p.9
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are the exceptions where hyaline cartilage is not surrounded by perichondrium?
Articular cartilage in joints and cartilage of epiphyseal plates.
p.5
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the primary function of adipose tissue?
The primary functions of adipose tissue are to reduce heat loss through the skin, serve as an energy reserve, and support and protect organs.
p.3
Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissue
Where are reticular fibers commonly found?
Reticular fibers are plentiful in reticular connective tissue, which forms the stroma of many soft organs such as the spleen and lymph nodes, and they also help form the basement membrane.
p.8
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the function of elastic connective tissue?
Elastic connective tissue allows stretching of various organs, is strong, and can recoil to its original shape after being stretched.
p.2
Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissue
What is the role of hyaluronic acid in connective tissue?
Hyaluronic acid binds cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeballs.
p.2
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are adipocytes and where are they found?
Adipocytes are fat cells that store fats. They are found below the skin and around organs such as the heart and kidneys.
p.11
Bone and Cartilage Structure and Function
How is bone tissue classified?
Bone tissue is classified as either compact or spongy, depending on how its extracellular matrix and cells are organized.
p.11
Bone and Cartilage Structure and Function
What does the central canal contain?
The central canal contains blood vessels and nerves.
p.10
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are the characteristics of fibrocartilage?
Fibrocartilage has chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix and lacks perichondrium.
p.10
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are the characteristics of elastic cartilage?
Elastic cartilage has chondrocytes in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix and has a perichondrium.
p.5
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are the functions of areolar connective tissue?
The functions of areolar connective tissue are strength, elasticity, and support.
p.3
Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissue
What are the characteristics of collagen fibers?
Collagen fibers are very strong, resist pulling or stretching, are not stiff, and allow tissue flexibility. They are found in bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
p.8
Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissue
What substance in the extracellular matrix is largely responsible for cartilage’s resilience?
Chondroitin sulfate is largely responsible for cartilage’s resilience.
p.2
Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissue
What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and what is their function?
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are large organic molecules that are complex combinations of polysaccharides and proteins. They trap water, making the ground substance more jellylike.
p.2
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the function of macrophages in connective tissue?
Macrophages develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis.
p.11
Bone and Cartilage Structure and Function
What types of connective tissues are bones composed of?
Bones are composed of bone or osseous tissue, the periosteum, red and yellow bone marrow, and the endosteum.
p.11
Bone and Cartilage Structure and Function
What are lacunae and what do they contain?
Lacunae are small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells called osteocytes.
p.11
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are the functions of white blood cells?
White blood cells are involved in phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions.
p.5
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are the main components of areolar connective tissue?
Areolar connective tissue consists of fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular) arranged randomly and several kinds of cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, mast cells, and a few white blood cells) embedded in semifluid ground substance (hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate).
p.3
General Features of Connective Tissue
What is a sprain?
A sprain is a stretched or torn ligament, often occurring in the ankle joint.
p.3
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the three categories of mature connective tissue?
Connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, and liquid connective tissue.
p.1
Layering Arrangements of Epithelial Tissue
What are the various layering arrangements and cell shapes of epithelial tissue?
Epithelial tissue can be arranged in single layers (simple epithelium) or multiple layers (stratified epithelium). The cell shapes include squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-shaped), and columnar (tall and cylindrical).
p.1
Endothelium and Mesothelium Locations
Where are endothelium and mesothelium located?
Endothelium lines the interior surface of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels, while mesothelium forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes, such as the peritoneum, pleura, and pericardium.
p.6
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is reticular connective tissue?
Reticular connective tissue is a fine interlacing network of reticular fibers (a thin form of collagen fiber) and reticular cells.
p.2
Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissue
What are collagen fibers and their significance?
Collagen fibers are strong, flexible bundles of the protein collagen, which is the most abundant protein in the body.
p.11
Bone and Cartilage Structure and Function
What is the structure of spongy bone?
Spongy bone consists of columns of bone called trabeculae, which contain lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, and canaliculi. Spaces between trabeculae are filled with red bone marrow.
p.4
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
Describe the structure of mesenchyme.
Mesenchyme has irregularly shaped mesenchymal cells embedded in semifluid ground substance that contains delicate reticular fibers.
p.9
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
How does hyaline cartilage appear in the body?
As a bluish-white, shiny substance.
p.7
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
Where is dense regular connective tissue commonly found?
Dense regular connective tissue forms tendons (attach muscle to bone), most ligaments (attach bone to bone), and aponeuroses (sheetlike tendons that attach muscle to muscle or muscle to bone).
p.5
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
Where is adipose tissue typically located?
Adipose tissue is located wherever areolar connective tissue is found: in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin, around the heart and kidneys, yellow bone marrow, padding around joints, and behind the eyeball in the eye socket.
p.8
General Features of Connective Tissue
What is the perichondrium?
The perichondrium is a covering of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the surface of most cartilage and contains blood vessels and nerves.
p.8
General Features of Connective Tissue
Why does cartilage repair proceed slowly when injured or inflamed?
Cartilage repair proceeds slowly because cartilage is avascular, meaning it lacks a blood supply.
p.1
Endocrine vs Exocrine Glands
What is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts that lead to body surfaces or cavities. Examples of exocrine glands include merocrine (e.g., salivary glands), apocrine (e.g., mammary glands), and holocrine (e.g., sebaceous glands) glands.
p.6
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
Where is reticular connective tissue located?
Reticular connective tissue is located in the stroma (supporting framework) of the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, reticular lamina of basement membrane, and around blood vessels and muscles.
p.11
Bone and Cartilage Structure and Function
What are lamellae and their function?
