p.28
Lymphatic System Overview
What are the three main functions of the lymphatic system?
1. Collects and returns excess tissue fluid to blood circulation. 2. Protects against disease by filtering germs. 3. Transports lipids from the small intestine.
p.14
Heart Anatomy and Function
What is the function of pericardial fluid?
It reduces friction within the pericardium, allowing membranes to glide over each other during each heartbeat.
p.21
Blood Circulation Types
What is double circulation in humans?
A system where blood passes through the heart twice in one complete loop.
p.26
Human Blood Composition
How does the composition of lymph compare to blood?
Lymph is similar to blood but lacks red blood cells, blood platelets, and plasma proteins.
p.28
Lymphatic System Overview
What happens to absorbed lipids in the lymphatic system?
They are passed into the lymph and then into the blood.
p.15
Heart Anatomy and Function
What are the two upper chambers of the heart called?
Atria (singular: atrium).
p.9
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What feature of veins helps reduce resistance to blood flow?
The large lumen of the veins.
p.20
Heart Anatomy and Function
What are some goals of scientists working on artificial hearts?
To produce artificial hearts using 3D printing technology and human body cells to reduce rejection problems during transplant.
p.6
Human Blood Composition
What is the purpose of examining blood smears of people with blood diseases?
To compare the shape and number of different types of blood cells with those of healthy people.
p.9
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What happens to the veins when skeletal muscles contract?
The veins are squeezed, forcing blood towards the heart.
p.17
Heart Anatomy and Function
What is the main function of the atria in the heart?
To receive blood at low pressure from the veins.
p.11
Blood Circulation Types
What happens to blood flow in capillaries compared to arteries?
Blood flows slowly in capillaries, allowing more time for material exchange.
p.32
Human Blood Composition
What happens to red blood cells in a 0.2% sodium chloride solution?
They will swell and may burst due to water entering the cells (hypotonic solution).
p.18
Heart Anatomy and Function
What are the names of the two types of valves that separate the atria from the ventricles?
Bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve.
p.26
Lymphatic System Overview
What is lymph?
Fluid that enters lymph capillaries and has the same composition as tissue fluid.
p.26
Lymphatic System Overview
What role do lymph nodes play in the lymphatic system?
They filter lymph and are part of the immune response.
p.20
Heart Anatomy and Function
What role do heart tendons play?
They prevent the bicuspid and tricuspid valves from turning inside out.
p.24
Formation and Role of Tissue Fluid
What is hydrostatic pressure in the context of tissue fluid formation?
It is the pressure of blood in the capillaries that is higher than the pressure of the surrounding fluid, forcing plasma components out.
p.12
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What happens to blood pressure in arteries and arterioles?
Blood pressure is high due to the pumping action of the heart and changes periodically as the heart contracts and relaxes.
p.10
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
How do the walls of arteries compare to those of veins?
Arteries have thicker walls with more elastic tissue and muscles.
p.7
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What do veins do?
Carry blood from the body tissues back to the heart.
p.27
Lymphatic System Overview
How is lymph kept flowing in lymph vessels?
By the contraction of skeletal muscles next to the lymph vessels.
p.13
Blood Circulation Types
What causes the great drop in blood pressure in the capillaries?
The very narrow diameter of the capillaries.
p.12
Exchange of Materials in Capillaries
What is the effect of capillaries having the greatest total cross-sectional area?
It allows for more time for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.
p.11
Exchange of Materials in Capillaries
Why do capillary beds provide a large surface area?
To allow for rapid exchange of materials between the blood and body cells.
p.22
Circulatory System Components
What are the two blood vessels that supply blood to the liver?
Hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein.
p.30
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
Why is the larger lumen of vessel type II important?
It allows for increased blood flow and reduced resistance.
p.22
Blood Circulation Types
What is the function of the hepatic portal vein?
It links the small intestine to the liver, collecting nutrient-rich blood after digestion.
p.3
Human Blood Composition
What role do antibodies play in the blood?
