What do tissues contain?
Multiple copies of cells grouped together that cooperate in a similar specialized function.
What are the four basic types of body tissues?
1) Epithelial tissue, 2) Neural tissue, 3) Connective tissues, 4) Muscle.
What should be observed about the arrangement and location of cells in different tissue types?
The specific arrangement and location of cells.
p.12
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What are the shapes and structures of epithelial tissues?
Epithelial tissues can vary in shape and structure, ranging from flat to column-shaped and can be single or multilayered.
p.1
Cell Specialization and Differentiation
What are the advantages of cell specialization and tissue formation?
Division of labour, coordinated function for tissues, large organisms possible, support and motility, and exploitation of resources not available to single cells.
p.33
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is the primary function of microglial cells in the CNS?
Phagocytosis and antigen presentation.
p.22
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What are the main functions of the nervous system?
The nervous system collects, processes/integrates, and sends information.
p.19
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What role do desmosomes play in epithelial cells?
Desmosomes strengthen cell links by linking intermediate filaments.
p.23
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
How many more glial support cells are there compared to neurons in the central nervous system?
10 times more glial support cells.
p.10
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
How does epithelial tissue contribute to absorption?
Epithelial tissue absorbs nutrients and other substances from the external environment or internal cavities.
p.13
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
Describe the appearance of cuboidal epithelium.
Cube-like in appearance (equal height, width, and depth).
p.15
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
How are epithelia named?
Based on their locations.
p.22
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
How are cells in the nervous system adapted?
They are adapted for local and distant cellular communication.
p.5
Stem Cells and Their Role in Tissue Formation
Who first identified stem cells in the hematopoietic system?
Ernest McCulloch and James Till in 1961.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What does the term 'avascular' mean in the context of epithelial tissues?
It means that epithelial tissues do not have blood vessels.
What are the four basic types of body tissues?
1) Epithelia 2) Neural tissue 3) Connective tissues 4) Muscle
How are tissues classified?
On two basic parameters: morphology (epithelial and connective tissues) and function (muscles and nerves).
What is important about the binding and association of cells in different tissue types?
The presence of junctions.
Which tissues are classified based on morphology?
Epithelial and connective tissues.
p.19
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the function of tight junctions in epithelial cells?
Tight junctions act as sealing barriers, preventing the entry of macromolecules from the intestine to the bloodstream.
p.46
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the function of osteoblasts in bone formation?
Osteoblasts lay down the framework for bone formation and become trapped as osteocytes.
p.22
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is the central nervous system (CNS) composed of?
The brain and spinal cord.
p.19
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the purpose of adherens junctions in epithelial cells?
Adherens junctions are spots of connection that link movement proteins (actin) and prevent separation between cells.
p.11
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What type of epithelium provides mechanical support and where is it found?
Stratified squamous epithelium found in the skin.
p.16
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the structure of simple cuboidal epithelial tissue?
Simple cuboidal epithelial tissue consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells.
p.10
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the significance of the selective barrier function of epithelial tissue?
The selective barrier function of epithelial tissue regulates the exchange of substances, ensuring that only specific molecules pass through.
p.39
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
What type of muscle is smooth muscle?
Non-striated and involuntary.
p.16
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the structure of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue appears to have multiple layers due to varying cell heights, but it is actually a single layer.
What is the role of granulocytes and macrophages?
They are phagocytic cells.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the role of the basement membrane in epithelial tissues?
It provides mechanical support and strength.
p.15
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What are the functions of vascular endothelium?
It controls cellular transport, immune responses, hormone synthesis, and metabolites.
p.4
Gene Expression Regulation in Cell Differentiation
How do transcription factors determine differentiation patterns?
By acting in different combinations
p.2
Gene Expression Regulation in Cell Differentiation
What yields hundreds of different cell types in the human body?
Selective expression of proteins and gene silencing.
p.39
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
In which systems can smooth muscle be found?
Urinary system, reproductive system, gut, respiratory system, blood vessels.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What happens to the feeding behavior of Obob mice?
Obob mice feed voraciously due to the lack of leptin production.
p.40
Types of Body Tissues
What are the four basic types of body tissues?
Epithelia, Nervous, Muscle, Connective tissues
p.17
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What type of epithelium is responsible for the lining of the intestine?
Simple columnar epithelium.
p.1
Cell Specialization and Differentiation
What are tissues?
Aggregates of specialized cells designed for specific functions.
p.3
Cell Specialization and Differentiation
What happens to blood cells after they express genes for haemoglobin production?