Lamellae are concentric rings of extracellular matrix that consist of mineral salts and collagen fibers, giving bone its hardness, compressive strength, and tensile strength.
p.11
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are the formed elements suspended in blood plasma?
The formed elements suspended in blood plasma are red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes).
p.4
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
Where is mucous (mucoid) connective tissue located?
In the umbilical cord of the fetus.
p.4
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are the types of loose connective tissue?
Areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, and reticular connective tissue.
p.7
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the function of dense regular connective tissue?
Dense regular connective tissue provides strong attachment between various structures and withstands pulling (tension) along the long axis of fibers.
p.5
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
How does adipose tissue contribute to body temperature regulation in newborns?
In newborns, brown adipose tissue generates heat to maintain proper body temperature.
p.6
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are some postsurgical complications of liposuction?
Postsurgical complications of liposuction may include fat entering blood vessels and obstructing blood flow, infection, loss of feeling in the area, fluid depletion, injury to internal structures, and severe postoperative pain.
p.1
Types of Epithelial Tissue and Their Functions
How is the structure of simple squamous epithelium related to its function?
Simple squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flat cells, which allows for efficient diffusion and filtration. It is found in areas where rapid exchange of substances is necessary, such as the alveoli of the lungs and the lining of blood vessels.
p.8
Bone and Cartilage Structure and Function
What makes up the skeletal system?
The skeletal system is made up of cartilage, joints, and bones.
p.1
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the role of macrophages in connective tissue?
Macrophages are phagocytes that develop from monocytes. They can be fixed in a particular tissue or wander throughout the tissue to gather at sites of infection or inflammation to carry on phagocytosis.
p.2
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the role of plasma cells in connective tissue?
Plasma cells develop from B lymphocytes and secrete antibodies that attack and neutralize foreign substances.
p.10
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
Where is fibrocartilage located?
Fibrocartilage is located in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of the knee, and portions of tendons that insert into cartilage.
p.10
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the function of elastic cartilage?
Elastic cartilage provides strength and elasticity and maintains the shape of certain structures.
p.7
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the primary composition of dense irregular connective tissue?
Dense irregular connective tissue is made up of collagen fibers, usually irregularly arranged with a few fibroblasts.
p.3
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the two major subclasses of connective tissue?
Embryonic connective tissue and mature connective tissue.
p.6
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
How does ultrasound-assisted liposuction (UAL) work?
In ultrasound-assisted liposuction (UAL), a special cannula delivers high-frequency sound waves that liquefy the fat cells, and the liquid is then removed by suction.
p.8
General Features of Connective Tissue
What happens during interstitial growth of cartilage?
During interstitial growth, cartilage increases rapidly in size due to the division of existing chondrocytes and the continuous deposition of increasing amounts of extracellular matrix by the chondrocytes.
p.1
Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissue
What are the two basic elements of connective tissue?
The two basic elements of connective tissue are the extracellular matrix and cells. The extracellular matrix consists of protein fibers and ground substance.
p.1
Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissue
What is the ground substance in connective tissue?
The ground substance is the component of connective tissue between the cells and fibers. It can be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified and supports cells, binds them together, stores water, and provides a medium for exchange of substances between the blood and cells.
p.2
Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissue
What is the role of dermatan sulfate in connective tissue?
Dermatan sulfate is found in the skin, tendons, blood vessels, and heart valves, providing support and adhesiveness.
p.9
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
Where are chondrocytes found in hyaline cartilage?
In lacunae surrounded by perichondrium.
p.3
Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissue
What is the function of elastic fibers?
Elastic fibers provide strength and stability, can be stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length without breaking, and return to their original shape after being stretched.
p.8
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are the three types of cartilage?
The three types of cartilage are hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage.
p.8
General Features of Connective Tissue
What are the two basic patterns of cartilage growth?
The two basic patterns of cartilage growth are interstitial growth and appositional growth.
p.1
General Features of Connective Tissue
What are the general features of connective tissue?
Connective tissue binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues; protects and insulates internal organs; compartmentalizes structures; serves as a major transport system (blood); stores energy reserves (adipose tissue); and is the main source of immune responses.
p.6
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are the functions of reticular connective tissue?
Reticular connective tissue forms the stroma of organs, binds smooth muscle tissue cells, and filters and removes worn-out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodes.
p.11
Bone and Cartilage Structure and Function
What are canaliculi and their function?
Canaliculi are networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes, providing routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for wastes to leave them.
p.11
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the function of platelets?
Platelets participate in blood clotting.
p.4
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the function of mesenchyme?
Forms almost all other types of connective tissue.
p.4
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
Describe the structure of mucous (mucoid) connective tissue.
Mucous (mucoid) connective tissue has widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in viscous, jellylike ground substance that contains fine collagen fibers.
p.5
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
Where is areolar connective tissue commonly found?
Areolar connective tissue is found in and around nearly every body structure: in the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin, papillary region of the dermis of the skin, lamina propria of mucous membranes, and around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs.
p.3
Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissue
What are the three types of fibers found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues?
Collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers.
p.8
General Features of Connective Tissue
What are the cells of mature cartilage called?
The cells of mature cartilage are called chondrocytes.
p.1
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics
What characteristics are common to all epithelial tissues?
Common characteristics of epithelial tissues include closely packed cells with minimal extracellular material, a free surface exposed to the body exterior or internal cavity, a basement membrane anchoring the tissue, avascularity (lack of blood vessels), and high regenerative capacity.
p.8
General Features of Connective Tissue
What happens during appositional growth of cartilage?
