p.27
Differences Between Alpha and Beta Glucose
In α glucose, where is the hydroxyl group located?
Below the plane of the ring.
p.8
Biological Molecules Overview
What are carbohydrates primarily composed of?
Sugars and the polymers of sugars.
p.18
Formation and Breakdown of Polymers
What is the name of the reaction shown?
The reaction is likely a dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction.
p.27
Differences Between Alpha and Beta Glucose
What is the main difference between α and β glucose?
The position of the hydroxyl group (-OH) on the first carbon atom.
p.21
Disaccharides and Glycosidic Linkages
What type of sugars can reduce other molecules?
Only sugars that exist in linear form with free aldehyde or keto groups.
p.9
Monosaccharides and Their Classification
What is the general molecular formula for monosaccharides?
Usually multiples of CH₂O.
p.31
Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose and Chitin
What role does chitin play in fungi?
It provides structural support for the cell walls.
p.8
Formation and Breakdown of Polymers
What are carbohydrate macromolecules known as?
Polysaccharides, which are polymers composed of many sugar building blocks.
p.15
Monosaccharides and Their Classification
What do monosaccharides provide for building molecules?
They serve as raw material.
p.2
Types of Carbohydrates
What are the three types of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
p.18
Disaccharides and Glycosidic Linkages
What are the components of Maltose?
Maltose is composed of two glucose molecules.
p.27
Differences Between Alpha and Beta Glucose
What are the ring structures of glucose?
α (alpha) and β (beta) glucose.
p.7
Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions
What process is represented by dehydration synthesis?
Water is removed, and polymers are formed.
p.3
Biological Molecules Overview
What gives large biological molecules their unique properties?
The orderly arrangement of their atoms.
p.2
Formation and Breakdown of Polymers
How can a cell make a variety of large molecules from a small set of molecules?
Through the processes of polymerization and the use of monomers.
p.18
Disaccharides and Glycosidic Linkages
What are the components of Lactose?
Lactose is composed of glucose and galactose.
p.33
Storage Polysaccharides: Starch and Glycogen
What basic shape do starch and glycogen share?
Both are polysaccharides.
p.21
Disaccharides and Glycosidic Linkages
Why is sucrose considered a non-reducing sugar?
Because it has no free aldehyde or keto groups.
p.3
Biological Molecules Overview
What are macromolecules?
Large and complex molecules.
p.10
Monosaccharides and Their Classification
What are trioses?
3-carbon sugars (C3H6O3).
p.4
Formation and Breakdown of Polymers
How many classes of life’s organic molecules are polymers?
Three of the four classes.
p.25
Differences Between Alpha and Beta Glucose
How does the glycosidic linkage in cellulose differ from that in starch?
The glycosidic linkages differ based on the ring forms of glucose.
p.6
Formation and Breakdown of Polymers
What is the result of a dehydration reaction?
Formation of a longer polymer from unlinked monomers.
p.2
Storage Polysaccharides: Starch and Glycogen
What is the difference between storage polysaccharides and structural polysaccharides?
Storage polysaccharides store energy, while structural polysaccharides provide support and structure.
p.28
Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose and Chitin
What type of linkage is found in cellulose?
1 – 4 linkage of β glucose monomers.
p.7
Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions
What happens during hydrolysis?
Water is added, and monomers are formed.
p.7
Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions
What is the main difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Dehydration synthesis removes water to form polymers, while hydrolysis adds water to break down polymers into monomers.
p.11
Monosaccharides and Their Classification
What are Pentoses?
5-carbon sugars (C5H10O5).
p.5
Formation and Breakdown of Polymers
How are polymers disassembled into monomers?
Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis, which is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction.
p.23
Storage Polysaccharides: Starch and Glycogen
What is starch?
A storage polysaccharide of plants consisting entirely of glucose monomers.
p.23
Storage Polysaccharides: Starch and Glycogen
Where do plants store surplus starch?
As granules within chloroplasts and other plastids.
p.24
Formation and Breakdown of Polymers
What happens during the hydrolysis of glycogen?
It releases glucose when the demand for sugar increases.
p.28
Storage Polysaccharides: Starch and Glycogen
What type of linkage is found in starch?
1 – 4 linkage of α glucose monomers.
p.1
Biological Molecules Overview
What are biological macromolecules?
Large molecules essential for life, including carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
p.11
Monosaccharides and Their Classification
What role does Ribulose play in photosynthesis?
It is an intermediate in photosynthesis.
p.26
Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose and Chitin
What is the arrangement of cellulose microfibrils in a plant cell wall?
They are arranged parallel with cross-linkage.
p.20
Disaccharides and Glycosidic Linkages
What are the components that form sucrose?
One glucose molecule and one fructose molecule.
p.22
Storage Polysaccharides: Starch and Glycogen
What roles do polysaccharides serve?
Storage and structural roles.
p.22
Disaccharides and Glycosidic Linkages
What determines the architecture and function of a polysaccharide?