They are produced by certain white blood cells to help fight infections.
p.5
Human Blood Composition
What does a blood smear of anaemia patients show?
A reduced number of red blood cells.
p.8
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What allows arteries to distend and recoil?
The thick layer of elastic tissues.
p.1
Transport Systems in Organisms
Why is diffusion inefficient in large multicellular organisms?
Because cells in different parts of the body are far away from each other.
p.1
Transport Systems in Organisms
What is the purpose of a transport system in large multicellular organisms?
To ensure the supply of useful substances to target cells and removal of waste.
p.20
Heart Anatomy and Function
What is a key feature of cardiac muscles?
They can contract and relax continuously without fatigue.
p.25
Exchange of Materials in Capillaries
How are materials exchanged between blood and body cells?
At the capillaries, useful materials diffuse out of the blood into the tissue fluid and then into the body cells, while waste products from body cells diffuse into the tissue fluid and then into the blood.
p.25
Formation and Role of Tissue Fluid
How is tissue fluid formed?
At the arteriole end of the capillary bed, higher blood pressure in the capillaries forces some plasma components (excluding plasma proteins) out to form tissue fluid.
p.7
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What are the three types of blood vessels?
Arteries, veins, and capillaries.
p.33
Blood Circulation Types
What is the sequence of organs a red blood cell travels through after leaving the aorta?
Lungs, heart, small intestine, and liver.
p.23
Blood Circulation Types
What advantage does double circulation provide for active animals?
It allows blood to be pumped at high pressure to meet the needs of respiration more efficiently.
p.32
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What types of blood vessels do A and B belong to?
A is likely an artery and B is likely a capillary.
p.15
Heart Anatomy and Function
What do the coronary veins carry away from the heart?
Carbon dioxide and other waste.
p.2
Circulatory System Components
What is the role of blood in the body?
It carries useful substances and waste to and from body cells.
p.10
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What type of blood do arteries typically carry?
Oxygenated blood, except in the pulmonary artery and umbilical artery.
p.4
Human Blood Composition
Where are red blood cells produced?
In the bone marrow of some bones like limb bones, ribs, and vertebrae.
p.5
Diseases Related to Blood and Circulation
What is anaemia?
A deficiency of either haemoglobin or red blood cells, leading to insufficient oxygen supply to body tissues.
p.7
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What do venules do?
Join together to form veins.
p.7
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What is the role of the vena cava?
To return blood to the heart.
p.27
Lymphatic System Overview
What happens to lymph as it passes through lymph nodes?
White blood cells kill the germs in the lymph.
p.33
Blood Circulation Types
What assists the flow of blood in the aorta?
Recoil of the elastic wall of the aorta and the closing of the semi-lunar valves.
p.2
Circulatory System Components
What are the three main parts of the human circulatory system?
Blood, blood vessels, and heart.
p.25
Human Blood Composition
What role do white blood cells play in tissue fluid?
White blood cells can squeeze through the capillary walls and enter the tissue fluid.
p.21
Blood Circulation Types
How does oxygenated blood return to the heart?
It returns to the left atrium via the pulmonary veins.
p.30
Transport Systems in Organisms
Name three factors affecting the rate of enzymatic reactions.
Temperature, pH, substrate concentration.
p.32
Exchange of Materials in Capillaries
How does a feature of vessel B facilitate the diffusion of oxygen from blood to body cells?
The thin walls of capillaries allow for efficient diffusion of oxygen.
p.15
Diseases Related to Blood and Circulation
What happens if the coronary arteries are blocked?
It can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, potentially causing chest pain or a heart attack.
p.32
Exchange of Materials in Capillaries
What are three factors affecting the rate of diffusion of oxygen from blood to body cells?
Concentration gradient, temperature, and surface area.
p.7
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
How do capillaries connect arteries and veins?