They lose all their genes and intracellular organelles.
p.12
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the basement membrane in epithelial tissues?
The basement membrane is a specialized layer of extracellular matrix material on which epithelial tissues sit.
p.13
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
How are epithelial tissues usually classified?
Based on shape or number of cell layers.
p.36
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
What is a unique cellular characteristic of skeletal muscle?
Skeletal muscle cells are multinucleated.
p.26
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is the function of the axon end bulb?
The axon end bulb is the site of chemical neurotransmitter release.
p.18
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
Where are primary cilia found and what is their function?
Primary cilia are found in most animal cells (epithelial, connective tissues, muscle, and nervous tissues) and function in sensory organs.
p.18
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What types of receptors are found on primary cilia?
Odorant receptors on olfactory neurons and photoreceptors on retinal cells.
p.15
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the function of mesothelium?
It lines and encloses the constituents of body cavities such as pericardial, abdominal, and pleural cavities.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What are the four main functions of epithelial tissues?
1. Cover body surfaces with sheet-like cells, 2. Line body cavities, 3. Form the secretory portion of glands, 4. Are interconnected by intercellular joints.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the primary function of white fat?
White fat stores energy but is extremely dynamic.
p.45
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
How is compact bone arranged?
Compact bone is arranged cylindrically in Haversian systems.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
How does leptin affect feeding behavior?
Leptin sends a signal to the brain that the body has had enough food to eat.
p.5
Stem Cells and Their Role in Tissue Formation
Give examples of cells with a limited life-span.
Red blood cells, epithelial cells lining the digestive tract, spermatozoa.
p.47
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
From what do white fat cells (adipocytes) form?
Fibroblast-like precursors.
p.2
Cell Specialization and Differentiation
Are differentiation programmes stable in adult tissues?
Yes, they are mostly quite stable.
p.17
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the function of cilia in epithelial cells?
Movement, lateral transport, and sensing.
p.3
Cell Specialization and Differentiation
What do muscle cells express genes for?
They express genes for filamentous contractile proteins (actin and myosin in the cytosol).
p.46
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the role of osteoclasts in bone dynamics?
Osteoclasts are large macrophage-like cells that digest bone.
p.36
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
Is skeletal muscle under voluntary or involuntary control?
Skeletal muscle is under direct voluntary control, but can also be involuntary (reflexes/control).
p.27
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
Is the myelin sheath continuous or discontinuous?
Discontinuous with periodic gaps.
p.13
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the shape of columnar epithelium?
Column-like (height exceeds the width).
p.15
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What type of epithelial tissue lines the vascular and body cavities?
Simple squamous epithelial, such as endothelium and mesothelium.
p.18
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the main function of motile cilia?
Motile cilia are responsible for cell movement, such as the movement of fluid and particles across the epithelial.
p.13
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What does 'stratified' refer to in epithelial tissue classification?
Multiple layers of cells.
p.15
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What does endothelium line?
The blood and lymphatic vessels.
p.2
Gene Expression Regulation in Cell Differentiation
How many genes are humans thought to have?
Approximately 25,000 to 30,000 genes.
p.13
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
Where is transitional epithelium (urothelium) found?
It lines the lower urinary tract.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What are microvilli and what is their function?
Microvilli are specialized cells involved in phagocytosis and absorption of nutrients.
p.15
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the role of endocardium?
It is responsible for lining the ventricles and atria of the heart.
p.47
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the main functions of white fat?
Energy storage, insulation, and protection.
p.24
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
How do neurons communicate?
By releasing chemical secretion at the end of cell processes.
p.4
Stem Cells and Their Role in Tissue Formation
What are tissue-specific stem cells?
Stem cells found in tissue
p.31
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What are the two types of astrocytes and where are they found?
Protoplasmic astrocytes are found in the gray matter, and fibrous astrocytes are found in the white matter.
p.24
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is the function of the synapse in a neuron?
It serves as the end terminal for neuronal signaling.
p.45
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the Haversian canal?
The Haversian canal is a central channel in the Haversian system that contains blood vessels and nerves.
p.47
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
Where are the nucleus and cytoplasm located in a mature white fat cell?
Squeezed into the periphery of the cell.
p.41
Extracellular Matrix and Its Components
What are the components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in connective tissues?
Fibrous proteins (such as collagen), structural carbohydrates and proteins, and mineral deposits.
p.34
Types of Body Tissues
What are the four basic types of body tissues?
