p.27
Alveolar and Intrapleural Pressures
What is the relationship between alveolar pressure and atmospheric pressure under normal conditions?
Alveolar pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure when no air is moving through the airways.
p.40
Mechanics of Breathing
How does the analogy of a juice box relate to the intrathoracic cavity?
It illustrates how increased negative pressure can cause unsupported areas to collapse inward.
p.13
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is reported in Figure 5-1?
The number of various structures for two lungs.
p.16
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the relationship between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura?
The parietal pleura lines the thoracic cavity, while the visceral pleura covers the lungs themselves.
p.1
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
How do respiratory structures relate to their function?
They are specialized to facilitate gas exchange and protect the airway.
p.15
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What does the intrapleural space lie between?
The lungs and the chest wall.
p.28
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration?
It decreases, allowing air to flow in.
p.23
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
How does subatmospheric pressure relate to breathing?
It helps create the pressure gradient necessary for air to flow into the lungs during inspiration.
p.16
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the significance of the pleural cavity?
It contains pleural fluid that reduces friction between the pleurae during breathing.
p.5
Alveolar and Intrapleural Pressures
How are the relative pressures inside the alveoli determined?
By the volume of air and the compliance of the lung tissue.
p.18
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the visceral pleura?
The membrane that covers the lungs.
p.13
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What does Figure 5-1 illustrate?
The structure of the airways.
p.16
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the function of the parietal pleura?
To provide a protective layer and facilitate lung movement during breathing.
p.28
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
How do transairway pressures contribute to the breathing cycle?
They help maintain airway patency and facilitate airflow during breathing.
p.34
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What happens to P_A during normal quiet expiration?
P_A increases with respect to P_B.
p.34
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
Which muscles contract during normal quiet inspiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles.
p.36
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
How do respiratory structures relate to their function?
They are specialized to facilitate gas exchange and protect the airway.
p.18
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the parietal pleura?
The membrane that lines the thoracic cavity.
p.28
Evaluation of Pulmonary Function
How can pulmonary pressures be used in clinical evaluation?
To assess normal and abnormal pulmonary function.
p.24
Mechanics of Breathing
How does the chest wall contribute to elastic recoil?
The chest wall provides a structural framework that influences lung expansion and contraction.
p.32
Mechanics of Breathing
What is the function of the external intercostals?
They assist in inspiration by elevating the ribs.
p.39
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What is required for this man to inhale a breath compared to normal circumstances?
A greater drop in pressure is required.
p.25
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What is the role of an aspirator in relation to fluids and gases?
It absorbs fluids and gases in a closed cavity.
p.14
Alveolar and Intrapleural Pressures
How are the relative pressures inside the alveoli and intrapleural space determined?
By the volume of air in the lungs and the mechanics of breathing.
p.35
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration?
It decreases, allowing air to flow in.
p.14
Evaluation of Pulmonary Function
How can knowledge of pulmonary pressures be used?
To evaluate normal and abnormal pulmonary function.
p.8
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What does the cricothyroid ligament connect?
It connects the cricoid cartilage to the thyroid cartilage.
p.2
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What is transpulmonary pressure?
The difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure, which keeps the alveoli open.
p.27
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
When does alveolar pressure equal atmospheric pressure?
Just before expiration and just before inspiration.
p.18
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the function of the pleura?
To reduce friction between the lungs and the thoracic wall during breathing.
p.28
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What is transpulmonary pressure?
The difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure, which keeps the alveoli open.
p.39
Alveolar and Intrapleural Pressures
How does intrathoracic pressure relate to pleural pressure?
Intrathoracic pressure is essentially the same as pleural pressure (P PL).
p.26
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What is transpulmonary pressure?
The difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure, which keeps the alveoli open.
p.38
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What pair of pressures would cause the structure to collapse?
C) airway pressure = +15 cm H2O and intrapleural pressure = +20 cm H2O.
p.26
Evaluation of Pulmonary Function
How can knowledge of pulmonary pressures be used?
To evaluate normal and abnormal pulmonary function.
p.35
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the primary function of the respiratory system's anatomy?
To facilitate gas exchange and breathing.
p.14
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What are transpulmonary and transairway pressures?
Distending pressures that keep the alveoli and airways from collapsing.
p.29
Alveolar and Intrapleural Pressures
What does pleural pressure refer to in the context of breathing?