They form a network that surrounds body tissues.
p.24
Formation and Role of Tissue Fluid
What occurs to the small amount of tissue fluid that does not return to the blood?
It drains into the lymph capillaries, which carry it back to the blood circulation.
p.22
Blood Circulation Types
How does nutrient-rich blood reach the liver after digestion?
Through the hepatic portal vein.
p.5
Diseases Related to Blood and Circulation
What is leukaemia?
A group of cancers that develops in the bone marrow, leading to the production of abnormal white blood cells.
p.11
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What is the diameter of a capillary lumen compared to a red blood cell?
Slightly larger than the diameter of a red blood cell.
p.8
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What is the role of arterioles in blood flow regulation?
The thick layer of muscles in arterioles contracts or relaxes to change the size of the lumen, regulating blood flow.
p.8
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What is the difference in lumen size between arteries and veins?
Arteries have a smaller lumen compared to veins, which have a larger lumen.
p.31
Human Blood Composition
What is the function of red blood cells?
Transport oxygen throughout the body.
p.23
Blood Circulation Types
What is single circulation?
A system where blood passes through the heart only once, flowing in one complete loop, as seen in fish.
p.12
Blood Circulation Types
How does blood flow in relation to blood pressure?
Blood always flows from a region of high blood pressure to a region of low blood pressure.
p.3
Human Blood Composition
What are the two major roles of plasma?
Transporting substances throughout the body and distributing heat to maintain body temperature.
p.7
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What is the primary function of arteries?
To carry blood from the heart to the body tissues.
p.9
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What provides the force for blood flow in veins?
The contraction of the skeletal muscles lying next to the veins.
p.25
Formation and Role of Tissue Fluid
What is the importance of tissue fluid for body cells?
Tissue fluid provides a relatively constant environment for normal functions of body cells and serves as a link for material exchange between blood and body cells.
p.6
Human Blood Composition
What can red blood cells be given to treat?
Patients with anaemia or severe blood loss.
p.29
Gas exchange, transport in humans, active transport
Which tissue type has the greatest number of mitochondria?
The inner wall of the small intestine.
p.21
Exchange of Materials in Capillaries
What happens in the capillary beds?
Exchange of materials takes place between the blood and body cells.
p.3
Human Blood Composition
What is the function of fibrinogen in the blood?
It is necessary for blood clotting.
p.6
Human Blood Composition
What is plasma used for?
To treat patients with blood clotting problems.
p.15
Heart Anatomy and Function
What is the function of the atria in the heart?
To receive blood from the veins and pass it to the ventricles.
p.26
Lymphatic System Overview
What are the main components of the human lymphatic system?
Lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and tonsils.
p.14
Heart Anatomy and Function
What does the pericardial fluid allow during heartbeats?
It allows the membranes to glide over each other.
p.31
Exchange of Materials in Capillaries
How does the rate of flow of red blood cells through capillaries aid gas exchange?
It allows for more surface area contact with body cells, facilitating efficient oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.
p.25
Human Blood Composition
What is a key difference between blood and tissue fluid?
Blood contains red blood cells, while tissue fluid does not.
p.6
Human Blood Composition
What is compared when examining blood cells?
Shape, relative size, and relative number of different types of blood cells.
p.3
Human Blood Composition
What substances are transported by plasma?
Water, carbon dioxide, nutrients, urea, hormones, antibodies, and fibrinogen.
p.12
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
Why is there a significant drop in blood pressure along capillaries?
The small diameter of capillaries results in high resistance to blood flow.
p.25
Formation and Role of Tissue Fluid
Which factor contributes to the formation of tissue fluid?
Hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries is a key factor that contributes to the formation of tissue fluid.
p.24
Formation and Role of Tissue Fluid
What happens at the venule end of the capillaries regarding tissue fluid?
Water in the tissue fluid is drawn into the capillaries by osmosis due to lower water potential.
p.2
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What do blood vessels do?
