of the hip joint, providing stability and support.
The ligamentum teres is a ligament that runs from the acetabulum to the fovea of the femur, providing some stability to the hip joint.
Incongruence of its articular surfaces, small and shallow tibial condyles, shallow articular surfaces of femur and patella, and outward angulation between the long axes of femur and tibia.
Ventral rami of S1, S2
The deep peroneal and tibial nerves supply the ankle joint.
The arches of the foot help to distribute weight, absorb shock, and provide balance during movement.
Pelvis surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bones
The primary muscles responsible for hip flexion include the iliopsoas, rectus femoris, and sartorius.
The gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris are responsible for ankle plantarflexion.
The adductor group includes the adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, pectineus, and gracilis.
Cruciate ligaments.
Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest and area below it
The gluteus medius and gluteus minimus contribute to internal rotation of the hip.
The piriformis, obturator internus, and quadratus femoris are involved in external rotation of the hip.
The adductor muscles play a crucial role in stabilizing the hip joint and assisting in movements such as walking, running, and lateral movements.