During appositional growth, cells in the inner cellular layer of the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts, which surround themselves with extracellular matrix and become chondrocytes, causing the cartilage to grow in width.
p.1
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are fibroblasts and what is their function?
Fibroblasts are large, flat cells with branching processes found in all general connective tissues. They are responsible for secreting fibers and ground substance of the extracellular matrix.
p.11
Bone and Cartilage Structure and Function
What are the four parts of an osteon?
The four parts of an osteon are lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi, and a central canal.
p.2
Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissue
What is the main adhesion protein in connective tissues and its function?
The main adhesion protein in connective tissues is fibronectin, which binds to both collagen fibers and ground substance, linking them together and attaching cells to the ground substance.
p.10
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
Where is elastic cartilage located?
Elastic cartilage is located in the lid on top of the larynx (epiglottis), part of the external ear (auricle), and auditory (eustachian) tubes.
p.3
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine used for?
They are used as nutritional supplements to promote and maintain the structure and function of joint cartilage, provide pain relief from osteoarthritis, and reduce joint inflammation.
p.5
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is a unique medical application of adipose tissue?
Adipose tissue is an excellent source of stem cells, which are used in rejuvenation medicine to repair or replace damaged tissue.
p.6
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is tumescent liposuction?
Tumescent liposuction is a variation of liposuction where large amounts of fluid are injected during the procedure, causing the area to become engorged with fluid, which helps separate the adipose cells and allows the cannula to move more easily through fat.
p.6
General Features of Connective Tissue
What is dense connective tissue?
Dense connective tissue is a type of connective tissue proper that contains more fibers, which are thicker and more densely packed, but have considerably fewer cells than loose connective tissue.
p.6
Bone and Cartilage Structure and Function
What gives cartilage its strength and resilience?
The strength of cartilage is due to its collagen fibers, and its resilience (ability to assume its original shape after deformation) is due to chondroitin sulfate.
p.2
Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissue
What are reticular fibers and their function?
Reticular fibers are made of collagen and glycoproteins. They provide support in blood vessel walls and form branching networks around various cells such as fat, smooth muscle, and nerve cells.
p.2
Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissue
What is the function of chondroitin sulfate in connective tissue?
Chondroitin sulfate provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin, and blood vessels.
p.9
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are the functions of hyaline cartilage?
Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility, and support.
p.7
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the function of dense irregular connective tissue?
Dense irregular connective tissue provides tensile (pulling) strength in many directions.
p.6
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is liposuction?
Liposuction is a surgical procedure that involves suctioning out small amounts of adipose tissue from various areas of the body using a stainless steel tube called a cannula and a powerful vacuum-pressure unit.
p.6
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is cryolipolysis?
Cryolipolysis, also known as CoolSculpting, is a procedure that destroys fat cells by the external application of controlled cooling, which kills the fat cells while sparing damage to nerve cells, blood vessels, and other structures.
p.6
Bone and Cartilage Structure and Function
What is cartilage composed of?
Cartilage consists of a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate, a gel-like component of the ground substance.
p.2
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the role of eosinophils in connective tissue?
Eosinophils are white blood cells that migrate to sites of parasitic infection and allergic responses.
p.2
Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissue
What are elastic fibers and where are they found?
Elastic fibers are stretchable but strong fibers made of proteins, elastin, and fibrillin. They are found in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue.
p.11
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the function of red blood cells?
Red blood cells transport oxygen to body cells and remove some carbon dioxide from them.
p.4
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
Where is mesenchyme primarily found?
Almost exclusively under skin and along developing bones of embryo; some in adult connective tissue, especially along blood vessels.
p.10
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the function of fibrocartilage?
Fibrocartilage supports and joins structures together. Its strength and rigidity make it the strongest type of cartilage.
p.9
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
Where is hyaline cartilage most abundantly found in the body?
At ends of long bones, anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, embryonic and fetal skeleton.
p.7
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
Where is dense irregular connective tissue commonly found?
Dense irregular connective tissue often occurs in sheets, such as fasciae (tissue beneath skin and around muscles and other organs), reticular (deeper) region of dermis of skin, fibrous pericardium of heart, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, joint capsules, membrane capsules around various organs (kidneys, liver, testes, lymph nodes); also in heart valves.
p.8
General Features of Connective Tissue
Why does cartilage not have a blood supply?
Cartilage secretes an antiangiogenesis factor, which prevents blood vessel growth.
p.6
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is laser-assisted liposuction?
Laser-assisted liposuction involves a special cannula that delivers laser energy to liquefy fat cells, which are then removed by suction.
p.2
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the function of fibroblasts in connective tissue?
Fibroblasts are large flat cells that move through connective tissue and secrete fibers and ground substance.
p.11
Bone and Cartilage Structure and Function
What are the main functions of bones?
Bones store calcium and phosphorus, house red bone marrow (which produces blood cells), and contain yellow bone marrow (a storage site for triglycerides).
p.2
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the function of mast cells in connective tissue?
Mast cells are abundant along blood vessels. They produce histamine, which dilates small blood vessels during inflammation and kills bacteria.
p.11
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the extracellular matrix of blood tissue called?
The extracellular matrix of blood tissue is called blood plasma.
p.4
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are the two types of embryonic connective tissue?
Mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue.
p.7
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the primary composition of dense regular connective tissue?
Dense regular connective tissue is mainly composed of collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles with fibroblasts in rows between them.
p.5
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What are the differences between white adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue?