The pressure within the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs.
p.35
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What occurs to intrapleural pressure during expiration?
It becomes less negative, contributing to lung recoil.
p.9
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the significance of the left and right tertiary bronchi?
They further divide into smaller bronchioles within their respective lungs.
p.36
Introduction to Pressures
What is the significance of pressures in the respiratory system?
Pressures drive airflow and influence lung mechanics.
p.17
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the function of the pleura?
To reduce friction between the lungs and the thoracic wall during breathing.
p.17
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
How do the visceral and parietal pleura interact?
They create a pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid, allowing smooth movement of the lungs.
p.19
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What happens to pressures during expiration with no airflow?
They remain the same in a closed cavity not open to the air.
p.5
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the primary function of the respiratory system's anatomy?
To facilitate gas exchange and breathing.
p.24
Mechanics of Breathing
Why is subatmospheric pressure important for lung function?
It prevents lung collapse and aids in the expansion of the lungs during inhalation.
p.4
Functions of the Respiratory System
What role does the respiratory system play in phonation?
It facilitates vocalization.
p.14
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the primary function of the anatomy of the respiratory system?
To facilitate gas exchange and breathing.
p.29
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What do the wide blue arrows represent in the breathing cycle?
Airflow into and out of the lungs.
p.8
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the thyroid membrane?
A connective tissue structure that connects the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone.
p.9
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What are the pleural membranes?
Serous membranes that have two layers: visceral pleura and parietal pleura.
p.10
Gas Exchange Processes
What is the function of alveolar sacs?
They are clusters of alveoli where gas exchange occurs.
p.10
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the visceral pleura?
It is the membrane that covers the lungs.
p.36
Functions of the Respiratory System
What are the primary physiological functions of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, and vocalization.
p.23
Impact of Surface Tension on Alveoli
What is surface tension?
The cohesive force at the surface of a liquid that causes it to behave like a stretched elastic membrane.
p.34
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What happens to P_A during normal quiet inspiration?
P_A decreases with respect to P_B.
p.22
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
How do elastic fibers contribute to subatmospheric pressures in the pleural space?
They create a tension that helps maintain the pressure difference.
p.34
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What occurs during normal quiet expiration?
Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax.
p.12
Impact of Surface Tension on Alveoli
What happens to surface tension in fluid-filled alveoli compared to air-filled alveoli?
Fluid-filled alveoli have higher surface tension, making it harder for them to expand.
p.22
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What is the purpose of the intrapleural pressure in relation to pulmonary edema?
To prevent pulmonary edema by maintaining lung expansion.
p.21
Intrapleural Pressures
How is intrapleural pressure measured in relation to atmospheric pressure?
Zero pressure means equal to atmospheric pressure.
p.7
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What are the nasal conchae?
They are bony structures that help condition the air by increasing surface area.
p.9
Mechanics of Breathing
What is the role of the diaphragm in respiration?
It contracts to allow inhalation and relaxes for exhalation.
p.10
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What are respiratory bronchioles?
They are the smallest air passages that lead to alveolar sacs and are involved in gas exchange.
p.8
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the function of the trachea?
To provide a passage for air to enter and exit the lungs.
p.37
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What is the significance of negative intrapleural pressure?
Negative intrapleural pressure helps keep the lungs inflated.
p.11
Gas Exchange Processes
What is the interstitial space in relation to the alveoli?
It is the space between the alveoli and capillaries where gas exchange occurs.
p.40
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What do the supraclavicular and suprasternal spaces represent?
Areas around the chest that are unsupported by the rib cage.
p.17
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the parietal pleura?
The membrane that lines the thoracic cavity.
p.23
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What is subatmospheric pressure?
Pressure that is lower than the surrounding atmospheric pressure.
p.26
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the primary function of the respiratory system's anatomy?
To facilitate gas exchange and breathing.
p.21
Intrapleural Pressures
What happens to intrapleural pressure during a pneumothorax?
It becomes equal to atmospheric pressure.
p.32
Mechanics of Breathing
What is the role of the rectus abdominis during breathing?
It aids in expiration by compressing the abdominal contents.
p.34
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What happens to the thoracic cavity during expiration?
Thoracic cavity decreases and lungs recoil.
p.4
Functions of the Respiratory System
What happens to patients with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in terms of respiration?