Its sugar monomers and the positions of its glycosidic linkages.
p.15
Monosaccharides and Their Classification
What is the primary role of monosaccharides in cells?
They serve as a major fuel for cells.
p.18
Disaccharides and Glycosidic Linkages
What are the components of Sucrose?
Sucrose is composed of glucose and fructose.
p.14
Monosaccharides and Their Classification
What distinguishes these molecules from aldoses?
The location of the carbonyl group.
p.24
Storage Polysaccharides: Starch and Glycogen
What is glycogen?
A storage polysaccharide in animals.
p.23
Storage Polysaccharides: Starch and Glycogen
What are the two forms of starch?
Amylose (unbranched) and amylopectin (somewhat branched).
p.3
Biological Molecules Overview
What are the four classes of large biological molecules?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
p.27
Differences Between Alpha and Beta Glucose
In β glucose, where is the hydroxyl group located?
Above the plane of the ring.
p.10
Monosaccharides and Their Classification
What are the two examples of trioses mentioned?
Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone.
p.32
Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose and Chitin
What is the relationship between chitin and proteins?
Chitin is embedded in proteins.
p.12
Monosaccharides and Their Classification
Name three examples of hexoses.
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose.
p.21
Disaccharides and Glycosidic Linkages
What is required for a sugar to reduce other molecules?
The sugar must exist in linear form with a free aldehyde or keto group.
p.16
Monosaccharides and Their Classification
What form of sugars can reduce other molecules?
Only sugars in linear form due to the free aldehyde group.
p.10
Formation and Breakdown of Polymers
What are the initial breakdown products of glucose during cellular respiration?
Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone.
p.29
Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose and Chitin
What allows some hydroxyl groups on cellulose monomers to bond?
Hydrogen bonding with hydroxyls of parallel cellulose molecules.
p.4
Formation and Breakdown of Polymers
What are the other two classes of organic molecules that are polymers?
Proteins and nucleic acids.
p.24
Storage Polysaccharides: Starch and Glycogen
Where is glycogen mainly stored in the body?
In liver and muscle cells.
p.25
Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose and Chitin
What is cellulose?
A major component of the tough wall of plant cells.
p.8
Monosaccharides and Their Classification
What are the simplest carbohydrates called?
Monosaccharides or simple sugars.
p.1
Biological Molecules Overview
What is the primary focus of Topic 1 in the lecture?
Biological Molecules, specifically carbohydrates.
p.26
Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose and Chitin
What provides tensile strength in cellulose?
The formation of many microfibrils.
p.6
Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions
What occurs during hydrolysis?
A water molecule is added, breaking a bond.
p.31
Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose and Chitin
What is chitin?
A structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of arthropods.
p.5
Role of Enzymes in Carbohydrate Metabolism
What role do enzymes play in the synthesis and breakdown of polymers?
Enzymes are specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions involved in making or breaking down polymers.
p.29
Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose and Chitin
How are cellulose molecules structured?
They are straight and unbranched (β configuration).
p.6
Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions
What happens during a dehydration reaction?
A water molecule is removed, forming a new bond.
p.2
Disaccharides and Glycosidic Linkages
What is a glycosidic bond?
A bond formed between two monosaccharides during the formation of disaccharides and polysaccharides.
p.12
Monosaccharides and Their Classification
What role do hexoses play in biology?
They serve as energy sources.
p.4
Formation and Breakdown of Polymers
What is a polymer?
A long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks.
p.5
Dehydration and Hydrolysis Reactions
What is a dehydration reaction?
A dehydration reaction (condensation) occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule.
p.29
Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose and Chitin
What are microfibrils?
Groups of parallel cellulose molecules held together by hydrogen bonds.
p.29
Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose and Chitin
What role do microfibrils play in plants?
They form strong building materials.
p.33
Storage Polysaccharides: Starch and Glycogen
What is the size of glycogen granules?
Approximately 0.5 μm to 1 μm.
p.31
Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose and Chitin
Where is chitin found besides arthropods?
In the cell walls of many fungi.
p.26
Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose and Chitin
What is the shape of cellulose?
Linear/straight, arranged parallel with cross-linkage.
p.32
Structural Polysaccharides: Cellulose and Chitin
What is a notable application of chitin in medicine?
It is used to make strong and flexible surgical thread.
p.9
Monosaccharides and Their Classification
How are monosaccharides classified?
By the location of the carbonyl group (aldose or ketose) and the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton.
p.16
Monosaccharides and Their Classification
What is an abbreviated ring structure in the context of sugars?
A simplified representation of the cyclic form of sugars.
p.1
Biological Molecules Overview
Who are the authors of the referenced biology textbook?
Campbell, Reece, Urry, Cain, Wasserman, Minorsky, and Jackson.
p.33
Storage Polysaccharides: Starch and Glycogen
What type of polysaccharide is glycogen?
An animal polysaccharide.