They form a system of tubes that distribute blood throughout the body.
p.13
Blood Circulation Types
What accounts for the change in blood pressure (P) in the capillaries?
The small lumen of the capillaries.
p.13
Blood Circulation Types
What accounts for the change in blood flow rate (Q) in the veins?
The action of the skeletal muscles lying next to the veins.
p.27
Lymphatic System Overview
Where are tonsils located and what is their function?
Located at the upper throat regions, they guard against germs entering the mouth or nose.
p.32
Circulatory System Components
Why is the blood pressure in vessel P higher than in vessel Q?
Vessel P is likely an artery, which has higher pressure compared to veins like vessel Q.
p.32
Diseases Related to Blood and Circulation
How does blockage of the coronary artery at point R affect heart function?
It can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle, potentially causing chest pain or heart attack.
p.1
Transport Systems in Organisms
What are the two systems that make up the transport system in humans?
The circulatory system and the lymphatic system.
p.28
Lymphatic System Overview
Where are lipids absorbed in the body?
In the small intestine, specifically into the lacteals in the villi.
p.12
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What is blood pressure?
The force exerted on the wall of a blood vessel by blood flow.
p.9
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What is the primary function of valves in veins?
To prevent the backflow of blood.
p.20
Heart Anatomy and Function
What is the purpose of artificial hearts?
To temporarily replace the function of diseased hearts until a donor can be found.
p.21
Exchange of Materials in Capillaries
What occurs in the lungs during double circulation?
Gas exchange takes place, and blood becomes oxygenated.
p.12
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What occurs to the rate of blood flow when arteries branch into arterioles?
The total cross-sectional area increases, causing the flow rate to drop.
p.20
Heart Anatomy and Function
What are the different models of artificial hearts designed for?
Some provide an extra ventricle, while others replace the entire heart for patients with their heart removed.
p.24
Formation and Role of Tissue Fluid
What is the composition of tissue fluid compared to blood?
Tissue fluid is similar to blood but lacks red blood cells, blood platelets, and plasma proteins.
p.3
Human Blood Composition
What are the three types of blood cells?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets.
p.23
Exchange of Materials in Capillaries
What is the permeability characteristic of capillary walls?
Capillary walls are differentially permeable.
p.10
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What provides the force for blood flow in veins?
The contraction of skeletal muscles that squeeze the vein.
p.4
Human Blood Composition
What is the primary function of white blood cells?
To protect the body against diseases by killing germs.
p.30
Blood Circulation Types
Why is there a difference in carbon dioxide content between the blood in vessel types I and II?
Vessel type I carries blood away from the organ (deoxygenated), while vessel type II carries blood towards the organ (oxygenated).
p.11
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What type of cells make up the capillary wall?
One-cell thick endothelium.
p.17
Heart Anatomy and Function
Why is the left ventricle's wall thicker than the right ventricle's?
It needs to provide greater force to pump blood to the entire body, except the lungs.
p.11
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What is the role of arterioles in relation to capillaries?
Arterioles regulate blood flow to certain organs.
p.18
Heart Anatomy and Function
Where are the semilunar valves located?
At the base of the aorta and the pulmonary artery.
p.31
Human Blood Composition
What is the function of fibrinogen?
To convert into fibrin for blood clotting.
p.20
Heart Anatomy and Function
What adaptation do the ventricles have?
A thick muscular wall that provides a strong force of contraction to drive blood over a long distance.
p.33
Heart Anatomy and Function
What is the role of structures P and Q in the heart?
They maintain unidirectional blood flow.
p.21
Blood Circulation Types
How does deoxygenated blood flow from the right atrium?
It flows to the right ventricle and is then pumped to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
p.23
Blood Circulation Types
What is double circulation?
A system that separates pulmonary and systemic circulation, allowing for higher blood pressure to body cells.
p.33
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
How do the structural differences between arteries and veins relate to blood flow?