1) Epithelia 2) Nervous 3) Muscle 4) Connective tissues
p.20
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What do epithelial cells sit on?
An amorphous basement membrane.
p.1
Types of Organisms: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
What are the two main groups of single-celled organisms?
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes.
p.3
Cell Specialization and Differentiation
What do blood cells express genes for?
They express genes for haemoglobin production.
p.10
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What are the primary functions of epithelial tissues?
Secretion, absorption, transport, barrier/protection, and strength/support.
p.22
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What are the two types of cells in nervous tissue?
Nerve cells and glial (supporting) cells.
p.11
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
Which type of epithelium is responsible for absorption and where is it located?
Columnar epithelium located in the intestines and proximal convoluted tubules in the kidney.
p.18
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What are the three types of eukaryotic cilia?
Primary cilia, motile cilia, and nodal cilia.
p.10
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the function of epithelial tissue in transport?
Epithelial tissue helps in the movement of substances across its surface, either into or out of the body or between different body compartments.
p.26
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What role do microtubules play in the axon end bulb?
Microtubules are involved in vesicle transport within the axon end bulb.
p.11
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the role of epithelial tissue in receptor function?
To transduce external stimuli, such as in taste buds (tongue) and olfactory epithelium.
p.16
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the structure of simple columnar epithelial tissue?
Simple columnar epithelial tissue consists of a single layer of tall, column-like cells.
p.26
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What are synaptic vesicles and where are they located?
Synaptic vesicles are located in the axon end bulb and are involved in storing neurotransmitters.
p.4
Stem Cells and Their Role in Tissue Formation
What is the capability of pluripotent cells?
To differentiate into any different type of cells
p.16
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the structure of stratified squamous epithelial tissue?
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue consists of multiple layers of flat cells.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the function of cilia in epithelial tissues?
Cilia are involved in the movement and transport of mucus along the respiratory tract.
p.25
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is the role of dendrites in a neuron?
Dendrites direct stimulus towards the cell.
p.37
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
What happens during an action potential in skeletal muscle contraction?
Calcium ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm (cytosol) and binds troponin.
p.28
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the CNS?
Cell myelination within the CNS.
p.2
Cell Specialization and Differentiation
What determines how a cell looks and functions?
Differentiation programmes that determine levels and patterns of protein expression.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the feeding behavior of normal mice in relation to leptin?
Normal mice feed normally because leptin produced by white fat signals the brain that they have had enough food.
p.41
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the four types of connective tissues?
Fibrocollagenous tissues, cartilage, bone and teeth, adipose tissues (white and brown fat), and blood.
p.28
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
How do oligodendrocytes protect axons?
They protect the axons and coordinate the distribution of ions along the axon.
p.21
Types of Body Tissues
What are the four basic types of body tissues?
1) Epithelia 2) Nervous 3) Muscle 4) Connective tissues
What should be noted about intracellular organelles and cell surface structures in different tissue types?
Prominent intracellular organelles and cell surface structures.
p.3
Cell Specialization and Differentiation
What is the function of pancreatic acinar cells?
They contain abundant secretory granules that release enzymes for digestion in the small intestine.
p.12
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What are some characteristics of epithelial tissues?
Epithelial tissues show surface modifications/adaptations.
p.36
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
What type of contraction is characteristic of skeletal muscle?
Striated, coordinated contraction.
p.33
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What types of cells or organisms do microglial cells target for phagocytosis?
Dying neurons, glial cells, or microorganisms.
p.12
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What does it mean that epithelial tissues are avascular?
Being avascular means that epithelial tissues do not have blood vessels and obtain nutrients and oxygen from the capillaries of the connective tissue on which they rest.
p.13
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the characteristic shape of squamous epithelium?
Flat and sheet-like (width of cell greater than height).
p.46
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What processes are involved in bone dynamics?
Bone dynamics involve synthesis and remodeling during bone formation, growth, and repair.
p.27
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is the role of Schwann cells in myelination?
One Schwann cell builds one internode of the myelin sheath.
p.26
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is the function of mitochondria in the axon end bulb?
Mitochondria provide energy supply in the axon end bulb.
p.11
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What are the distinct morphological domains of epithelium?
The free surface or apical domain, the lateral domain, and the basement membrane.
p.18
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
Where are nodal cilia found and what is their characteristic movement?
Nodal cilia are found within the embryo during gastrulation and possess distinct clockwise rotational movement.
p.39
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
Do smooth muscle cells have ordered arrays of myosin and actin?
