What is Dimethicone commonly used as?
Protective and emollient (moisturizer)
What is the anticoagulant of choice in vitro?
Sodium citrate, Na3C6H5O7
What is Simethicone used for?
Anti-flatulent, antifoaming agent
What is the most commonly used calcium replenisher?
Calcium gluconate, C12H22CaO14
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is the primary use of barium hydroxide (Ba(OH)2)?
CO2 absorber (similar to soda lime)
What is Attapulgite/Palygorskite commonly known as?
Polymagma, diatabs, quintess
p.4
Iron Triad and Its Importance
What is Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) commonly used for in photography?
As a photographer’s hypochlor.
What is the use of Antimony potassium tartrate in medicine?
Emetic, expectorant, treatment of Schistosomiasis
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What are the uses of sodium acetate (NaCH3COO)?
Alkalinizing agent for Benedict’s solution and used in solutions for hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
p.4
Phosphoric Acids and Salts
What is the use of Sodium (tetra) borate (Na2B4O7) in pharmaceuticals?
As an alkalinizing agent and externally as an eyewash, buffer, and water softener.
p.4
Phosphoric Acids and Salts
What is the use of Magnesium oxide (MgO) in medical treatment?
As an antacid and laxative.
What is the use of Cadmium chloride (CdCl2)?
Emetic and treatment for Tinea infection.
What are the benefits of gluconate salts compared to their chloride and sulfate counterparts?
Less GI irritation, electrolyte replenishers, hematinic
p.4
Phosphoric Acids and Salts
What is the use of Dibasic sodium phosphate (Na2HPO4) in medical treatment?
As a saline laxative and treatment for hypercalcemia.
p.4
Phosphoric Acids and Salts
What is the common name for Sodium polymetaphosphate and its uses?
Graham’s salt, Calgon®, used as a detergent and water softener.
p.4
Phosphoric Acids and Salts
What is the major component of bone ash and its use?
Calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2), used as an antacid.
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is Burrow’s solution composed of?
Aluminum sulfate + Lead acetate
What is the significance of Cr3+ in the Chromium subgroup?
Trace element (glucose tolerance factor)
What is the role of dichromate in the Chromium subgroup?
Strong oxidizing agent (K2Cr2O7)
p.4
Iron Triad and Its Importance
What is Monsel’s solution used for?
As a styptic (hemostatic agent).
p.4
Iron Triad and Its Importance
What is the primary use of Barium sulfate (BaSO4) in medicine?
As a radiopaque for GIT imaging.
p.4
Phosphoric Acids and Salts
What is the use of Monobasic sodium phosphate (NaH2PO4) in medical treatment?
As a P source for hypophosphatemia and a systemic and urinary acidifier.
p.4
Phosphoric Acids and Salts
What is the use of (Tribasic) sodium phosphate (Na3PO4)?
For cleaning glass apparatus due to its very alkaline reaction with water.
p.4
Phosphoric Acids and Salts
What is the use of Aluminum phosphate (AlPO4) in medical treatment?
As an antacid and demulcent.
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is Goulard’s extract composed of?
Lead acetate + Lead oxide
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What are the different forms of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)?
Anhydrous – soda ash, Dihydrate – Trona, Decahydrate – Soda crystals, washing soda, sal soda
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What are the uses of calcium carbonate (CaCO3)?
Antacid, dentifrice, and ingredient of toothpaste
What is the chemical composition of Attapulgite/Palygorskite?
(Hydrated) Mg - Al silicate
What is Turnbull’s blue chemically known as?
Ferro ferricyanide, Fe3[Fe(CN)6]2
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is the primary use of aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3)?
Antacid (S/E: Constipation)
p.4
Phosphoric Acids and Salts
What is the use of Monobasic potassium phosphate (KH2PO4) in medical treatment?
As a reagent for various buffers and parenteral fluids, and treatment for hypercalcemia.
What is the use of Potassium sorbate in food and cosmetics?
Antimicrobial preservative
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is ammonium (sesqui)carbonate (NH4)2CO3 used for?