Arteries have thicker walls to withstand high pressure, while veins have valves to prevent backflow.
p.10
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What is the lumen size comparison between arteries and veins?
Arteries have a smaller lumen, while veins have a larger lumen.
p.21
Blood Circulation Types
What is the role of the left ventricle in systemic circulation?
It pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body except the lungs through the aorta.
p.27
Lymphatic System Overview
What role does the spleen play in the body?
Filters damaged cells and germs in the blood.
p.16
Heart Anatomy and Function
How does the structure of a pig heart compare to a human heart?
The pig heart has a similar structure to the human heart.
p.2
Heart Anatomy and Function
What is the function of the heart in the circulatory system?
It acts as a pump to drive blood throughout the body.
p.10
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
How does blood pressure in arteries compare to that in veins?
Blood pressure is higher in arteries and lower in veins.
p.4
Human Blood Composition
What is the average lifespan of white blood cells?
For most, less than 3 days.
p.11
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
How do capillaries regulate blood flow to organs?
By changing the lumen size, although they themselves cannot constrict or dilate.
p.22
Blood Circulation Types
What happens to blood after it flows through the liver?
It flows through the hepatic vein and then to the posterior vena cava to the heart.
p.32
Diseases Related to Blood and Circulation
What are two healthy habits to reduce the risk of blockage in the coronary artery?
Regular exercise and a balanced diet low in saturated fats.
p.18
Heart Anatomy and Function
What is the role of semilunar valves?
They prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles when the ventricles relax.
p.1
Transport Systems in Organisms
How do very small organisms like Amoeba transport substances?
By diffusion or streaming of the cytoplasm.
p.14
Heart Anatomy and Function
Where is the heart located?
Within the thoracic cavity between the two lungs.
p.28
Lymphatic System Overview
How does the lymphatic system protect us against disease?
White blood cells in lymph nodes kill germs that enter the lymphatic system, filtering them out before lymph returns to the blood.
p.31
Human Blood Composition
Why do patients with the genetic disease lack energy?
Because abnormal red blood cells may not transport oxygen efficiently.
p.6
Human Blood Composition
What is the first step in examining blood smears?
Examine prepared slides of blood smears of healthy people with a microscope under high-power magnification.
p.23
Blood Circulation Types
Why is single circulation sufficient for less active animals?
Because they do not require high blood pressure for efficient oxygen and nutrient delivery.
p.27
Lymphatic System Overview
What are lymph capillaries?
Blind-ended vessels that join to form lymph vessels.
p.24
Formation and Role of Tissue Fluid
Why do plasma proteins, red blood cells, and blood platelets remain in the blood?
They are too large to pass through the capillary walls.
p.16
Heart Anatomy and Function
What are the names of the valves located on the right side of the heart?
Tricuspid valve and semilunar valve.
p.27
Lymphatic System Overview
What is the function of valves in lymph vessels?
To prevent the backflow of lymph.
p.13
Blood Circulation Types
How does the rate of blood flow change along the blood vessels?
It is high in the arteries, drops in the arterioles, nearly zero in the capillaries, and increases in the veins.
p.9
Blood Circulation Types
What is the role of arterial recoil?
It pushes blood forward after the artery distends.
p.24
Formation and Role of Tissue Fluid
What happens to most of the tissue fluid?
It returns to the blood at the venule end of the capillaries.
p.3
Human Blood Composition
Why is the center of red blood cells lighter in color under a microscope?
Due to the absence of a nucleus in mature red blood cells.
p.23
Exchange of Materials in Capillaries
What happens to waste products like carbon dioxide in the exchange process?
They diffuse from body cells into the tissue fluid and then across the capillary wall into the blood.
p.8
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What are the four layers of tissues in arteries and veins?
Fibrous tissue, smooth muscles, elastic tissues, and endothelium.
p.2
Exchange of Materials in Capillaries
What do the smallest blood vessels allow?