No, they do not have striking ordered arrays of myosin and actin.
p.4
Gene Expression Regulation in Cell Differentiation
What happens during the differentiation of stem cells?
New sets of genes/proteins are expressed to produce cells with distinct functions
p.31
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What are astrocytes and how did they get their name?
Astrocytes are a type of glial cell in the CNS, named for their irregular, rough, and star-like shaped cell bodies.
p.45
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are Haversian systems?
Haversian systems, also known as osteons, are cylindrical structures that make up compact bone.
p.25
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What happens when neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron?
It results in the opening of ligand-gated ion channels.
p.31
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What metabolic support do astrocytes provide to neurons?
Astrocytes provide lactate to neurons, glycogenesis, ionic balance, neural growth factor, and glial scar formation.
p.37
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
How does myosin move during muscle contraction?
Myosin moves down and up the actin filament.
What extracellular aspect is important to consider in different tissue types?
Extracellular components.
p.12
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
How are epithelial tissues bound to each other?
Epithelial tissues are bound to each other by specialized junctions and adhesion molecules.
p.27
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is myelination?
The process of forming a fatty sheath around the axons of neurons.
p.11
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What type of epithelium is involved in secretion and where is it found?
Columnar epithelium found in the small intestine, colon, stomach lining, and gastric gland.
p.10
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What role does epithelial tissue play in secretion?
Epithelial tissue facilitates the release of substances such as enzymes, hormones, and mucus.
p.19
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
How do gap junctions function in epithelial cells?
Gap junctions connect the cytosols of adjacent cells, allowing the passage of very small molecules.
p.11
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
How does epithelial tissue contribute to transportation?
By transporting materials across (pinocytosis or endocytosis) or along the epithelium, with transport along the surface driven by motile cilia.
p.16
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the structure of simple squamous epithelial tissue?
Simple squamous epithelial tissue consists of a single layer of flat cells.
p.10
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
How does epithelial tissue provide barrier and protection?
Epithelial tissue acts as a barrier to protect underlying tissues from mechanical injury, pathogens, and chemical damage.
p.10
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
In what way does epithelial tissue offer strength and support?
Epithelial tissue provides structural support to the body and helps maintain the shape and integrity of organs.
p.13
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is pseudostratified epithelium?
Epithelium made up of closely packed cells that appear to be stratified but are not.
p.15
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is vascular endothelium?
The endothelium of the blood vessels, consisting of simple squamous cells.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are adipokines and what is their role?
Adipokines are signals produced by white fat that regulate nutritional balance and other systems.
p.37
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
What are the two regulatory proteins linked with actin?
Tropomyosin and troponin.
p.9
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
How are epithelial cells interconnected?
They are interconnected by intercellular joints.
p.2
Gene Expression Regulation in Cell Differentiation
What are some methods of gene regulation mentioned?
Regulating transcription and modification of DNA through DNA methylation.
p.25
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is the function of voltage-gated Na+ channels in action potential?
They open to allow the influx of Na+, triggering an action potential.
p.24
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What makes neurons excitable?
They are chemically and electrically excitable.
p.24
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is an action potential?
It is the result of neuronal excitation (depolarization) that travels down the axon to the end terminal, leading to the release of neurotransmitter.
p.24
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What happens when a neuron is depolarized?
It produces an action potential that travels down the axon to the end terminal, resulting in the release of neurotransmitter.
p.14
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
Simple squamous epithelium functions as a filtration system.
p.18
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What structure in motile cilia produces the force needed for motility?
The axoneme, which possesses microtubule-associated proteins.
p.26
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is the synaptic cleft?
The synaptic cleft is the space between the presynaptic membrane and the postsynaptic membrane where neurotransmitters are released.
p.39
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
Are the cell borders of smooth muscle cells clearly seen?
No, cell borders are rarely seen clearly.
p.4
Gene Expression Regulation in Cell Differentiation
What is the role of transcription factors in gene expression?
They regulate gene expression by turning on or turning off a gene
p.2
Gene Expression Regulation in Cell Differentiation
Do most body cells express all of the genes in the genome?
No, they express only a subset of these genes.
p.48
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the difference between Obob mice and normal mice in terms of leptin production?
Obob mice do not produce leptin, while normal mice produce leptin.
p.5
Stem Cells and Their Role in Tissue Formation
Why do hematopoietic stem cells play a crucial role?
Because blood cells have a limited life-span, ranging between a day and a month.
p.25
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What triggers the release of neurotransmitters in the presynaptic neuron?
The influx of Ca2+ through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
p.24
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What are the key structural components of a neuron?
