p.8
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What bones are involved in the elbow joint?
Radius, Ulna, and Humerus.
p.48
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What is the action of the descending part of the trapezius muscle?
Draws scapula down obliquely upward; rotates glenoid cavity superiorly; tilts head to same side and rotates to opposite.
p.6
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What is the action of the Clavicular Part of the Pectoralis Major?
Adduction and internal rotation.
p.39
Vertebral Column Anatomy
What is the structure of cancellous bone?
A system of columns of bone that run vertically from end plate to end plate.
p.51
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What is the primary function of the thoracic wall?
To protect the thoracic cavity and its organs.
p.5
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What is the primary function of scapula movements?
To facilitate shoulder mobility and stability.
p.52
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
How many vertebrae are in the lumbar spine?
Five lumbar vertebrae (L1 to L5).
p.27
Vertebral Column Anatomy
What are the main regions of the spine?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
p.37
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What type of fibers are found in the Nucleus Proposus?
Fine collagen and elastin fibers.
p.4
Vertebral Column Anatomy
What is the primary structure that makes up the vertebral column?
A series of vertebrae stacked on top of each other.
p.5
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What movement occurs when the scapula moves towards the spine?
Adduction (or retraction).
p.1
Vertebral Column Anatomy
What is the focus of Lecture 2 in PHSI 2502NEF?
Movement and Function of the Spine.
p.13
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What joints does the flexor digitorum superficialis flex?
Wrist, MCP, and PIP joints of 2nd to 5th digits.
p.8
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What is the anterior view of the elbow joint?
A view showing the Radius and Ulna from the front.
p.9
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What is the lateral view of the elbow joint?
A view showing the radius and humerus from the outside.
p.54
Normal Active Range of Motion (AROM) for Joints
What is the normal active range of motion (AROM) for trunk flexion measured with?
A tape measure or inclinometer.
p.7
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
Which bones make up the elbow joint?
The humerus, radius, and ulna.
p.6
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What is the action of the Abdominal Part of the Pectoralis Major?
Adduction and internal rotation.
p.54
Normal Active Range of Motion (AROM) for Joints
What is trunk extension?
A movement that increases the angle between the trunk and the legs.
p.55
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What are the actions of the Psoas major?
Hip joint: flexion and external rotation; lumbar spine: unilateral contraction bends the trunk laterally to the same side; bilateral contraction raises the trunk from the supine position.
p.51
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What is the role of intercostal muscles in the thoracic wall?
To assist in breathing by expanding and contracting the rib cage.
p.54
Normal Active Range of Motion (AROM) for Joints
What is trunk rotation?
A movement that involves twisting the trunk.
p.33
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What role does the annulus fibrosus play in the intervertebral disc?
It provides structural support and contains the nucleus pulposus.
p.35
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What is the function of the nucleus pulposus in the IVD?
To provide cushioning and distribute pressure.
p.36
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
How do the fibers in adjacent lamellae of the Annulus Fibrosus alternate?
They alternate to the left and right of the vertical axis.
p.58
Abdominal Muscle Functions
What is the action of the Rectus Abdominus?
Flexes trunk, compresses abdomen, stabilizes pelvis.
p.19
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What does the anterior view refer to?
The front view of the body.
p.46
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What is the action of the Platysma muscle?
Depresses and wrinkles skin of lower face and mouth, tenses skin of neck, aids forced depression of the mandible.
p.57
Abdominal Muscle Functions
What is the unilateral action of the Internal Oblique muscle?
Bends trunk to the same side and rotates trunk to the same side.
p.14
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What is the action of the Extensor Digitorum?
Wrist extension and extension of the 2nd to 5th digits.
p.56
Abdominal Muscle Functions
What is the unilateral action of the External Oblique muscle?
Bends trunk to the same side and rotates trunk to the opposite side.
p.19
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What does the posterior view refer to?
The back view of the body.
p.57
Abdominal Muscle Functions
What are the bilateral actions of the Internal Oblique muscle?
Flexes trunk, compresses abdomen, stabilizes pelvis.
p.59
Abdominal Muscle Functions
What is the action of the Transverse Abdominus when acting unilaterally?
Rotates the trunk to the same side.
p.14
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What actions does the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris perform?
Wrist extension and ulnar deviation of the hand.
p.56
Abdominal Muscle Functions
What are the bilateral actions of the External Oblique muscle?
Flexes trunk, compresses abdomen, stabilizes pelvis.
p.22
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What is the action of the Abductor Pollicis Brevis?
Abduction at the CMC joint of the thumb.
p.47
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What is the action of the unilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Tilts head to the same side and rotates head to the opposite side.
p.22
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What actions does the Adductor Pollicis perform?