They tend to hyperventilate.
p.14
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What occurs to the pressures in the alveoli and intrapleural space during expiration?
Alveolar pressure increases and intrapleural pressure returns to a less negative value.
p.29
Mechanics of Breathing
What is the significance of alveolar pressure in the breathing cycle?
It helps determine airflow and lung mechanics.
p.7
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the role of the vestibule in the nasal cavity?
It serves as the entryway to the nasal cavity.
p.35
Alveolar and Intrapleural Pressures
What is the significance of relative pressures in the alveoli during the breathing cycle?
They dictate the flow of air in and out of the lungs.
p.9
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the function of bronchioles?
They conduct air to the alveoli for gas exchange.
p.8
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the purpose of tracheal cartilage?
To provide structure and keep the trachea open.
p.1
Introduction to Pressures
What is the significance of pressures in the respiratory system?
Pressures drive airflow and influence lung expansion and contraction.
p.23
Impact of Surface Tension on Alveoli
How does surface tension affect alveoli?
It helps maintain the structure of alveoli and prevents their collapse during exhalation.
p.39
Mechanics of Breathing
What are the Sternocleidomastoid muscles classified as?
Accessory muscles of inspiration.
p.32
Mechanics of Breathing
What role do the external oblique and internal oblique muscles play?
They assist in expiration by compressing the abdominal cavity.
p.24
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What role does elastic recoil play during expiration?
It helps push air out of the lungs as the lung tissue returns to its resting state.
p.30
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
How does transpulmonary pressure change during inspiration?
It increases, allowing the lungs to expand.
p.30
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What happens to transpulmonary pressure during expiration?
It decreases, leading to lung deflation.
p.31
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What type of pressure is indicated by a negative P PL?
Negative pressure compression.
p.14
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
How do transpulmonary and transairway pressures contribute to the breathing cycle?
They maintain lung inflation and airway patency during breathing.
p.35
Evaluation of Pulmonary Function
How can pulmonary pressures be used in clinical settings?
To evaluate normal and abnormal pulmonary function.
p.10
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the role of lymphatic vessels in the respiratory system?
They help in draining excess fluid and immune response in the lungs.
p.2
Alveolar and Intrapleural Pressures
What determines the relative pressures inside the alveoli?
The volume of air and the compliance of the lung tissue.
p.2
Evaluation of Pulmonary Function
How can pulmonary pressures be used in clinical evaluation?
To assess normal and abnormal pulmonary function.
p.11
Functions of the Respiratory System
What is the role of alveolar macrophages?
They help in the immune response by engulfing pathogens and debris.
p.1
Functions of the Respiratory System
What are the primary physiological functions of the respiratory system?
Gas exchange, regulation of blood pH, and vocalization.
p.28
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the primary function of the respiratory system's anatomy?
To facilitate gas exchange and breathing.
p.15
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is depicted in Figure 5 - 8?
A schematic diagram of the lung and chest-wall system.
p.39
Mechanics of Breathing
What is the purpose of using the Sternocleidomastoid muscles during breathing?
To generate more negative intrathoracic pressure.
p.26
Alveolar and Intrapleural Pressures
What determines the relative pressures inside the alveoli?
The volume of air and the compliance of the lung tissue.
p.32
Mechanics of Breathing
What are accessory muscles of inspiration?
Sternocleidomastoid and scalenes.
p.24
Alveolar and Intrapleural Pressures
What is subatmospheric pressure in the pleural cavity?
A pressure that is lower than atmospheric pressure, helping to keep the lungs inflated.
p.22
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What is the relationship between the intrapleural space and alveoli?
The intrapleural space wants to collapse the alveoli.
p.12
Impact of Surface Tension on Alveoli
How do hydrogen bonds relate to surface tension in alveoli?
Hydrogen bonds create surface tension; surfactant disrupts these bonds.
p.12
Impact of Surface Tension on Alveoli
What is the effect of surface tension on breathing?
High surface tension can make it difficult for alveoli to expand, affecting gas exchange.
p.3
Functions of the Respiratory System
What is produced during cellular respiration?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
p.8
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the function of the epiglottis?
To prevent food from entering the trachea during swallowing.
p.35
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
How do transairway pressures contribute to the breathing cycle?
They help maintain airway patency and facilitate airflow during breathing.
p.10
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What do pulmonary arterioles do?