A cell body (soma), receptive dendrites, a transmitting axon, and an end terminal called the synapse.
p.45
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the function of osteocytes in compact bone?
Osteocytes are bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.
p.31
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What are the functions of astrocyte processes?
Astrocyte processes surround and insulate synapses, reuptake glutamate and GABA from synapses, and inactivate glutamate to glutamine and recycle glutamine.
p.25
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What occurs at the axon terminal during neurotransmission?
Action potentials depolarize the axon terminal, leading to the influx of Na+ through voltage-gated Na+ channels.
p.42
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What role do macrophages play in fibrocollagenous tissues?
Macrophages phagocytose foreign bodies/organisms and present antigens to stimulate immune cells.
p.30
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
How do glial cells compare in number to neurons?
They outnumber neurons by 10-fold.
p.43
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the three types of cartilage?
1. Elastic (e.g., external ear) 2. Hyaline (e.g., nose, joint surface, trachea) 3. Fibrocartilage (e.g., intervertebral discs, knee joint menisci)
p.44
Extracellular Matrix and Its Components
What components make up the ECM of bone?
A framework of collagen fibers mineralized with calcium salts, proteoglycans, and blood vessels.
p.35
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
What produces the striated appearance in muscle cells?
Ordered arrays of filaments in multinucleated cells and spindle-shaped cells.
p.14
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
Where are stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelial located?
Stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelial are located on salivary glands and the large duct of the mammary gland.
p.38
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
What is the significance of the rich blood supply in cardiac muscle?
It supports the high energy demand of cardiac muscle cells.
p.28
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What role do oligodendrocytes play in cell survival?
They promote cell survival through trophic support.
p.25
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is the role of the SNARE complex in neurotransmission?
It helps in the docking and fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane.
p.28
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is the main difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?
Oligodendrocytes myelinate multiple neurons in the CNS, while Schwann cells myelinate a single neuron in the PNS.
p.41
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What types of tissues are included in fibrocollagenous tissues?
Fibrocollagenous tissues are a type of connective tissue.
p.42
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the function of plasma cells in fibrocollagenous tissues?
Plasma cells synthesize antibodies and are mature B cells (lymphocytes).
p.41
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What type of connective tissue is blood?
Blood is a type of connective tissue.
p.43
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are chondroblasts and their function in developing cartilage?
Chondroblasts are cells that secrete proteins and hold energy in the form of lipids and glycogen.
p.14
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the structure and function of pseudostratified epithelial and stratified epithelium?
Pseudostratified epithelial and stratified epithelium are multi-layered cells that rest on the basement membrane and function to provide protection to body surfaces.
p.30
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What are the two types of glial cells in the PNS?
Schwann cells and Satellite cells.
p.38
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
What is the role of adhering junctions in cardiac muscle?
Adhering junctions support cell binding for electrical and mechanical interconnection.
p.35
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
What are myofibrils?
Parallel bundles of contractile proteins (actin & myosin) in skeletal muscle fibers/cells.
p.2
Cell Specialization and Differentiation
What do differentiated cells contain despite their distinct appearance?
A similar set of organelles (nucleus, ER, Golgi, mitochondria, lysosomes, cytoskeletal elements, etc.).
p.41
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is a major feature of connective tissues?
A mix of different cells and extracellular matrix (ECM).
p.41
Extracellular Matrix and Its Components
What type of proteins are found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissues?
Fibrous proteins such as collagen.
p.44
Extracellular Matrix and Its Components
How does bone differ from cartilage in terms of ECM content?
Bone's ECM contains more collagen fibers and is highly mineralized.
p.35
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
What are muscles made of?
Contractile tissues (cells) known as myocytes.
p.42
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What type of collagen is found in reticular fibrocollagenous tissues and where are these tissues typically located?
Reticular fibrocollagenous tissues contain Type III collagen and are typically found in the liver and lymph nodes.
p.43
Extracellular Matrix and Its Components
What is the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in cartilage?
The ECM in cartilage is composed of proteoglycans, collagen (mainly type III), and has a high water content (60-80% by weight).
p.38
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
Why do cardiac muscle cells have a large number of mitochondria?
Due to their high energy requirement.
p.45
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are canaliculi in the context of compact bone?
Canaliculi are small channels that connect osteocytes in compact bone, allowing for nutrient and waste exchange.
p.42
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the primary function of fibroblasts in fibrocollagenous tissues?