Adduction at the CMC joint of the thumb and flexion at the MCP joint of the thumb.
p.40
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What are the implications of the nucleus being avascular?
It affects nutrient supply and waste removal, potentially impacting disc health.
p.48
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What is the action of the ascending part of the trapezius muscle?
Draws scapula medially downward.
p.32
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What is the primary function of intervertebral discs?
To act as shock absorbers between the vertebrae.
p.43
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What unique feature does the Axis (C2) have?
It has a peg-like odontoid process (dens) that fits into the atlas (C1).
p.39
Vertebral Column Anatomy
How are the vertical columns of cancellous bone connected?
They are tied together with smaller transverse trabeculae.
p.36
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What is the primary composition of the Annulus Fibrosus?
Primarily collagen fibers passing obliquely between vertebral bodies.
p.6
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What are the actions of the Coracobrachialis?
Flexion, adduction, and internal rotation.
p.36
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What is unique about the orientation of successive lamellae in the Annulus Fibrosus?
They have reversed orientation fibers.
p.4
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What are the major muscles surrounding the vertebral column?
Muscles that provide support and movement to the spine.
p.18
Wrist and Hand Anatomy
How many metacarpals are there?
5 metacarpals (1st to 5th digits).
p.28
Vertebral Column Anatomy
What is the primary function of the vertebral column?
To support the head and protect the spinal cord.
p.44
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
Which cervical vertebra is known as the axis?
C2, which allows for the rotation of the head.
p.40
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What is the vascular supply status of spinal tissues?
All spinal tissues have a vascular supply except for the intervertebral disc.
p.9
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What bones are involved in the elbow joint?
Radius, Ulna, and Humerus.
p.9
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What is the medial view of the elbow joint?
A view showing the ulna and humerus from the inside.
p.41
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What is the primary function of the cervical spine?
To support the head and allow for a range of motion.
p.32
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What are the two main components of intervertebral discs?
The nucleus pulposus and the annulus fibrosus.
p.51
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What structures make up the thoracic wall?
Ribs, sternum, and thoracic vertebrae.
p.35
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What is the primary role of the intervertebral disc (IVD)?
To act as a cushion between vertebrae and absorb shock.
p.7
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What is the role of the ligaments in the elbow?
To provide stability and support.
p.29
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What are common causes of lordosis?
Obesity, pregnancy, and certain medical conditions.
What is the Longissimus thoracis muscle's primary action?
Not specified in the provided text.
p.36
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
At what angle are the fibers in the Annulus Fibrosus oriented relative to the vertical axis?
Approximately 60 degrees.
p.10
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What role do the brachialis and brachioradialis play in elbow movement?
They assist in elbow flexion.
p.60
Abdominal Muscle Functions
Name the main groups of abdominal muscles.
Rectus abdominis, external obliques, internal obliques, and transversus abdominis.
p.20
Wrist and Hand Anatomy
What does MCPJ stand for?
Metacarpophalangeal Joint.
p.17
Wrist and Hand Anatomy
What bones make up the hand?
The metacarpals and phalanges.
p.17
Wrist and Hand Anatomy
How many phalanges are in each finger?
Three phalanges, except for the thumb which has two.
p.12
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What is the function of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris?
Wrist flexion and ulnar deviation.
What is the action of the Multifidus muscle when acting unilaterally?
Flexes the spine to the same side and rotates to the opposite side.
p.53
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What is the primary function of typical lumbar vertebrae?
To support the weight of the upper body and allow for movement.
p.43
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
How does the Axis (C2) contribute to neck mobility?
It provides a pivot point for the rotation of the skull.
p.32
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What is the nucleus pulposus?
The gel-like center of the intervertebral disc.
p.54
Normal Active Range of Motion (AROM) for Joints
What does lateral flexion of the trunk involve?
Bending the trunk to the side.
What does the Longissimus cervicis muscle do unilaterally?
Bends the spine laterally to the same side.
p.41
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What is the role of the second cervical vertebra?
Axis (C2) allows for rotation of the head.
p.34
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What is the role of aggrecan in the IVD?
It maintains tissue hydration through osmotic pressure.
p.29
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
How can lordosis affect health?
It can cause lower back pain and discomfort.
p.50
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the human spine?
There are 12 thoracic vertebrae.
p.17
Wrist and Hand Anatomy
What is the function of the wrist joint?
To allow for a wide range of motion and flexibility.
p.60
Abdominal Muscle Functions
What is the significance of the transversus abdominis?
It acts as a stabilizer for the pelvis and lower back.
p.28
Vertebral Column Anatomy
What are the main regions of the vertebral column?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
p.8
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What is the posterior view of the elbow joint?
A view showing the Radius and Ulna from the back.
p.6
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What are the actions of the Pectoralis Major?