Respiratory stimulant, expectorant, and antacid
p.4
Phosphoric Acids and Salts
What is the chemical formula for Phosphoric acid and its ionization property?
H3PO4, a triprotic acid with 3 stages of ionization.
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is the function of bismuth hydroxide (Bi(OH)3) in the treatment of gastric ulcers?
Internal protective for gastric ulcers and inhibits H. pylori growth.
p.4
Phosphoric Acids and Salts
What is Boromycin and its significance?
The first natural product with Boron, used as an anti-HIV agent in vitro.
p.4
Phosphoric Acids and Salts
What is the use of Sodium perborate (NaBO3)?
As a mild disinfectant and deodorant.
p.4
Phosphoric Acids and Salts
What is the common name for Calcium oxide (CaO) and its use?
Quick/burnt lime, used as a component of Bordeaux mixture.
What is natural calamine composed of?
Hydrated Zinc silicate/Carbonate
p.4
Iron Triad and Its Importance
What are the uses of Nickel sulfate (NiSO4)?
As a tonic and parasiticide.
p.4
Iron Triad and Its Importance
What are the uses of Aluminum potassium sulfate (AlK(SO4)2·12H2O)?
As an astringent, antiperspirant, deodorant, and styptic (antihemorrhagic).
What is Prussian blue chemically known as?
Ferri ferrocyanide, Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is the alternative for sodium acetate (NaCH3COO)?
Potassium acetate (KCH3COO)
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is the primary use of lead acetate (Pb(CH3COO)2)?
Antiseptic and astringent
What is the role of molybdenum (Mo) in biological systems?
Cofactor for Flavin dependent enzymes, xanthine oxidase
p.3
Iron Triad and Its Importance
What are the uses of Ferric chloride (FeCl3)?
Astringent, styptic (hemostatic agent) for small cuts, and test for tannins.
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is the primary use of magnesium trisilicate?
Antacid with a prolonged effect due to its gelatinous consistency
p.4
Phosphoric Acids and Salts
What is Sodium hypophosphite (NaHPO2) used for?
As a reducing agent (antioxidant).
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is the use of simethicone in Kremil S®?
Antifoaming agent (prevents bloating)
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is the composition of milk of bismuth?
Bismuth hydroxide + Bismuth sub-carbonate/nitrate suspension in water
p.1
Halogens and Their Applications
What is fluorine (F2) known for?
Strongest oxidizing agent and has a suppressive effect on the thyroid
p.1
Halogens and Their Applications
What are the properties of bromine (Br2)?
Dark, reddish brown fuming liquid with suffocating odor; powerful caustic and germicide; sedative depressant
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is the effect of aluminum hydroxide on phosphate absorption?
It interferes with PO4 absorption, leading to phosphate deficiency.
What is the common name for Magnesium citrate?
Purgative lemon (Lemonade purgante)
p.4
Phosphoric Acids and Salts
What is Dobell’s solution used for?
As an ENT antiseptic wash/astringent and wet dressing for wounds.
What is the appearance of Potassium permanganate crystals?
Dark purple-black crystals with blue metallic luster
p.3
Strong Acids and Bases
What are the common uses of Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)?
Household bleach, oxidizing agent, bleaching agent, and disinfectant for non-living objects.
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is the primary use of aluminum carbonate (Al2(CO3)3)?
Treatment of phosphatic calculi by promoting PO4 elimination via fecal route
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
Why was zirconium carbonate (ZrCO3) banned?
Due to granuloma formation
p.3
Strong Acids and Bases
What is the use of Potassium chlorate (KClO3)?
Oxidizing agent and deodorant.
p.1
Halogens and Their Applications
What is the use of sodium fluoride (NaF) and stannous fluoride (SnF2)?
NaF: 2%, 4 applications; SnF2: 8%, 1 application
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is the primary use of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)?
Carbonating agent in effervescent preparations and systemic antacid
p.3
Hydrochloric Acid and Its Salts
What are the uses of Potassium iodide (KI)?
Iodine solubilizer, iodine salt of choice, treatment for hyperthyroidism, and protection of the thyroid in cases of radiation emergency.
p.1
Halogens and Their Applications
What is iodine (I2) used for?