Exchange of materials between blood and body cells.
p.8
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
Why do arteries have thick walls?
To withstand high blood pressure due to the pumping action of the heart.
p.18
Heart Anatomy and Function
Where is the bicuspid valve located?
On the left side of the heart.
p.18
Heart Anatomy and Function
What does the bicuspid valve prevent?
Backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium when the left ventricle contracts.
p.17
Diseases Related to Blood and Circulation
What are potential health issues caused by a large septal defect?
Increased workload on the heart and lungs, leading to high blood pressure and possible damage to lung blood vessels.
p.31
Human Blood Composition
What is one visible difference between red and white blood cells?
Red blood cells are biconcave and lack a nucleus, while white blood cells have a nucleus and are larger.
p.20
Heart Anatomy and Function
What is the function of the bicuspid, tricuspid, and semilunar valves?
To prevent backflow of blood in the heart and ensure blood flow in one direction.
p.3
Human Blood Composition
What is the main component of plasma?
Mostly water, making up 90% by volume.
p.24
Formation and Role of Tissue Fluid
What components of plasma are forced out of capillaries to form tissue fluid?
Water, minerals, sugars, lipids, and hormones.
p.13
Blood Circulation Types
How does blood pressure change along the blood vessels?
Blood pressure is high in the arteries, gradually drops in the arterioles, experiences a great drop in the capillaries, and becomes even lower in the veins.
p.10
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
Do arteries have valves?
No, except at the base of the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
p.16
Heart Anatomy and Function
What is the role of heart tendons?
They support the heart valves.
p.30
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What are two functions of the thick muscular wall of vessel type I?
Maintains blood pressure and regulates blood flow.
p.21
Blood Circulation Types
How does deoxygenated blood return to the right atrium?
It returns through the venae cavae.
p.18
Heart Anatomy and Function
What is the function of heart valves?
They ensure blood flows in one direction only in the heart.
p.12
Blood Circulation Types
How is blood flow increased in veins despite low blood pressure?
Due to the contraction of skeletal muscles lying next to the veins.
p.32
Human Blood Composition
What happens to red blood cells in a 2% sodium chloride solution?
They will shrink due to water leaving the cells (hypertonic solution).
p.10
Circulatory System Components
What is the role of the umbilical artery and vein?
They connect the embryo to the placenta in mammals.
p.13
Blood Circulation Types
Why does blood flow rate increase in the veins?
Due to the contraction of skeletal muscles next to the veins.
p.7
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
How are the structures of arteries, veins, and capillaries related to their functions?
They have different structures that are closely related to their specific functions.
p.17
Diseases Related to Blood and Circulation
What is a septal defect?
A condition where the wall between the left and right chambers of the heart fails to close completely, leaving a hole.
p.5
Human Blood Composition
What roles do white blood cells serve?
They protect against diseases, with some acting as phagocytes to kill and digest foreign cells.
p.21
Blood Circulation Types
What happens during pulmonary circulation?
Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation.
p.2
Human Blood Composition
What is blood composed of?
Blood cells suspended in plasma.
p.27
Lymphatic System Overview
Where do lymph vessels connect?
To two large veins near the neck region.
p.16
Heart Anatomy and Function
What are the names of the valves located on the left side of the heart?
Bicuspid valve and semilunar valve.
p.4
Human Blood Composition
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
To carry oxygen due to the presence of hemoglobin.
p.11
Exchange of Materials in Capillaries
What is the primary function of capillaries in the circulatory system?
Exchange of materials between the blood and body cells.
p.6
Human Blood Composition
Who receives blood platelets?
Patients who are unable to produce enough platelets.
p.29
Gas exchange, nutrition in humans
What feature is common to an air sac and an intestinal villus for facilitating diffusion?
They have numerous capillaries.
p.12
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What happens to blood pressure in veins and venules?
Blood pressure drops to nearly zero after traveling a long distance from the heart.
p.17
Heart Anatomy and Function
What is the role of the left atrium?