White adipose tissue stores triglycerides and is the most common type in adults. Brown adipose tissue has a rich blood supply and numerous pigmented mitochondria that participate in aerobic cellular respiration, and it is more common in fetuses and infants.
p.3
Classification of Connective Tissue
What is the difference between embryonic and mature connective tissue?
Embryonic connective tissue is present in an embryo or fetus, while mature connective tissue is present at birth and persists throughout life.
p.8
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
Where is elastic connective tissue located?
Elastic connective tissue is located in lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries, trachea, bronchial tubes, true vocal cords, suspensory ligaments of the penis, and some ligaments between vertebrae.
p.6
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the three types of dense connective tissue?
The three types of dense connective tissue are dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue, and elastic connective tissue.
p.2
Types of Connective Tissue and Their Functions
What is the function of neutrophils in connective tissue?
Neutrophils are white blood cells that migrate to sites of infection and destroy microbes by phagocytosis.
p.11
Bone and Cartilage Structure and Function
What is the basic unit of compact bone?
The basic unit of compact bone is an osteon or haversian system.
p.2
Extracellular Matrix in Connective Tissue
Where is keratan sulfate found and what is its function?
Keratan sulfate is found in bone, cartilage, and the cornea of the eye, providing support and adhesiveness.
p.2
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
What is the primary role of fibroblasts in connective tissue?
A) Store fats
B) Secrete antibodies
C) Produce histamine
D) Secrete fibers and ground substance
E) Destroy bacteria by phagocytosis
D) Secrete fibers and ground substance
Explanation: Fibroblasts are large flat cells that move through connective tissue and secrete fibers and ground substance, playing a crucial role in the maintenance and repair of connective tissue.
p.7
Extracellular Matrix of Connective Tissue
How are the collagen fibers arranged in dense irregular connective tissue?
A) Regularly arranged
B) Irregularly arranged
C) In parallel rows
D) In concentric circles
E) In a mesh-like pattern
B) Irregularly arranged
Explanation: Dense irregular connective tissue is made up of collagen fibers that are usually irregularly arranged with a few fibroblasts.
p.5
General Features of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of areolar connective tissue?
A) Storage of triglycerides
B) Reducing heat loss
C) Strength, elasticity, support
D) Generating heat in newborns
E) Transporting oxygen
C) Strength, elasticity, support
Explanation: Areolar connective tissue provides strength, elasticity, and support to various body structures.
p.2
Extracellular Matrix of Connective Tissue
Which of the following is NOT a polysaccharide found in the ground substance of connective tissue?
A) Hyaluronic acid
B) Chondroitin sulfate
C) Dermatan sulfate
D) Keratan sulfate
E) Collagen
E) Collagen
Explanation: Collagen is a protein, not a polysaccharide. The polysaccharides found in the ground substance include hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate.
p.2
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
Which cells in connective tissue are responsible for destroying bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis?
A) Fibroblasts
B) Adipocytes
C) Macrophages
D) Plasma cells
E) Mast cells
C) Macrophages
Explanation: Macrophages develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis, playing a key role in the immune response.
p.7
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
What is a key function of dense regular connective tissue?
A) Provides insulation
B) Provides strong attachment between various structures
C) Facilitates nutrient absorption
D) Produces hormones
E) Stores energy
B) Provides strong attachment between various structures
Explanation: Dense regular connective tissue provides strong attachment between various structures and can withstand pulling (tension) along the long axis of the fibers.
p.7
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
What is the primary function of dense irregular connective tissue?
A) Provides tensile strength in many directions
B) Facilitates gas exchange
C) Produces red blood cells
D) Stores calcium
E) Transmits nerve impulses
A) Provides tensile strength in many directions
Explanation: Dense irregular connective tissue provides tensile (pulling) strength in many directions due to its irregular arrangement of collagen fibers.
p.9
Types of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
What is the weakest type of cartilage that can be fractured?
A) Elastic cartilage
B) Fibrocartilage
C) Hyaline cartilage
D) Articular cartilage
E) Epiphyseal cartilage
C) Hyaline cartilage
Explanation: Hyaline cartilage is the weakest type of cartilage and can be fractured, despite its role in providing smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility, and support.
p.7
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
Where is dense regular connective tissue commonly found?
A) In the brain
B) In tendons and most ligaments
C) In the lungs
D) In the stomach lining
E) In the blood vessels
B) In tendons and most ligaments
Explanation: Dense regular connective tissue forms tendons (which attach muscle to bone) and most ligaments (which attach bone to bone).
p.5
General Features of Connective Tissue
What is a key characteristic of areolar connective tissue?
A) It consists of only collagen fibers
B) It is found only in the heart
C) It consists of fibers arranged randomly and several kinds of cells
D) It is composed mainly of adipocytes
E) It is found only in the brain
C) It consists of fibers arranged randomly and several kinds of cells
Explanation: Areolar connective tissue is characterized by its random arrangement of fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular) and various cell types (fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, adipocytes, mast cells, and a few white blood cells).
p.9
Types of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
Where is hyaline cartilage most abundantly found in the body?
A) At the ends of long bones
B) In the dermis of the skin
C) In the walls of blood vessels
D) In the brain
E) In the kidneys
A) At the ends of long bones
Explanation: Hyaline cartilage is most abundantly found at the ends of long bones, as well as in other locations such as the anterior ends of ribs, nose, parts of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchial tubes, and the embryonic and fetal skeleton.
p.9
Extracellular Matrix of Connective Tissue
What is the primary ground substance in hyaline cartilage?
