p.1
Gametes and Fertilization
What is fertilization?
The process by which male and female gametes fuse, forming a zygote.
p.17
Connective Tissue Classification
What are the four main classes of connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, and blood.
p.17
Connective Tissue Classification
What are the three main components of connective tissue?
Ground substance, fibers, and cells.
p.17
Connective Tissue Classification
What are the components of ground substance?
Interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans.
p.9
Embryonic Period and Organogenesis
What is the role of the extraembryonic mesoderm?
It forms vessels that interconnect with umbilical vessels.
p.10
Embryonic Period and Organogenesis
What happens to the villi furthest from the embryo?
They begin to degenerate.
p.14
Types of Epithelial Tissue
How are basement membranes related to tumor cell metastasis?
Basement membranes can act as barriers to tumor cell invasion, and their degradation is often necessary for metastasis to occur.
p.15
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What organs are lined by simple columnar epithelium?
The uterus, stomach, and intestines.
p.6
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What marks the beginning of the embryonic period?
Gastrulation, which begins in week 3.
p.10
Embryonic Period and Organogenesis
When does organogenesis occur?
During the embryonic period.
p.11
Introduction to Histology
What is the purpose of staining in histology?
To increase light absorption of cells.
p.10
Fetal Development and Amniotic Fluid
What happens to the amniotic and chorionic cavities early in the fetal period?
They fuse to create a single amniotic cavity.
p.12
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What is the duct system in exocrine glands?
A duct system that opens onto the surface of the epithelium.
p.4
Zygote Development Stages
What forms the amniotic cavity during early development?
Edematous fluid entering the epiblast layer.
p.5
Embryonic Period and Organogenesis
What forms when edematous fluid enters the extraembryonic mesoderm?
Cavities that coalesce into one large extraembryonic or chorionic cavity.
p.4
Zygote Development Stages
What becomes continuous with the endothelium of the capillaries?
The lining of the lacunae in the syncytiotrophoblast.
p.7
Zygote Development Stages
What do villous capillaries develop from?
Mesoderm within the secondary villi.
p.16
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What types of cells are found in pseudostratified epithelium?
Cuboidal cells and columnar cells with mobile apical cilia.
p.16
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are goblet cells?
Columnar cells filled with mucus that resemble goblet glasses.
p.13
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are the two components of the basement membrane?
Basal lamina and reticular lamina.
p.6
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What defines the major axes of the embryo during gastrulation?
The formation of the primitive streak.
p.7
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What does the neuroectoderm invaginate to form?
The neural tube, which gives rise to the central nervous system.
p.13
Types of Epithelial Tissue
Why is epithelium considered avascular?
It does not contain any blood vessels and relies on underlying connective tissue for nutrition.
p.16
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What does keratinized stratified squamous epithelium constitute?
The epidermis of the skin.
p.17
Connective Tissue Classification
What are the main functions of connective tissue?
Support, protection, insulation, energy storage, and transportation.
p.4
Zygote Development Stages
What nutrients diffuse within the fluid to sustain the bilaminar disc?
Glucose and other nutrients.
p.17
Connective Tissue Classification
What are the three types of fibers found in connective tissue?
Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.
p.17
Connective Tissue Classification
What do elastic fibers do?
They recoil after being stretched.
p.17
Connective Tissue Classification
What characterizes loose connective tissue?
It is widespread, highly cellular, and has fewer fibers and more ground substance.
p.1
Gametes and Fertilization
What assists in the uptake of the oocyte into the uterine tube?
Fimbriae, which are finger-like projections.
p.1
Gametes and Fertilization
Where does fertilization normally occur?
In the ampulla of the uterine tube.
p.1
Gametes and Fertilization
What is the significance of the ampulla in the uterine tube?
It is the widest and longest segment of the tube, making it the typical site for fertilization.
p.12
Types of Epithelial Tissue
How are glands formed during embryonic development?
Epithelia invaginate into the underlying connective tissue and proliferate.
p.18
Connective Tissue Classification
What characterizes dense connective tissue compared to loose connective tissue?
It contains a greater proportion of collagen fibers, fewer cells, and less ground substance.
p.14
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What is stratified epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue with 2 or more layers, ideal for protection and resisting stress.
p.9
Embryonic Period and Organogenesis
What do uterine venules do?
Drain the intervillous spaces.
p.6
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What are the three primary embryonic germ layers formed during gastrulation?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
p.11
Introduction to Histology
What is histology?
The study of tissues and cells.
p.13
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What is the function of tight junctions in epithelial cells?
They create permeability barriers.
p.7
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What does the ectoderm give rise to?
Epidermis of skin, melanocytes, nervous tissue, and part of the craniofacial skeleton.
p.12
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What is the function of covering/lining epithelium?
It covers exposed body surfaces and lines internal body cavities.
p.13
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What is the composition of the reticular lamina?