To receive oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins.
p.27
Lymphatic System Overview
What do the spleen and thymus produce?
White blood cells that kill germs and destroy dead cells.
p.17
Heart Anatomy and Function
How do the atria contribute to blood circulation?
They contract to pump blood into the ventricles.
p.5
Diseases Related to Blood and Circulation
What are the symptoms of anaemia?
Patients feel weak and may faint easily.
p.17
Heart Anatomy and Function
What distinguishes the ventricles from the atria?
Ventricles have a thicker muscular wall than the atria.
p.27
Diseases Related to Blood and Circulation
What may indicate a bacterial infection in relation to lymph nodes?
Swelling of the lymph nodes.
p.8
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
What happens to arteries when the heart contracts?
Blood is forced out, causing the arteries to distend.
p.17
Diseases Related to Blood and Circulation
What happens in the case of a ventricular septal defect?
Oxygenated blood from the left ventricle mixes with deoxygenated blood in the right ventricle.
p.28
Lymphatic System Overview
What role do lymph nodes play in the lymphatic system?
They filter out germs from the lymph before it returns to the blood.
p.16
Heart Anatomy and Function
What is the function of the septum in the heart?
It prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
p.2
Human Blood Composition
What happens when blood is spun in a centrifuge?
It separates into two layers: plasma on top and blood cells at the bottom.
p.9
Heart Anatomy and Function
What occurs when the heart contracts?
Blood is forced into the artery, causing it to distend.
p.17
Heart Anatomy and Function
What type of blood does the right atrium receive?
Deoxygenated blood from the anterior and posterior vena cava.
p.23
Exchange of Materials in Capillaries
How do small molecules like oxygen and nutrients move from capillaries to body cells?
They are forced out of the capillary wall into the tissue fluid and then diffuse into body cells.
p.6
Human Blood Composition
What condition do white blood cells help treat?
Insufficient white blood cells and infections.
p.6
Human Blood Composition
What is the overall benefit of donating blood?
Donating blood saves lives.
p.17
Heart Anatomy and Function
What is the function of the right ventricle?
To pump deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
p.4
Human Blood Composition
What happens to hemoglobin when red blood cells are destroyed?
It is broken down into iron, which is reused, and bile pigment, which is excreted.
p.15
Heart Anatomy and Function
What is the role of the ventricles in the heart?
To pump blood away from the heart to the body.
p.13
Blood Circulation Types
What happens to the total cross-sectional area as blood moves from arteries to capillaries?
The total cross-sectional area increases, leading to a drop in flow rate.
p.5
Human Blood Composition
What does a blood smear of leukaemia patients show?
An increased number of white blood cells.
p.5
Human Blood Composition
What is the role of eosinophils?
They are involved in allergic reactions.
p.18
Heart Anatomy and Function
What prevents the heart valves from turning inside out during ventricular contraction?
Tough heart tendons, also known as chordae tendineae.
p.4
Human Blood Composition
What is the function of blood platelets?
Involved in blood clotting to prevent further blood loss and entry of germs.
p.8
Blood Vessels Structure and Function
How does the elasticity of artery walls contribute to blood flow?
It allows arteries to recoil, which helps maintain continuous blood flow.
p.30
Blood Circulation Types
Explain the low oxygen content of the blood in vessel type I.
It is returning from the tissues where oxygen has been used for metabolism.
p.4
Human Blood Composition
Where are white blood cells produced?
In the bone marrow and spleen, maturing in lymph nodes.
p.5
Human Blood Composition
What are the five types of white blood cells?
Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte.
p.5
Human Blood Composition
What is the role of neutrophils?
They act as phagocytes to kill and digest foreign cells such as bacteria and viruses.
p.11
Exchange of Materials in Capillaries
What characteristic of capillaries allows for rapid diffusion of materials?
The one-cell thick wall provides a short distance for diffusion.