Adduction and internal rotation.
p.43
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What role does the Axis (C2) play in the spine?
It allows for the rotation of the head.
What is the unilateral action of the Quadratus lumborum muscle?
Bends the trunk to the same side.
p.42
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
How does the Atlas differ from other vertebrae?
It lacks a vertebral body and spinous process.
p.55
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What is the action of the Iliopsoas muscle?
It acts conjointly in flexing and stabilizing the hip joint.
p.35
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
How do intervertebral discs contribute to spinal flexibility?
They allow for movement and flexibility between the vertebrae.
p.30
Vertebral Column Anatomy
What is the primary function of the vertebral column?
To provide support and protection for the spinal cord.
p.35
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What are the two main components of an intervertebral disc?
Nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus.
p.60
Abdominal Muscle Functions
What are the primary functions of abdominal muscles?
Support the trunk, allow movement, and protect internal organs.
p.33
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
How do intervertebral discs contribute to spinal flexibility?
They allow for movement and flexibility between vertebrae.
p.35
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What is the function of the annulus fibrosus in the IVD?
To contain the nucleus pulposus and provide structural support.
p.17
Wrist and Hand Anatomy
What are the two main groups of carpal bones?
Proximal and distal rows.
p.44
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What is the function of the spinous processes in cervical vertebrae?
They provide attachment points for muscles and ligaments.
p.28
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What is the role of intervertebral discs?
To provide cushioning and allow movement between vertebrae.
p.47
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What happens during bilateral contraction of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Extends the head and aids in respiration when the head is fixed.
p.27
Vertebral Column Anatomy
What is the primary function of the spine?
To support the body and protect the spinal cord.
p.10
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What is the primary function of the elbow muscles?
To facilitate movement and stability of the elbow joint.
p.49
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
How many vertebrae are in the thoracic spine?
Twelve vertebrae (T1 to T12).
What is the unilateral action of the Longissimus capitis muscle?
Flexes and rotates the head to the same side.
p.39
Vertebral Column Anatomy
What happens to the end plates of cancellous bone under axial compression?
They bulge into the vertebral bodies.
p.33
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What are the two main components of an intervertebral disc?
The nucleus pulposus and the annulus fibrosus.
p.27
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What is the role of intervertebral discs?
To absorb shock and allow movement between vertebrae.
p.37
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
How is the gel in the Nucleus Proposus held together?
Loosely by an irregular network of fibers.
p.27
Vertebral Column Anatomy
What is the curvature of the spine?
The spine has natural curves that help with balance and weight distribution.
p.53
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What type of movement do lumbar vertebrae primarily facilitate?
Flexion, extension, and some lateral bending.
p.41
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What movements are facilitated by the cervical spine?
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
p.30
Vertebral Column Anatomy
What are the main regions of the vertebral column?
Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.
p.44
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What unique structure do cervical vertebrae possess that aids in the rotation of the head?
Transverse foramen, which allows for the passage of the vertebral arteries.
p.60
Abdominal Muscle Functions
How do abdominal muscles contribute to movement?
They facilitate flexion, rotation, and lateral bending of the trunk.
p.44
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
Which cervical vertebra is known as the atlas?
C1, which supports the skull.
p.17
Wrist and Hand Anatomy
What type of joint is the wrist?
A complex synovial joint.
p.40
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What is the vascular condition of the nucleus in the intervertebral disc?
The nucleus is avascular.
p.37
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What components make up the Nucleus Proposus?
Proteoglycan and water gel.
p.29
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What is kyphosis?
A condition characterized by an excessive outward curvature of the spine, leading to a hunchback appearance.
p.41
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
How many vertebrae are in the cervical spine?
There are seven cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7).
p.4
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What are the upper limb muscles responsible for?
Facilitating various movements of the upper limb.
p.5
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What is the term for the movement of the scapula away from the spine?
Abduction (or protraction).
p.32
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
How do intervertebral discs contribute to spinal flexibility?
They allow for movement and flexibility between the vertebrae.
p.29
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
How can kyphosis affect health?
It can lead to back pain, stiffness, and respiratory issues.
p.5
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What is the downward rotation of the scapula?
The movement that brings the scapula back to its resting position after upward rotation.
p.60
Abdominal Muscle Functions
What role do abdominal muscles play in posture?
They help maintain proper posture by stabilizing the spine.
p.12
Elbow Joint Structure and Function
What actions does the Flexor Carpi Radialis perform?
Wrist flexion and radial deviation.
p.38
Vertebral Column Anatomy
In what direction do the fibers of the vertebral endplate run?
Horizontal and parallel to the vertebral bodies.
p.6
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What actions are performed by the Sternocostal Part of the Pectoralis Major?