A delicate network of collagen fibers.
p.2
Zygote Development Stages
What is the cavity formed within the morula called?
Blastocele or blastocyst cavity.
p.14
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are the two characteristics used to classify epithelial tissue?
The number of cell layers and the shape of the cells in the apical layer.
p.4
Zygote Development Stages
What is established when maternal blood empties directly into the lacunae?
Uteroplacental circulation.
p.7
Zygote Development Stages
What forms secondary villi in week 3?
Extraembryonic mesoderm penetrating the core of the primary villi.
p.17
Connective Tissue Classification
What are the two main types of connective tissue proper?
Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue.
p.6
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What happens to cells in the epiblast during gastrulation?
They proliferate and migrate towards the primitive streak, invaginating through it.
p.6
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What do cells that invaginate through the primitive streak become?
They can replace the hypoblast layer with endodermal cells or fill the space with mesodermal cells.
p.12
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are the two forms of epithelium identified in the body?
Covering/lining epithelium and glandular epithelium.
p.3
Zygote Development Stages
What is the outer syncytiotrophoblast composed of?
A cytoplasmic mass containing many nuclei with indistinct boundaries.
p.10
Fetal Development and Amniotic Fluid
What role does amniotic fluid play during fetal development?
It cushions the fetus and allows for fetal movements.
p.15
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What does simple squamous epithelium line and cover?
Body cavities and organs as mesothelium; heart and blood vessels as endothelium.
p.14
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What is the definition of simple epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue with 1 layer, ideal for absorption, filtration, and/or secretion.
p.5
Embryonic Period and Organogenesis
What does the chorionic cavity surround?
The primitive yolk sac and bilaminar disc with the amniotic cavity.
p.17
Connective Tissue Classification
What is the role of fibroblasts in connective tissue?
They produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers.
p.6
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What is the primitive streak?
A structure that forms on the dorsal surface of the epiblast, marking the midline of the embryo.
p.3
Zygote Development Stages
What two layers does the trophoblast form on day 8?
Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.
p.11
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) used for?
Routine staining of paraffin sections.
p.13
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What types of stress can lead to epithelial damage?
Friction, distension, bacteria, acids, smoke, etc.
p.18
Connective Tissue Classification
What structures are formed by dense connective tissue?
Tendons, ligaments, and protective coverings of organs.
p.9
Embryonic Period and Organogenesis
What is the function of the umbilical vein?
Carries oxygen and nutrients from the intervillous spaces into the embryo.
p.17
Connective Tissue Classification
What is the function of collagen fibers?
They provide strength and resistance to being pulled apart.
p.7
Zygote Development Stages
What forms the outer cytotrophoblast shell?
Cytotrophoblast cells that penetrate deeply into the syncytiotrophoblast and branch laterally.
p.7
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What are the three layers of the trilaminar disc?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
p.16
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What is the function of mucus released by goblet cells?
To entrap inspired particulates and pathogens.
p.13
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What role does the basal lamina play in epithelial tissue?
It creates a selective filtration barrier and acts as a scaffold for cell migration during tissue repair.
p.2
Zygote Development Stages
What are the two types of cell masses in the morula stage?
Inner cell mass and outer cell mass.
p.16
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What is the function of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
To create a protective lining for organs such as the esophagus and vagina.
p.3
Embryonic Period and Organogenesis
What are lacunae in the context of the syncytiotrophoblast?
Larger fluid-filled spaces formed by the coalescence of vacuoles of edematous fluid.
p.8
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What does the endoderm give rise to?
Epithelial tissue lining the gut tube, respiratory tract, bladder, urethra, and parenchyma of thyroid, parathyroid, liver, and pancreas.
p.5
Embryonic Period and Organogenesis
What circulatory system is established simultaneously with the formation of extraembryonic mesoderm?
Uteroplacental circulation.
p.9
Embryonic Period and Organogenesis
What do umbilical arteries do?
Carry wastes and carbon dioxide from the embryo to the villous capillaries.
p.14
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are squamous cells?
Flat and scale-like cells.
p.7
Zygote Development Stages
What begins to form in week 2 of embryonic development?
Cellular columns or primary villi from cytotrophoblast cells protruding into the syncytiotrophoblast.
p.5
Embryonic Period and Organogenesis
What do cytotrophoblast cells begin to form at the end of the second week?
Cellular columns or primary villi.
p.11
Microscopy Techniques in Histology
What are the two major types of microscopes?
Light microscope and electron microscope.
p.16
Types of Epithelial Tissue
Where is pseudostratified epithelium commonly found?
In the trachea and large pulmonary airways as respiratory epithelium.
p.10
Embryonic Period and Organogenesis
When is the embryo most susceptible to teratogens?
During the embryonic period.
p.11
Introduction to Histology
What is the process of preparing a specimen for staining?