A) Dense regular connective tissue
B) Elastic fibers
C) Resilient gel
D) Adipose tissue
E) Reticular fibers
C) Resilient gel
Explanation: Hyaline cartilage contains a resilient gel as its ground substance, which gives it a glassy appearance and contributes to its function.
p.9
Types of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
What is a key function of hyaline cartilage?
A) Provides insulation
B) Stores calcium
C) Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints
D) Transmits nerve impulses
E) Produces red blood cells
C) Provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints
Explanation: Hyaline cartilage provides smooth surfaces for movement at joints, flexibility, and support, making it essential for joint function.
p.8
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
Why does cartilage not have a blood supply?
A) It is too dense
B) It secretes an antiangiogenesis factor
C) It is too thin
D) It is constantly moving
E) It is too flexible
B) It secretes an antiangiogenesis factor
Explanation: Cartilage secretes an antiangiogenesis factor, which prevents blood vessel growth, resulting in the absence of a blood supply.
p.4
Classification of Connective Tissue
What are the two types of embryonic connective tissue?
A) Areolar and Adipose
B) Mesenchyme and Mucous connective tissue
C) Reticular and Dense connective tissue
D) Cartilage and Bone
E) Loose and Dense connective tissue
B) Mesenchyme and Mucous connective tissue
Explanation: The two types of embryonic connective tissue are mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue, as described in the provided text.
p.4
Classification of Connective Tissue
What type of cells are embedded in the ground substance of mucous connective tissue?
A) Adipocytes
B) Fibroblasts
C) Chondrocytes
D) Osteocytes
E) Erythrocytes
B) Fibroblasts
Explanation: Mucous connective tissue contains widely scattered fibroblasts embedded in a viscous, jellylike ground substance that contains fine collagen fibers.
p.6
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
What is the primary function of reticular connective tissue?
A) To store fat
B) To form the stroma of organs
C) To provide elasticity to the skin
D) To support bone structure
E) To transport nutrients
B) To form the stroma of organs
Explanation: Reticular connective tissue forms the stroma (supporting framework) of organs, binds smooth muscle tissue cells, and filters and removes worn-out blood cells in the spleen and microbes in lymph nodes.
p.1
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
Which type of connective tissue cell develops from monocytes and carries out phagocytosis?
A) Fibroblasts
B) Macrophages
C) Plasma cells
D) Mast cells
E) Adipocytes
B) Macrophages
Explanation: Macrophages are phagocytes that develop from monocytes, a type of white blood cell. They can be fixed in a particular tissue or wander throughout the tissue to gather at sites of infection or inflammation.
p.7
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
Which of the following is NOT a location where dense irregular connective tissue is found?
A) Fasciae
B) Reticular region of dermis
C) Fibrous pericardium of heart
D) Tendons
E) Joint capsules
D) Tendons
Explanation: Dense irregular connective tissue is found in locations such as fasciae, the reticular region of the dermis, the fibrous pericardium of the heart, periosteum of bone, perichondrium of cartilage, joint capsules, and membrane capsules around various organs, but not in tendons.
p.8
Extracellular Matrix of Connective Tissue
What is largely responsible for cartilage's resilience?
A) Collagen fibers
B) Chondrocytes
C) Chondroitin sulfate
D) Perichondrium
E) Elastic fibers
C) Chondroitin sulfate
Explanation: Chondroitin sulfate in the extracellular matrix is largely responsible for the resilience of cartilage, allowing it to resist tension, compression, and shear.
p.8
General Features of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of elastic connective tissue?
A) To provide structural support
B) To allow stretching and recoil of various organs
C) To store fat
D) To produce blood cells
E) To transmit nerve impulses
B) To allow stretching and recoil of various organs
Explanation: Elastic connective tissue contains predominantly elastic fibers, allowing it to stretch and recoil, which is important for the normal functioning of lung tissue and elastic arteries.
p.6
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
Which of the following is a potential postsurgical complication of liposuction?
A) Increased muscle strength
B) Enhanced skin tone
C) Fat entering blood vessels and obstructing blood flow
D) Improved cardiovascular health
E) Increased bone density
C) Fat entering blood vessels and obstructing blood flow
Explanation: One of the potential postsurgical complications of liposuction is fat entering blood vessels broken during the procedure, which can obstruct blood flow.
p.7
Extracellular Matrix of Connective Tissue
What is the primary composition of dense regular connective tissue?
A) Mainly elastic fibers
B) Mainly collagen fibers
C) Mainly reticular fibers
D) Mainly adipose tissue
E) Mainly muscle fibers
B) Mainly collagen fibers
Explanation: Dense regular connective tissue is primarily composed of collagen fibers, which are regularly arranged in bundles with fibroblasts in rows between them.
p.5
General Features of Connective Tissue
Where is areolar connective tissue commonly located?
A) Only in the brain
B) Only in the liver
C) In and around nearly every body structure
D) Only in the lungs
E) Only in the kidneys
C) In and around nearly every body structure
Explanation: Areolar connective tissue is widely distributed throughout the body, acting as the 'packing material' in areas such as the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin, the papillary region of the dermis, and around blood vessels, nerves, and organs.
p.2
Extracellular Matrix of Connective Tissue
What is the main adhesion protein in connective tissues that binds collagen fibers and ground substance?
A) Hyaluronic acid
B) Chondroitin sulfate
C) Fibronectin
D) Keratan sulfate
E) Elastin
C) Fibronectin
Explanation: Fibronectin is the main adhesion protein in connective tissues, binding collagen fibers and ground substance together and attaching cells to the ground substance.
p.4
Classification of Connective Tissue
Where is mesenchyme primarily found?