Fibroblasts synthesize fibrous proteins such as collagens, elastins, and extracellular matrix components like proteoglycans.
p.42
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What substances do mast cells synthesize?
Mast cells synthesize histamine and other mediators of inflammation.
p.14
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?
Simple squamous epithelium lines the blood vessels, lymph nodes, and the alveoli of the lungs.
p.44
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the main functions of bone?
Skeletal support, protection, mineral storage (calcium), and blood formation.
p.35
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
What are the three distinct types of muscle?
Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.
p.30
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is the role of microglia in the CNS?
They are the resident immune cells and phagocytes.
p.43
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
Why does cartilage not appear on X-rays?
Cartilage does not have a dense amount of calcium phosphate, hence it does not appear on X-rays.
p.38
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
What is the function of gap junctions in cardiac muscle?
Gap junctions allow for electrical communication between cells.
p.14
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What happens to the columnar epithelial ciliated cells in smokers?
In smokers, the columnar epithelial ciliated cells are substituted with stratified squamous non-ciliated cells for easier tolerance of cigarette smoke.
p.38
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
How is the contraction of cardiac muscle controlled?
Cardiac muscle contraction is involuntary.
p.24
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is the unidirectional basis for neuronal signaling?
The structural arrangement of a neuron, including the cell body, dendrites, axon, and synapse.
p.30
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What are glial cells identified based on?
Their morphological, physiological, and biochemical features.
p.43
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the characteristics of cartilage compared to bone?
Cartilage is less dense than bone and brings about flexibility in smooth joint movement and strength.
p.14
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is endothelium?
Endothelium is the epithelium that lines the blood vessels and heart, and it consists of a single layer of squamous cells.
p.44
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What are the two types of bone structure mentioned?
Trabecular (e.g., long bone head) and compact (e.g., long bone cylinders).
p.35
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
How are contractile tissues classified in terms of control?
Into voluntary and involuntary control.
p.14
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is keratin?
Keratin is a tough fibrous protein found on the outer skin cells.
p.43
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What is the role of Proteoglycan-4 (PRG4) in hyaline cartilage?
Proteoglycan-4 (PRG4), also known as lubricin, is responsible for the slippery surface on hyaline cartilage.
p.30
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is the role of Satellite cells in the PNS?
They are support cells in ganglia.
p.38
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
What are the structural characteristics of cardiac muscle?
Cardiac muscle is striated, branched, and has coordinated contraction.
p.14
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What is the structure of simple epithelium?
Simple epithelium consists of a single layer of cells that sit on the basement membrane.
p.41
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What types of tissues are included in cartilage, bone, and teeth?
Cartilage, bone, and teeth are types of connective tissues.
p.43
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
How do cartilage tissues exchange metabolic materials?
Cartilage tissues lack blood vessels, so the exchange of metabolic materials is via diffusion.
p.14
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium located?
Simple cuboidal epithelium is located on the surfaces of the ovary and thyroid.
p.44
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
Which cells are involved in maintaining bone structure?
Osteocytes, which are embedded in the bone structure.
p.30
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What is the function of ependyma in the CNS?
They are the lining cells of the CNS cavities.
p.14
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
Where is non-keratinised squamous epithelium located?
Non-keratinised squamous epithelium is located on moist surfaces, such as the mouth and tongue.
p.35
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
What is the sarcolemma?
The cell membrane of skeletal muscle fibers/cells.
p.35
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
What are sarcomeres?
The basic structural and functional units of cardiac and skeletal muscle.
p.42
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
Where are loose fibrocollagenous tissues typically found and what type of collagen do they contain?
Loose fibrocollagenous tissues are found around epithelia and organs, containing Type I collagen.
p.42
Connective Tissue Types and Functions
What type of collagen is found in dense fibrocollagenous tissues and where are these tissues typically located?
Dense fibrocollagenous tissues contain Type II collagen and are typically found in tendons and ligaments.
p.30
Nervous Tissue and Neuron Communication
What are the main types of macroglia?
Oligodendrocytes, Schwann cells, and Astrocytes.
p.14
Epithelial Tissue Structure and Function
What forms the epidermis of the skin?
Stratified squamous keratinised epithelium forms the epidermis of the skin.
p.38
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
How is cardiac muscle arranged in comparison to skeletal and smooth muscles?
Cardiac muscle is intermediate in arrangement between skeletal and smooth muscles.
p.35
Muscle Tissue Types and Characteristics
What is the sarcoplasm?
The cytoplasm of skeletal muscle fibers/cells, which holds contractile proteins (actin & myosin).