Fixing, dehydrating, and embedding in paraffin or plastic.
p.13
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What allows epithelial cells to have a high regenerative capacity?
High mitotic indexes to ensure continual cell renewal.
p.3
Embryonic Period and Organogenesis
What effect do hormones have on the endometrium?
They cause dilation of capillaries, making it edematous and causing endometrial glands to become tortuous and distended.
p.12
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What is the role of cilia on epithelial cells?
They help move substances along the apical surface or within the lumen of the organ.
p.15
Types of Epithelial Tissue
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found?
In the ducts of exocrine glands and in clusters of secretory cells (secretory acini) in both exocrine and endocrine glands.
p.15
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What feature of simple columnar epithelium increases surface area for secretion and absorption?
Short microvilli on the apical surface of the cells.
p.5
Embryonic Period and Organogenesis
What structure connects the bilaminar disc to the trophoblast?
Extraembryonic mesoderm forming the connecting stalk (future umbilical cord).
p.16
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What is pseudostratified epithelium?
It appears to be stratified but is actually a single layer of cells.
p.3
Embryonic Period and Organogenesis
What is the clinical potential of the inner cell mass?
It has the ability to develop into various cell types, making it valuable for regenerative medicine.
p.7
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What induces the formation of neuroectoderm?
The notochord from the mesoderm.
p.12
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What types of glands can glandular epithelium form?
Exocrine and endocrine glands.
p.16
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium composed of?
Several layers of cuboidal cells covered by multiple layers of dead, anucleate squamous cells filled with keratin.
p.2
Zygote Development Stages
What are the two types of cells that the embryoblast differentiates into?
Hypoblast cells and epiblast cells.
p.8
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What is the vitelline duct?
A connection that temporarily links the midgut to the yolk sac.
p.4
Zygote Development Stages
What does the syncytiotrophoblast erode within the endometrium?
Dilated capillaries (sinusoids).
p.11
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are the four basic tissues in the human body?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.
p.13
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are the specialized contacts in epithelial cells that form tight junctions and anchoring junctions?
Intercellular adhesion proteins.
p.3
Zygote Development Stages
What characterizes the inner cytotrophoblast?
It is comprised of mono-nucleated cells that line the blastocyst cavity.
p.16
Types of Epithelial Tissue
How does cilia function in pseudostratified epithelium?
Rhythmic beating moves debris-laden mucus toward the oral cavity for expectoration or swallowing.
p.16
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What characterizes nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
Multiple layers of cuboidal cells covered by living squamous cells.
p.8
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What are the three types of mesodermal layers derived from the mesoderm?
Paraxial mesoderm, intermediate mesoderm, and lateral plate mesoderm.
p.12
Types of Epithelial Tissue
How do endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands lose their duct system and secrete directly into surrounding capillaries.
p.8
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to?
Gonads (testes and ovaries) and kidneys.
p.8
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What forms the intraembryonic cavity?
Fusion of two lateral body folds comprised of ectoderm and parietal mesoderm.
p.11
Microscopy Techniques in Histology
How does a light microscope illuminate specimens?
Using bright-field illumination.
p.13
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What primarily composes the basal lamina?
Glycoproteins and fine collagen fibers.
p.6
Embryonic Period and Organogenesis
What is the period of organogenesis?
The period from week 3 to week 8 of embryonic development.
p.12
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are the five notable features of epithelial tissues?
Cell polarity, specialized contacts, supported by connective tissue, avascular, and high regenerative capacity.
p.8
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What does the lateral plate mesoderm divide into?
Parietal layer and visceral layer.
p.12
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What are some functions of epithelial tissues?
Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory reception.
p.8
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What does the visceral mesoderm contribute to?
The wall of the gut tube.
p.8
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What role does the yolk sac play early in development?
Acts as a nutritive organ before blood vessels are established.
p.2
Zygote Development Stages
What is the role of the trophoblast?
To implant the blastocyst within the endometrium and contribute to the placenta formation.
p.8
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What structures are formed from paraxial mesoderm?
Bony vertebral column, ribs, and muscles of the trunk and limbs.
p.8
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What does the parietal mesoderm contribute to?
Dermis of the skin, bones of limbs, and sternum.
p.11
Microscopy Techniques in Histology
What is a transmission electron microscope (TEM) used for?
To transmit a beam of electrons through a specimen for higher magnification and resolution.
p.12
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What is cell polarity in epithelial cells?
Epithelial cells have an apical surface exposed to the environment and a basal surface in contact with the basement membrane.
p.8
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What are the three parts of the gut tube?
Foregut, midgut, and hindgut.
p.12
Types of Epithelial Tissue
What is the function of microvilli on epithelial cells?
They increase the surface area for absorption or secretion.
p.8
Gastrulation and Germ Layers
What does the gut tube connect?
The oral cavity with the anus.