A) In the umbilical cord of the fetus
B) Under the skin and along developing bones of the embryo
C) In adult connective tissue only
D) In the brain
E) In the heart
B) Under the skin and along developing bones of the embryo
Explanation: Mesenchyme is primarily found under the skin and along developing bones of the embryo, as well as in some adult connective tissue, especially along blood vessels.
p.10
Types of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
What is a key characteristic of fibrocartilage?
A) Presence of perichondrium
B) Chondrocytes in a threadlike network of elastic fibers
C) Clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibers
D) Lack of chondrocytes
E) Presence of blood vessels
C) Clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibers
Explanation: Fibrocartilage is characterized by chondrocytes among clearly visible thick bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix and lacks perichondrium.
p.2
Extracellular Matrix of Connective Tissue
What is the function of hyaluronic acid in connective tissue?
A) Provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage
B) Binds cells together, lubricates joints, and maintains the shape of the eyeballs
C) Destroys bacteria by phagocytosis
D) Produces histamine
E) Secretes antibodies
B) Binds cells together, lubricates joints, and maintains the shape of the eyeballs
Explanation: Hyaluronic acid is a viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeballs.
p.10
Types of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
Where is fibrocartilage commonly found?
A) External ear (auricle)
B) Lid on top of larynx (epiglottis)
C) Pubic symphysis
D) Eustachian tubes
E) Nasal septum
C) Pubic symphysis
Explanation: Fibrocartilage is located in the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci of the knee, and portions of tendons that insert into cartilage.
p.11
Types of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
What is found in the spaces between trabeculae in spongy bone?
A) Yellow bone marrow
B) Blood vessels and nerves
C) Red bone marrow
D) Osteons
E) Central canals
C) Red bone marrow
Explanation: Spaces between trabeculae in spongy bone are filled with red bone marrow.
p.8
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
What are the cells of mature cartilage called?
A) Osteocytes
B) Fibroblasts
C) Chondrocytes
D) Adipocytes
E) Myocytes
C) Chondrocytes
Explanation: The cells of mature cartilage are called chondrocytes, which occur singly or in groups within spaces called lacunae in the extracellular matrix.
p.4
Classification of Connective Tissue
What is the primary location of mucous connective tissue?
A) Under the skin
B) Along developing bones
C) Umbilical cord of the fetus
D) In the brain
E) In the heart
C) Umbilical cord of the fetus
Explanation: Mucous connective tissue is primarily located in the umbilical cord of the fetus, where it provides support.
p.1
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
Which type of connective tissue cell is involved in the inflammatory response and can bind to, ingest, and kill bacteria?
A) Fibroblasts
B) Macrophages
C) Plasma cells
D) Mast cells
E) Adipocytes
D) Mast cells
Explanation: Mast cells are involved in the inflammatory response, the body's reaction to injury or infection, and can also bind to, ingest, and kill bacteria.
p.11
Types of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
What is the basic unit of compact bone?
A) Trabecula
B) Osteon
C) Lacuna
D) Canaliculi
E) Lamella
B) Osteon
Explanation: The basic unit of compact bone is an osteon or haversian system.
p.8
General Features of Connective Tissue
What is the function of the perichondrium?
A) It provides nutrients to cartilage
B) It surrounds the surface of most cartilage and contains blood vessels and nerves
C) It forms the extracellular matrix
D) It produces chondrocytes
E) It prevents cartilage from stretching
B) It surrounds the surface of most cartilage and contains blood vessels and nerves
Explanation: The perichondrium is a dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the surface of most cartilage and contains blood vessels and nerves, providing a source of new cartilage cells.
p.8
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
Which type of growth involves the division of existing chondrocytes?
A) Appositional growth
B) Interstitial growth
C) Peripheral growth
D) Radial growth
E) Axial growth
B) Interstitial growth
Explanation: Interstitial growth involves the division of existing chondrocytes and the continuous deposition of extracellular matrix, causing the cartilage to expand from within.
p.4
Classification of Connective Tissue
What is the main function of mesenchyme?
A) Support
B) Forms almost all other types of connective tissue
C) Provides insulation
D) Stores energy
E) Transports nutrients
B) Forms almost all other types of connective tissue
Explanation: Mesenchyme forms almost all other types of connective tissue, making it a fundamental tissue in the development of the body's connective tissues.
p.6
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
How does cryolipolysis (CoolSculpting) work?
A) By using high-frequency sound waves
B) By applying controlled cooling to destroy fat cells
C) By injecting large amounts of fluid
D) By using laser energy to liquefy fat cells
E) By removing muscle tissue
B) By applying controlled cooling to destroy fat cells
Explanation: Cryolipolysis, or CoolSculpting, involves the external application of controlled cooling to destroy fat cells, which crystallize faster than the surrounding cells, leading to their apoptosis and removal over several months.
p.10
Types of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
What is the primary function of fibrocartilage?
A) Providing flexibility
B) Supporting and joining structures together
C) Facilitating movement
D) Protecting internal organs
E) Storing minerals
B) Supporting and joining structures together
Explanation: The primary function of fibrocartilage is to support and join structures together, with its strength and rigidity making it the strongest type of cartilage.
p.11
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
What is the primary function of red blood cells?
A) To participate in blood clotting
B) To transport oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
C) To provide immunity
D) To produce hormones
E) To store triglycerides
B) To transport oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
Explanation: Red blood cells transport oxygen to body cells and remove some carbon dioxide from them.
p.3
Classification of Connective Tissue
What type of connective tissue forms the stroma of many soft organs?