They carry deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary arteries to the capillaries in the lungs.
p.2
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the primary function of the respiratory system's anatomy?
To facilitate gas exchange and breathing.
p.8
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What are the parathyroid glands responsible for?
Regulating calcium levels in the blood.
p.37
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What happens when alveolar pressure is greater than intrapleural pressure?
It can lead to lung collapse if the difference is not maintained.
p.11
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the role of reticular fibers in the lungs?
They provide structural support to the lung tissue.
p.17
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the visceral pleura?
The membrane that covers the lungs.
p.16
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the parietal pleura?
The outer membrane that lines the thoracic cavity and covers the lungs.
p.32
Mechanics of Breathing
Which muscles are primarily responsible for expiration?
Internal intercostals and abdominal muscles.
p.6
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the primary function of the oral cavity?
To facilitate the intake and initial processing of food.
p.21
Intrapleural Pressures
What are the forces acting on the lungs and chest wall at rest?
Equal and opposite forces trying to collapse the lungs and expand the chest wall.
p.32
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the significance of the sternum in respiration?
It provides attachment for the ribs and aids in the mechanics of breathing.
p.5
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
How do transairway pressures contribute to the breathing cycle?
They help maintain airway patency and facilitate airflow during breathing.
p.31
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What does P Trans represent?
The distending pressure of the airways or alveoli.
p.9
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the function of the larynx?
It serves as a passageway for air and is involved in sound production.
p.10
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the function of terminal bronchioles?
They are the last part of the conducting zone before air reaches the respiratory zone.
p.8
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the role of the arytenoid cartilage?
To anchor the vocal cords and assist in their movement.
p.7
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the function of the nasal turbinates?
They condition the air by warming and humidifying it.
p.37
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What pair of pressures would cause the structure to collapse?
C) airway pressure = +15 cm H2O and intrapleural pressure = +20 cm H2O.
p.11
Impact of Surface Tension on Alveoli
What is the significance of surfactant in the alveoli?
It prevents alveolar collapse by reducing surface tension.
p.40
Mechanics of Breathing
What happens to the supraclavicular and suprasternal spaces when negative pressure in the intrathoracic cavity increases?
They are sucked in, similar to sucking juice from a juice box.
p.28
Alveolar and Intrapleural Pressures
What determines the relative pressures inside the alveoli?
The volume of air and the mechanics of breathing.
p.18
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
How do the visceral and parietal pleura interact?
They create a pleural cavity filled with pleural fluid, allowing smooth movement of the lungs.
p.39
Alveolar and Intrapleural Pressures
What does negative pressure refer to in the context of breathing?
Pressure that is less than atmospheric pressure (P atm).
p.26
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What happens to the pressures in the alveoli during inspiration?
Alveolar pressure decreases, allowing air to flow in.
p.4
Functions of the Respiratory System
How does the respiratory system contribute to thermoregulation?
By regulating water loss and temperature through breathing.
p.5
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What is transpulmonary pressure?
The difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure, which keeps the alveoli open.
p.29
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What do the numbers in Figure 5 - 14 represent?
Pressures in cm H2O relative to atmospheric pressure (Patm).
p.14
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What happens to the pressures in the alveoli and intrapleural space during inspiration?
Alveolar pressure decreases and intrapleural pressure becomes more negative.
p.29
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What stages of the breathing cycle are illustrated in the figure?
Rest, halfway through inspiration, end of inspiration, and halfway through expiration.
p.9
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the carina?
The ridge at the base of the trachea where it divides into the left and right primary bronchi.
p.8
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the significance of the thyroid cartilage?
It forms the bulk of the laryngeal structure and is commonly known as the Adam's apple.
p.7
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the role of the Eustachian tube?
It equalizes pressure in the middle ear.
p.2
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What happens to alveolar pressure during inspiration?
It decreases, allowing air to flow in.
p.2
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What occurs to intrapleural pressure during expiration?
It increases, helping to push air out of the lungs.
p.11
Evaluation of Pulmonary Function
What can result from a deficiency of α1-antitrypsin?
It may lead to emphysema due to unchecked protease activity.
p.24
Mechanics of Breathing
What is elastic recoil in the context of the lungs?
The ability of the lung tissue to return to its original shape after being stretched.
p.12
Impact of Surface Tension on Alveoli
What is surface tension in the context of alveoli?
