p.19
Patient Assessment and Management
What could be a reason for your patient losing consciousness?
Possible causes include lack of oxygen, cardiac arrest, or neurological issues.
p.19
Emergency Response Protocols
What should you do if your patient loses consciousness and stops breathing?
Initiate emergency response protocols, check for responsiveness, call for help, and begin CPR if necessary.
p.4
Emergency Response Protocols
What information should you state when making a MET Call or Code Blue?
Type of code, location, patient category, and treating team.
p.20
Patient Assessment and Management
What are the 4 H's and 4 T's in differential diagnosis?
The 4 H's are Hypoxia, Hypovolemia, Hypothermia, and Hyperkalemia; the 4 T's are Tension pneumothorax, Tamponade, Toxins, and Thrombosis.
p.7
Patient Assessment and Management
What is the first step in approaching the imaging of a patient with shortness of breath?
Assess the patient's ability to stand and gather information from the accompanying nurse.
p.9
Vasovagal Syncope and Patient Reactions
What is the likely problem the patient is experiencing during cannulation?
Vasovagal response due to fear.
p.14
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What is the difference between a sensitivity and an allergic reaction?
Sensitivity is a non-immune response, while an allergic reaction involves the immune system.
p.13
Extravasation of Contrast Media
What is extravasation?
The inadvertent leakage of a vesicant solution into the surrounding tissue.
p.12
Extravasation of Contrast Media
What instructions should a patient receive after treatment for extravasation?
Observe and call the department/GP/ED if the condition worsens.
p.3
Collaborative Care Roles in Healthcare
What roles do allied health professionals play in patient care?
Assess, treat, diagnose conditions, and work to prevent disease and disability.
p.10
Vasovagal Syncope and Patient Reactions
Why is it important to monitor vital signs frequently in vasovagal syncope?
To titrate the amount of medications and fluids used.
p.2
NSQHS Standards Overview
What are the primary aims of the NSQHS Standards?
To protect the public from harm and to improve the quality of health service provision.
p.3
Collaborative Care Roles in Healthcare
What are the responsibilities of registered and enrolled nurses in patient care?
Consistent daily care, support of ADLs, advocate for patients, administer medications, and conduct patient assessments.
p.20
Patient Assessment and Management
What could cause a patient to lose consciousness?
Systemic vasodilation due to anaphylaxis or insufficient blood volume to the brain; consider differential diagnoses like sepsis.
p.4
Emergency Response Protocols
What details are needed regarding the location when calling a MET Call?
Campus, department, room/bed number.
p.12
Extravasation of Contrast Media
What treatment should be provided to a patient experiencing extravasation?
Elevate the arm, apply intermittent/brief compression with a cold pack, observe, report the incident, and notify the treating team.
p.2
NSQHS Standards Overview
What do the NSQHS Standards provide?
A nationally consistent statement about the level of care consumers can expect from health services.
p.14
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What symptoms is the patient experiencing?
Red skin, itching, and a sore throat.
p.4
Emergency Response Protocols
What types of codes can be called in a MET Call?
MET call, CODE BLUE, grey, yellow, purple, black, orange, brown, green, pink.
p.15
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
When do almost all life-threatening contrast reactions occur?
Within 20 minutes of intravenous injection.
p.3
Collaborative Care Roles in Healthcare
What are the responsibilities of a pharmacist in patient care?
Safe administration, storage, and prescribing of medications.
p.11
Extravasation of Contrast Media
What has likely happened if the injection site is swelling and the patient is experiencing increased pain?
Extravasation of contrast media.
p.6
Patient Assessment and Management
How should you adapt your approach if the patient feels light-headed?
Consider performing the X-ray while the patient is seated or using alternative imaging techniques to avoid deterioration.
p.2
NSQHS Standards Overview
Who developed the NSQHS Standards?
The Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare, in collaboration with various stakeholders.
p.14
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What should be your initial response upon noticing the patient's discomfort?
Assess the patient's condition and ensure her safety.
p.13
Extravasation of Contrast Media
When may the full extent of tissue damage from extravasation become evident?
Days or weeks after exposure.
p.13
Extravasation of Contrast Media
What are the consequences of extravasation on hospital stays?
Longer hospital stays and increased morbidity.
p.11
Extravasation of Contrast Media
What blood vessel is generally cannulated for contrast injection?
The antecubital vein or other suitable peripheral veins.
p.16
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
How do allergic diseases, including asthma, affect the risk of contrast media reactions?
They are not a contraindication but increase the risk by 6-10 times for severe reactions.
p.17
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What characterizes moderate acute contrast reactions?