Adduction and internal rotation.
p.54
Normal Active Range of Motion (AROM) for Joints
What are the key movements included in trunk movements?
Flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation.
p.37
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
How are the fibers in the Nucleus Proposus arranged?
Radially and embedded in a highly hydrated aggrecan-containing gel.
p.49
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What is the primary function of the thoracic spine?
To support the rib cage and protect the heart and lungs.
p.18
Wrist and Hand Anatomy
What are the three types of phalanges in the fingers?
Distal, middle, and proximal phalanges.
p.39
Vertebral Column Anatomy
What occurs to the columns of cancellous bone during compression?
They experience compression and appear to bend.
p.52
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What movements are primarily facilitated by the lumbar spine?
Flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation.
p.55
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What is the role of the Psoas minor?
It acts conjointly with the Iliopsoas in flexing and stabilizing the hip joint.
p.44
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What is a characteristic feature of typical cervical vertebrae?
They have a small body and a large vertebral foramen.
p.55
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What does bilateral contraction of the Psoas major achieve?
It raises the trunk from the supine position.
p.44
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
How many typical cervical vertebrae are there in the human spine?
There are seven typical cervical vertebrae (C1 to C7).
p.50
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What type of movement is primarily allowed by the thoracic vertebrae?
Rotation and limited flexion/extension.
p.47
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What are the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
Sternal head and clavicular head.
p.49
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What region of the spine does the thoracic spine refer to?
The middle section of the vertebral column.
p.52
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What is the primary function of the lumbar spine?
To support the weight of the upper body and provide flexibility and movement.
p.29
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What is lordosis?
A condition characterized by an excessive inward curvature of the spine, often seen in the lower back.
What are the bilateral actions of the Quadratus lumborum muscle?
Bearing down, expiration, and stabilizing the 12th rib.
p.42
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What joint does the Atlas form with the occipital bone?
The atlanto-occipital joint.
p.32
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What role does the annulus fibrosus play?
It provides strength and stability to the intervertebral disc.
p.33
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What is the nucleus pulposus?
The gel-like center of the intervertebral disc.
p.52
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What is the role of intervertebral discs in the lumbar spine?
To absorb shock and allow for movement between vertebrae.
p.55
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What does unilateral contraction of the Psoas major do?
It bends the trunk laterally to the same side.
p.20
Wrist and Hand Anatomy
What does PIPJ stand for?
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint.
p.53
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What is the orientation of the lumbar articular processes?
They are oriented in a sagittal plane.
p.18
Wrist and Hand Anatomy
Name the carpal bones.
Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.
p.38
Vertebral Column Anatomy
What is the vertebral endplate?
A thin horizontal layer of hyaline cartilage placed between the disc and the vertebral body.
p.23
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What is the action of the Flexor Pollicis Brevis?
Flexion at the CMC joint of the thumb.
p.42
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What is the primary function of the Atlas vertebra?
To support the skull and allow for nodding movements.
p.23
Upper Limb Muscles and Movements
What action does the Opponens Pollicis perform?
Opposition at the CMC joint of the thumb.
p.33
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What is the primary function of intervertebral discs?
To act as shock absorbers between the vertebrae.
p.29
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What are common causes of kyphosis?
Poor posture, degenerative diseases, and spinal injuries.
p.53
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What is a distinguishing feature of lumbar vertebrae compared to other vertebrae?
They have larger bodies to support more weight.
p.42
Cervical Spine Movements and Muscles
What type of movement does the Atlas allow?
Flexion and extension of the head (nodding).
p.20
Wrist and Hand Anatomy
What does DIPJ stand for?
Distal Interphalangeal Joint.
p.34
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What types of collagen are primarily found in the IVD?
Type I (70%) and Type II (20%).
p.50
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What is the shape of the body of a typical thoracic vertebra?
The body is heart-shaped.
p.51
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What is the significance of the sternum in the thoracic wall?
It serves as an attachment point for ribs and protects the heart.
p.50
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What is a typical characteristic of thoracic vertebrae?
They have facets for rib articulation.
p.30
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What is the role of intervertebral discs?
To absorb shock and allow movement between vertebrae.
p.50
Thoracic and Lumbar Spine Anatomy
What is the orientation of the spinous processes in thoracic vertebrae?
The spinous processes are long and angled downward.
p.30
Vertebral Column Anatomy
What is the significance of the sacral region in the vertebral column?
It connects the spine to the pelvis.
p.34
Intervertebral Disc Composition and Function
What function does collagen serve in the intervertebral disc?
Provides tensile strength and anchors the tissue to the bone.
p.20
Wrist and Hand Anatomy
What is the function of the IPJ?
Interphalangeal Joint allows flexion and extension of the fingers.