The force that causes the liquid lining the alveoli to resist being stretched or broken.
p.12
Impact of Surface Tension on Alveoli
What role does surfactant play in the alveoli?
Surfactant reduces surface tension by interfering with hydrogen bonding.
p.5
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What happens to the pressures in the alveoli during inspiration?
Alveolar pressure decreases, allowing air to flow in.
p.30
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
Why is transpulmonary pressure important?
It helps to keep the lungs inflated and prevents collapse.
p.4
Functions of the Respiratory System
How does the respiratory system assist in acid-base control?
By regulating carbon dioxide levels, which affects blood pH.
p.5
Evaluation of Pulmonary Function
What is the significance of evaluating pulmonary pressures?
To assess normal and abnormal pulmonary function.
p.29
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What do the yellow arrows indicate in the breathing cycle diagram?
The magnitude of transmural pressures.
p.35
Alveolar and Intrapleural Pressures
What determines the relative pressures inside the alveoli?
The volume of air and the compliance of the lung tissue.
p.3
Gas Exchange Processes
What are the two types of convection involved in respiration?
External and Internal convection.
p.29
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What is the relationship between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure during normal breathing?
Alveolar pressure is typically higher than pleural pressure, creating a pressure gradient for airflow.
p.7
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the function of the epiglottis?
It prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.
p.8
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the cricoid cartilage?
A ring-shaped cartilage that forms the base of the larynx.
p.10
Gas Exchange Processes
What is the role of pulmonary (alveolar) capillaries?
They facilitate the exchange of gases between the blood and alveoli.
p.11
Impact of Surface Tension on Alveoli
What is the function of Type II Alveolar Cells?
They produce surfactant, which reduces surface tension in the alveoli.
p.30
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What is transpulmonary pressure?
The difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure.
p.7
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the function of the olfactory epithelium?
It is responsible for the sense of smell.
p.35
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
What is transpulmonary pressure?
The difference between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure, which keeps the alveoli open.
p.7
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the function of the soft palate?
It separates the oral cavity from the nasopharynx during swallowing.
p.9
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the pleural space?
The space between the visceral and parietal pleura that contains pleural fluid.
p.10
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What are alveolar ducts?
They are passages that connect the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar sacs.
p.10
Mechanics of Breathing
What is the function of elastic connective tissue in the lungs?
It allows the lungs to expand and contract during breathing.
p.11
Gas Exchange Processes
What is the composition of the alveolar-capillary membrane?
It consists of Type I Alveolar Cells, basement membranes, and capillary endothelium.
p.26
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
How do transairway pressures contribute to the breathing cycle?
They help maintain airway patency and facilitate airflow during breathing.
p.34
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What happens to the thoracic cavity during inspiration?
Thoracic cavity increases and lungs expand.
p.5
Breathing Cycle: Inspiration and Expiration
What occurs to intrapleural pressure during expiration?
Intrapleural pressure increases, helping to push air out of the lungs.
p.20
Alveolar and Intrapleural Pressures
What is the significance of the pressures during no airflow?
They indicate the pressure differences in the respiratory system.
p.7
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What bones form the structure of the nasal cavity?
Frontal bone, maxilla, palatine bone, and sphenoidal bone.
p.9
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What are the left primary bronchi responsible for?
They conduct air to the left lung.
p.8
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What are corniculate cartilages?
Small cartilages located at the apex of the arytenoid cartilages, involved in the function of the vocal cords.
p.7
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is the significance of the laryngeal sinus?
It is a space that helps in sound production.
p.2
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
How do transairway pressures contribute to the breathing cycle?
They help maintain airway patency and facilitate airflow during breathing.
p.37
Transpulmonary and Transairway Pressures
Which pressure combination indicates a risk of collapse?
Airway pressure = +15 cm H2O and intrapleural pressure = +20 cm H2O.
p.10
Gas Exchange Processes
What are alveoli?
They are tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange occurs.
p.10
Anatomy of the Respiratory System
What is a pulmonary venule?
It is a small vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
p.11
Gas Exchange Processes
What gases are exchanged in the alveoli?
Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
p.2
Intrapleural Pressures
What is the significance of the intrapleural space?
It creates a negative pressure that aids in lung expansion.
p.10
Evaluation of Pulmonary Function
What is pulmonary edema?
It is a condition characterized by excess fluid in the lungs, affecting gas exchange.