A) Areolar connective tissue
B) Adipose tissue
C) Reticular connective tissue
D) Dense regular connective tissue
E) Elastic connective tissue
C) Reticular connective tissue
Explanation: Reticular connective tissue forms the stroma (supporting framework) of many soft organs, such as the spleen and lymph nodes.
p.5
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
What type of cells are specialized for storage of triglycerides in adipose tissue?
A) Fibroblasts
B) Macrophages
C) Adipocytes
D) Plasma cells
E) Mast cells
C) Adipocytes
Explanation: Adipose tissue contains adipocytes, which are cells derived from fibroblasts and specialized for storing triglycerides (fats).
p.5
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
What is one of the functions of adipose tissue?
A) Providing structural support to bones
B) Reducing heat loss through the skin
C) Transporting nutrients
D) Producing red blood cells
E) Generating electrical impulses
B) Reducing heat loss through the skin
Explanation: Adipose tissue helps reduce heat loss through the skin, serves as an energy reserve, and supports and protects organs.
p.1
General Features of Connective Tissue
What are the two basic elements of connective tissue?
A) Cells and blood
B) Cells and extracellular matrix
C) Cells and nerves
D) Blood and nerves
E) Blood and extracellular matrix
B) Cells and extracellular matrix
Explanation: Connective tissue consists of two basic elements: cells and extracellular matrix. The extracellular matrix is the material located between the widely spaced cells.
p.10
Types of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
What is the function of elastic cartilage?
A) Providing rigidity
B) Storing minerals
C) Providing strength and elasticity
D) Facilitating movement
E) Protecting internal organs
C) Providing strength and elasticity
Explanation: Elastic cartilage provides strength and elasticity and maintains the shape of certain structures.
p.11
Types of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
What are the two types of bone tissue?
A) Compact and dense
B) Spongy and dense
C) Compact and spongy
D) Dense and loose
E) Spongy and loose
C) Compact and spongy
Explanation: Bone tissue is classified as either compact or spongy, depending on how its extracellular matrix and cells are organized.
p.5
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
What is a unique feature of brown adipose tissue (BAT) compared to white adipose tissue?
A) It has fewer blood vessels
B) It is found only in adults
C) It has a very rich blood supply and numerous pigmented mitochondria
D) It is primarily used for storage of triglycerides
E) It is found only in the liver
C) It has a very rich blood supply and numerous pigmented mitochondria
Explanation: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is darker due to its rich blood supply and numerous pigmented mitochondria, which participate in aerobic cellular respiration. BAT is more prevalent in fetuses and infants.
p.6
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
What is the primary purpose of liposuction?
A) To increase muscle mass
B) To remove small amounts of adipose tissue
C) To enhance bone density
D) To improve skin elasticity
E) To treat infections
B) To remove small amounts of adipose tissue
Explanation: Liposuction is a surgical procedure that involves suctioning out small amounts of adipose tissue from various areas of the body for body contouring purposes.
p.1
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
What is the role of fibroblasts in connective tissue?
A) To store fats
B) To produce antibodies
C) To secrete the extracellular matrix
D) To carry out phagocytosis
E) To respond to parasitic invasions
C) To secrete the extracellular matrix
Explanation: Fibroblasts are large, flat cells with branching processes that are present in all general connective tissues. They secrete the extracellular matrix that is characteristic of the tissue.
p.11
Types of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
Which type of bone tissue contains osteons?
A) Spongy bone
B) Compact bone
C) Both compact and spongy bone
D) Neither compact nor spongy bone
E) Only the periosteum
B) Compact bone
Explanation: Compact bone tissue consists of osteons (haversian systems) that contain lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, canaliculi, and central (haversian) canals.
p.3
Extracellular Matrix of Connective Tissue
Which type of fiber is known for its ability to return to its original shape after being stretched?
A) Collagen fibers
B) Elastic fibers
C) Reticular fibers
D) Muscle fibers
E) Nerve fibers
B) Elastic fibers
Explanation: Elastic fibers can be stretched up to 150% of their relaxed length without breaking and have the ability to return to their original shape after being stretched, a property called elasticity.
p.9
Types of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
What is a notable characteristic of hyaline cartilage under microscopic examination?
A) Presence of dense collagen fibers
B) Bluish-white, shiny appearance
C) High vascularity
D) Presence of adipocytes
E) High elasticity
B) Bluish-white, shiny appearance
Explanation: Hyaline cartilage appears as a bluish-white, shiny substance under microscopic examination, although it can stain pink or purple when prepared for microscopic examination.
p.10
Types of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
Where is elastic cartilage found?
A) Intervertebral discs
B) Menisci of the knee
C) Part of the external ear (auricle)
D) Pubic symphysis
E) Tendons
C) Part of the external ear (auricle)
Explanation: Elastic cartilage is found in the lid on top of the larynx (epiglottis), part of the external ear (auricle), and auditory (eustachian) tubes.
p.3
Classification of Connective Tissue
Which type of connective tissue is present in an embryo or a fetus?
A) Loose connective tissue
B) Dense connective tissue
C) Embryonic connective tissue
D) Supporting connective tissue
E) Liquid connective tissue
C) Embryonic connective tissue
Explanation: Embryonic connective tissue refers to the connective tissue present in an embryo or a fetus.
p.6
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
What is the main characteristic of tumescent liposuction?
A) Use of high-frequency sound waves
B) Injection of large amounts of fluid
C) Application of cold temperatures
D) Use of laser energy
E) Removal of muscle tissue
B) Injection of large amounts of fluid
Explanation: Tumescent liposuction involves injecting large amounts of fluid into the area to be treated, causing it to become engorged with fluid, which helps separate the adipose cells and allows the cannula to move more easily through the fat.
p.1
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
What is the primary function of adipocytes in connective tissue?
