What is filtration?
A method that separates an insoluble solid from a liquid or solution.
What does filtration separate from a liquid?
Fine and tiny insoluble solids.
What remains on the filter paper after filtration?
Insoluble solids, like mud.
p.9
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What is collected in the conical flask during distillation?
The pure water that distils over, known as the distillate.
p.7
Evaporation and Crystallization
What does the table in the study notes compare?
Methods of evaporation and crystallization in extracting common salt from seawater.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
What is sea water classified as?
A mixture that contains many different dissolved substances, regarded as a solution.
p.6
Evaporation and Crystallization
How do you know if a solution is saturated enough to form crystals?
Dip a glass rod in the solution; if small solids form on the rod, the solution is saturated.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
What is the first step in the silver nitrate test procedure?
Dissolve a solid sample in deionized water.
p.5
Evaporation and Crystallization
What type of sodium chloride is obtained from heating sea water to dryness?
Impure sodium chloride containing other salts like magnesium chloride.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
How do scientists abbreviate 'aqueous solution'?
They commonly abbreviate it as 'solution'.
p.7
Evaporation and Crystallization
What is the primary method used to extract common salt from seawater?
Evaporation and crystallization.
p.10
Flame Test for Metal Ions
What is the flame test used for?
To test for the presence of metal ions in ionic compounds.
p.10
Flame Test for Metal Ions
What do you do after moistening the wire in a flame test?
Dip the wire into a crushed sample of the substance to be tested.
p.6
Evaporation and Crystallization
What happens during the slow evaporation of sea water at room temperature?
The sea water becomes more concentrated and eventually saturated, leading to the formation of salt crystals.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
What is an insoluble substance?
A substance that does not dissolve in a solvent.
What is decantation?
A quick but rough method of separating a dense insoluble solid from a liquid or solution.
p.6
Evaporation and Crystallization
What is crystallization?
The process of forming crystals from a saturated solution.
p.6
Evaporation and Crystallization
How does sodium chloride obtained by crystallization compare to that obtained by evaporation?
It contains less impurities.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
What does the silver nitrate test indicate?
Whether a compound contains halide ions such as chloride, bromide, or iodide ions.
p.8
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What can distillation separate besides pure water from sea water?
A mixture of two or more liquids with a great difference in boiling points.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
What indicates the presence of chloride ions in the silver nitrate test?
The appearance of a white precipitate (silver chloride, AgCl).
p.9
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What is the purpose of cold running water in the Quickfit distillation setup?
To provide a better cooling effect for the steam.
p.2
Composition of Sea Water
What types of substances, other than salts, are dissolved in sea water?
Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, and organic substances like urea.
p.5
Evaporation and Crystallization
What does evaporation refer to?
The change of a liquid to vapor at a temperature below its boiling point.
p.2
Concentration of Solutions
What happens when copper(II) sulphate crystals are added to a dilute solution?
The solution becomes more concentrated until it reaches saturation.
p.2
Composition of Sea Water
What is the main dissolved substance in sea water?
Common salt, which is sodium chloride.
p.9
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What is left behind after the distillation process?
A mixture of salts, known as the residue.
p.8
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What happens to the liquid during distillation?
Only the liquid vaporizes.
p.10
Flame Test for Metal Ions
How can you identify the metal element present in the sample during a flame test?
By observing the flame color produced.
p.3
Separation Methods for Mixtures
What is the purpose of using a separation method?
To separate and obtain substances from a mixture.
p.3
Separation Methods for Mixtures
What is a key characteristic of the separation methods listed?
No new substances are formed at the end of separation.
p.2
Composition of Sea Water
Name some other salts found in sea water.
Magnesium chloride, sodium sulphate, calcium chloride.
What passes through the filter paper during filtration?
Particles of water (solvent) and dissolved salts.
What is collected after the filtration process?
The sea water that passes through the filter paper.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
What forms a solution?
When one or more substances (solutes) dissolve in another substance (the solvent).
p.2
Concentration of Solutions
What is a dilute solution?
A solution that contains a small amount of solute in a given volume of solvent.
p.5
Evaporation and Crystallization
How is common salt obtained quickly in a laboratory setting?
By heating filtered sea water to dryness.
p.3
Separation Methods for Mixtures
What are some examples of separation methods?
Decantation, Filtration, Evaporation, Crystallization.
p.8
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
Why are anti-bumping granules used in distillation?
To prevent bumping, which can cause sea water to splash into the receiver test tube.
p.5
Evaporation and Crystallization
What defines a crystal?
A solid with a regular shape, smooth flat faces, and straight edges.
How is decantation performed?
The solid in the mixture is allowed to settle, and the liquid on top is carefully poured off.
What is the typical quality of the liquid obtained from decantation?
Usually a turbid liquid with tiny solids.
p.9
Distillation for Pure Water Isolation
What happens to the steam in the condenser during distillation?
The steam is cooled by cold running water and condenses to pure water.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
What is a soluble substance?
A substance that dissolves in a solvent.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
Why is excess dilute nitric acid added in the silver nitrate test?
To prevent the formation of other precipitates like silver carbonate and silver sulphite.
p.7
Evaporation and Crystallization
What are the two key aspects compared in the extraction methods?
The form and purity of the salt obtained.
p.6
Evaporation and Crystallization
What is the first technique used in crystallization?
Slow cooling of hot saturated solution.
p.10
Flame Test for Metal Ions
What type of flame is used in a flame test?
A non-luminous Bunsen flame.
p.2
Concentration of Solutions
What characterizes a concentrated solution?
It contains a large amount of solute in a given volume of solvent.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
Is water the only solvent?
No, water is an example of a solvent; there are other solvents like propanone and heptane.
What is a limitation of decantation?
It cannot separate fine and tiny solids from the liquid.
p.10
Flame Test for Metal Ions
What is the first step in performing a flame test?
Moisten a clean platinum or nichrome wire with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
In a salt solution, what is the solute and what is the solvent?
Salt is the solute and water is the solvent.
p.2
Concentration of Solutions
What is a saturated solution?
A solution that has dissolved all the solute it can at a given temperature.
p.1
Definition of Solute, Solvent, and Solution
What is an aqueous solution?
A solution formed when a solute is dissolved in water.
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
What color precipitate forms for bromide ions in the silver nitrate test?
Pale yellow precipitate (silver bromide, AgBr).
p.11
Silver Nitrate Test for Halide Ions
What color precipitate forms for iodide ions in the silver nitrate test?
Yellow precipitate (silver iodide, AgI).