More prominent symptoms that demand medical attention, such as marked urticaria, severe vomiting, bronchospasm, and facial or laryngeal edema.
p.3
Collaborative Care Roles in Healthcare
What is the role of the radiographer in collaborative care?
To provide imaging services and support the diagnostic process.
p.18
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What is the patient experiencing in this scenario?
A mild to moderate contrast reaction.
p.20
Emergency Response Protocols
What immediate actions should you take if a patient loses consciousness and stops breathing?
Perform CPR, call CODE Blue, and defibrillate if indicated.
p.3
Collaborative Care Roles in Healthcare
What is the role of the medical practitioner in collaborative care?
To assess and manage medical care, prescribe medications, conduct investigations, and perform interventions.
p.8
Vasovagal Syncope and Patient Reactions
What might be causing the patient to feel unwell during cannulation?
The patient may be experiencing a vasovagal response due to anxiety about needles.
p.6
Patient Assessment and Management
What questions might you ask the patient before proceeding with the PA erect CXR?
Inquire about their current level of dizziness, any history of fainting, and confirm their ability to stand safely.
p.11
Extravasation of Contrast Media
What instructions should the patient receive upon completion of the procedure?
Monitor the injection site for any changes and report increased pain or swelling.
p.8
Patient Assessment and Management
What past medical history does the patient have that may be relevant?
She has a history of type two diabetes and asthma, and thinks she may have a seafood allergy.
p.1
Patient Assessment and Management
What is a key focus in the context of deteriorating patient scenarios?
Assessment and management of patient conditions.
p.12
Extravasation of Contrast Media
What has occurred if there is swelling and increased pain at the injection site?
Extravasation of contrast.
p.18
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What risk factors does this patient have that are relevant to her condition?
Anxiety, dehydration, and asthma.
p.3
Collaborative Care Roles in Healthcare
Which allied health professionals are mentioned in the collaborative care roles?
Physiotherapist, speech pathologist, and occupational therapist.
p.16
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What alternatives may be considered if a patient has a history of contrast media reaction?
Non-contrasted study, ultrasound, or MRI.
p.6
Emergency Response Protocols
What should you do if the patient starts to feel light-headed and looks pale?
Stop the procedure, assist the patient to a seated position, and monitor their condition closely.
p.10
Vasovagal Syncope and Patient Reactions
What IV fluids are appropriate for treating hypotension in vasovagal syncope?
Normal saline and Lactated Ringer’s.
p.18
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What should be your initial response to the patient showing discomfort during the scan?
Reassure the patient and observe.
p.9
Emergency Response Protocols
What is the first response to the patient's symptoms?
Raise their legs and administer oxygen.
p.14
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What risk factors might this patient have?
Previous allergic reactions to contrast media or other allergens.
p.13
Extravasation of Contrast Media
What type of damage does extravasation cause?
Progressive tissue damage.
p.14
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What is the treatment for the patient's symptoms?
Administer antihistamines or corticosteroids as needed.
p.11
Extravasation of Contrast Media
What is your immediate response when noticing swelling at the injection site during contrast injection?
Stop the injection immediately.
p.6
Patient Assessment and Management
What is the first step in approaching the imaging of a patient with shortness of breath?
Assess the patient's ability to stand and gather relevant information from the accompanying nurse.
p.8
Emergency Response Protocols
What is the first response to a patient feeling unwell during a procedure?
Ensure the patient is lying down and monitor their vital signs.
p.13
Extravasation of Contrast Media
What may be required in severe cases of extravasation?
Reconstructive surgery or even amputation.
p.7
Patient Assessment and Management
What immediate action should you take if the patient starts to feel light-headed?
Lie the patient flat and perform a respiratory assessment.
p.8
Clinical Scenarios in Radiology
How do the symptoms of this patient compare to those of someone suffering a heart attack?
Both may present with clamminess and pale skin, but heart attack symptoms often include chest pain and shortness of breath.
p.10
Vasovagal Syncope and Patient Reactions
What triggers vasovagal syncope?
Factors include pregnancy, emotional stress, and pain, but there may be no clear cause.
p.6
Collaborative Care Roles in Healthcare
How can you utilize the accompanying nurse in this situation?
Ask the nurse to assist in monitoring the patient's vital signs and provide support if the patient needs help.
p.16
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
How does anxiety affect the risk of adverse reactions to contrast media?
Patients with high anxiety have a somewhat elevated risk of 'non-vagal' adverse reactions.
p.12
Extravasation of Contrast Media
What is the immediate response when swelling occurs at the injection site during a CT scan?
Stop the infusion, attempt aspiration with a 5ml syringe, and remove the PIVC.
p.9
Patient Assessment and Management
What are the symptoms of someone suffering a heart attack compared to this patient?