A) To produce extracellular matrix
B) To store triglycerides (fats)
C) To carry out phagocytosis
D) To produce antibodies
E) To secrete histamine
B) To store triglycerides (fats)
Explanation: Adipocytes, or fat cells, are connective tissue cells that store triglycerides (fats). They are found deep to the skin and around organs such as the heart and kidneys.
p.11
Types of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
What is the function of canaliculi in bone tissue?
A) To store triglycerides
B) To house red bone marrow
C) To provide routes for nutrients and wastes
D) To produce blood cells
E) To give bone its hardness
C) To provide routes for nutrients and wastes
Explanation: Canaliculi are networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes, providing routes for nutrients to reach osteocytes and for wastes to leave them.
p.1
General Features of Connective Tissue
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of connective tissue?
A) It binds together, supports, and strengthens other body tissues
B) It protects and insulates internal organs
C) It usually occurs on body surfaces
D) It serves as the major transport system within the body
E) It is the primary location of stored energy reserves
C) It usually occurs on body surfaces
Explanation: Unlike epithelial tissue, connective tissue does not usually occur on body surfaces. It is highly vascular and has a rich blood supply, except for cartilage and tendons.
p.11
Extracellular Matrix of Connective Tissue
What is the liquid extracellular matrix of blood called?
A) Plasma
B) Serum
C) Lymph
D) Cytoplasm
E) Interstitial fluid
A) Plasma
Explanation: Blood plasma is the liquid extracellular matrix of blood, consisting mostly of water with a variety of dissolved substances.
p.3
General Features of Connective Tissue
What is a sprain?
A) A broken bone
B) A stretched or torn ligament
C) A muscle cramp
D) A dislocated joint
E) A torn tendon
B) A stretched or torn ligament
Explanation: A sprain is a condition where ligaments are stressed beyond their normal capacity, resulting in a stretched or torn ligament.
p.10
Types of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
What distinguishes elastic cartilage from fibrocartilage?
A) Presence of chondrocytes
B) Presence of perichondrium
C) Lack of extracellular matrix
D) Presence of collagen fibers
E) Lack of chondrocytes
B) Presence of perichondrium
Explanation: Elastic cartilage has chondrocytes in a threadlike network of elastic fibers within the extracellular matrix and has a perichondrium, unlike fibrocartilage which lacks perichondrium.
p.11
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
What is the function of platelets in blood?
A) To transport oxygen
B) To provide immunity
C) To participate in blood clotting
D) To store triglycerides
E) To produce hormones
C) To participate in blood clotting
Explanation: Platelets participate in blood clotting, which is essential for preventing excessive bleeding.
p.3
Classification of Connective Tissue
What is the main characteristic of mature connective tissue?
A) It is only found in embryos
B) It is present at birth and persists throughout life
C) It is only found in bones
D) It is only found in muscles
E) It is only found in the brain
B) It is present at birth and persists throughout life
Explanation: Mature connective tissue refers to connective tissue that is present at birth and persists throughout life.
p.1
Extracellular Matrix of Connective Tissue
What is the function of the ground substance in connective tissue?
A) To produce antibodies
B) To store fats
C) To support cells and bind them together
D) To carry out phagocytosis
E) To secrete histamine
C) To support cells and bind them together
Explanation: The ground substance is the component of connective tissue between the cells and fibers. It supports cells, binds them together, stores water, and provides a medium for exchange of substances between the blood and cells.
p.3
Extracellular Matrix of Connective Tissue
What is the primary function of reticular fibers?
A) To provide elasticity
B) To store fat
C) To provide support and strength
D) To transmit nerve impulses
E) To contract muscles
C) To provide support and strength
Explanation: Reticular fibers are much thinner than collagen fibers and form branching networks that provide support and strength, particularly in the walls of blood vessels and the stroma of soft organs.
p.11
Types of Cartilage and Bone Tissue
What do the lamellae in compact bone consist of?
A) Blood vessels and nerves
B) Red and yellow bone marrow
C) Mineral salts and collagen fibers
D) Osteocytes and lacunae
E) Canaliculi and central canals
C) Mineral salts and collagen fibers
Explanation: The lamellae are concentric rings of extracellular matrix that consist of mineral salts (mostly calcium and phosphates) and collagen fibers.
p.3
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
What are chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine used for?
A) To improve skin elasticity
B) To promote and maintain joint cartilage structure and function
C) To enhance muscle growth
D) To increase bone density
E) To improve blood circulation
B) To promote and maintain joint cartilage structure and function
Explanation: Chondroitin sulfate and glucosamine are used as nutritional supplements to promote and maintain the structure and function of joint cartilage, provide pain relief from osteoarthritis, and reduce joint inflammation.
p.11
Connective Tissue Cells and Their Functions
What is the role of white blood cells?
A) To transport oxygen
B) To store triglycerides
C) To participate in blood clotting
D) To provide immunity and allergic reactions
E) To produce hormones
D) To provide immunity and allergic reactions
Explanation: White blood cells are involved in phagocytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions.
p.3
Extracellular Matrix of Connective Tissue
Which protein is the most abundant in the body and found in most types of connective tissues?
A) Elastin
B) Fibrillin
C) Collagen
D) Keratin
E) Actin
C) Collagen
Explanation: Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body, representing about 25% of the total, and is found in most types of connective tissues, especially bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