AMI symptoms include chest pain, crushing pressure on chest, back pain, left arm pain, and shortness of breath.
p.7
Patient Assessment and Management
What should you consider before attempting a PA erect CXR for the patient?
The patient's stability and risk of deterioration or dizziness.
p.8
Patient Safety and Quality Care
How should the radiographer deal with the situation when the patient feels unwell?
Provide reassurance, monitor the patient closely, and be prepared to assist if symptoms worsen.
p.7
Emergency Response Protocols
How should you respond to the patient's light-headedness?
Apply oxygen at 6L via Hudson Mask and monitor the patient's condition.
p.7
Collaborative Care Roles in Healthcare
What role should the accompanying nurse play during the patient's assessment?
Prompt them to apply oxygen and measure vital signs.
p.10
Vasovagal Syncope and Patient Reactions
What happens to heart rate and blood pressure during vasovagal syncope?
There is a sudden drop in heart rate and blood pressure, resulting in fainting.
p.16
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What common allergies are not associated with an increased risk of contrast media adverse reactions?
Shellfish allergy and skin irritation/allergy to topical iodine antiseptic.
p.17
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What defines severe acute contrast reactions?
Life-threatening symptoms such as respiratory arrest, cardiac arrest, pulmonary edema, convulsions, and cardiogenic shock.
p.8
Patient Assessment and Management
What symptoms does the 42-year-old female present with during her CT scan preparation?
She feels clammy, pale, and says she feels a bit unwell.
p.4
Emergency Response Protocols
What is an example of a complete MET Call?
Code Blue Adult, Monash Medical Centre, Radiology Department, MRI 3.
p.16
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What is a significant risk factor for adverse reactions to iodinated contrast media?
A history of a previous reaction to iodinated contrast media.
p.6
Emergency Medical Team (MET) Activation
What steps can you take to mobilize additional help if needed?
Call for additional staff or a medical team to assist with the patient’s care and ensure safety during the imaging process.
p.13
Extravasation of Contrast Media
What are some potential serious complications of extravasation?
Full-thickness skin loss and muscle and tendon necrosis.
p.7
Patient Assessment and Management
What instructions should you give the patient during the examination?
Encourage them to communicate how they feel and to inform you if they start feeling dizzy or unwell.
p.6
Patient Assessment and Management
What instructions should you give the patient during the examination?
Instruct the patient to take slow, deep breaths and to inform you immediately if they feel unwell or dizzy.
p.17
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What is the recommended treatment for mild acute contrast reactions?
Supportive measures are enough.
p.12
Extravasation of Contrast Media
Which blood vessels are generally cannulated for procedures?
Dorsal hand and antecubital fossa.
p.10
Vasovagal Syncope and Patient Reactions
What is the initial resuscitation step for vasovagal syncope?
Elevating the legs and/or placing the patient in a Trendelenburg position.
p.10
Vasovagal Syncope and Patient Reactions
What are the symptoms of vasovagal syncope?
Bradycardia and hypotension.
p.11
Extravasation of Contrast Media
What treatment would the patient require in case of extravasation?
Apply a cold compress and monitor the site; further medical evaluation may be needed.
p.16
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
Is a previous history of multiple allergies a contraindication for iodinated contrast media?
No, but a more detailed history should be obtained.
p.10
Vasovagal Syncope and Patient Reactions
What may be necessary if bradycardia persists in a patient with vasovagal syncope?
Epinephrine may be necessary.
p.17
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What additional measures may be taken for severe reactions?
Salbutamol nebulisers, corticosteroids, and nebulised adrenaline as guided by symptoms.
p.8
Vasovagal Syncope and Patient Reactions
What psychological factor might contribute to the patient's reaction during cannulation?
The patient's anxiety about needles could trigger a vasovagal response.
p.7
Emergency Medical Team (MET) Activation
How can you mobilize additional help if the patient's condition does not improve?
Use ISBAR handover to the ward; if there's no improvement, initiate a MET call.
p.17
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What are mild acute contrast reactions?
Self-limiting manifestations like nausea, vomiting, flushing, pruritus, mild urticaria, and headache that usually resolve without specific treatment.
p.17
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What should be offered for bronchospasm in moderate reactions?
Oxygen by mask (6-10 litres/min) and beta-2-agonists like terbutaline or salbutamol.
p.17
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What treatments are advised for moderate urticaria?
Antihistamines or intramuscular adrenaline in some situations.
p.17
Contrast Media Adverse Reactions
What are the current RANZCR guidelines for managing severe reactions?
Supine positioning, airway protection if required, high flow oxygen, and IM adrenaline 1:1000 (0.5 mL in thigh).