Expectorant, antifungal, antibacterial (1:5000 or 0.02%)
p.4
Phosphoric Acids and Salts
What is the common name for (ortho) boric acid and its uses?
Sal sedativum hombergi, used as a tonicity adjusting agent and buffer.
Who discovered uranium (U) and what is its primary use?
Discovered by Becquerel; used in atomic reactors/bombs
p.3
Strong Acids and Bases
What is Modified Dakin’s solution?
Diluted NaOCl solution (450-500mg NaOCl/100mL solution) used as an antiseptic for living organisms.
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is Basham’s mixture composed of?
Ammonium acetate + Iron; used as an astringent and styptic.
p.3
Strong Acids and Bases
What are the uses of Calcium hypochlorite (Ca(OCl)2)?
Bleaching agent and disinfectant.
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is the primary use of kaolin?
Adsorbent for diarrhea and demulcent
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is the primary use of potassium carbonate (K2CO3)?
Carbonating agent and pharmaceutical necessity (basic property)
What is the role of manganese (Mn) in biological systems?
Cofactor in phosphorylation and protein, fatty acid, and cholesterol synthesis
p.3
Nitric Acid and Its Salts
What are the uses of Sodium nitrite (NaNO2)?
Vasodilator, meat/fish curing (preservative, flavor production, color development), and it is carcinogenic (nitrosamines).
p.3
Nitric Acid and Its Salts
What are the uses of Sodium nitrate (NaNO3)?
Meat preservative and explosive manufacture.
What is argon (Ar) used for?
Nitrogen substitute as inert atmosphere for pharmaceuticals
p.3
Strong Acids and Bases
What are the uses of Potassium perchlorate (KClO4)?
Oxidizing agent, cloking agent for I-131, and treatment for hyperthyroidism.
p.3
Hydrochloric Acid and Its Salts
What is the use of Sodium iodide (NaI)?
Iodine solubilizer (Iodine solution and tincture).
p.1
Halogens and Their Applications
What is chlorine (Cl2) used for?
Water disinfectant (MOA: halogenation) – oxidation
p.3
Nitric Acid and Its Salts
What is Tollen’s reagent used for?
Dental protective, desensitizing agent, and Tollen’s/Silver mirror test for reducing substances.
p.3
Nitric Acid and Its Salts
What are the uses of Bismuth subnitrate (Bi(OH)2NO3)?
Antacid (H. pylori induced ulcer), astringent, and antiseptic.
p.1
Iron Triad and Its Importance
What is cobalt (Co) used for?
Permanent magnets, Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin), enhances beer’s foam quality
p.3
Hydrochloric Acid and Its Salts
What are the uses of Mercuric iodide (HgI2)?
Treatment for syphilis and stimulant of indolent ulcers.
What is radon (Rn) used for?
Treatment of cervical cancer
p.3
Sulfuric Acids and Salts
What is the use of Calcium sulfate • ½ H2O (Hemihydrate)?
Plaster of Paris for surgical casts.
p.3
Sulfuric Acids and Salts
What are the uses of Ferrous sulfate (FeSO4)?
Hematinic and treatment for constipation.
What is prepared calamine composed of and what is its use?
ZnO + Ferric oxide (pink colorant); used as an anti-pruritic.
p.5
Nitric Acid and Its Salts
What is the use of Nitric oxide (NO)?
Used as a vasodilator and muscle relaxant.
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What is the solid form of Carbon dioxide (CO2) and its uses?
Known as dry ice; used as a refrigerant and for treating acne, warts, corns, and eczema.
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What are the uses of Stannous peroxide (SnO) and Stannic oxide (SnO2)?
Used as a germicide against staphylococcal.
What is helium (He) used for?
Artificial air: 80% He + 20% O2
p.3
Sulfuric Acids and Salts
What is the use of Zinc sulfate (ZnSO4)?
Ophthalmic astringent for minor eye irritation relief.
What are the uses of Arsenous oxide (As2O3)?
Wood preservative, insecticide, and 1° standard in titrimetric analysis.
p.5
Nitric Acid and Its Salts
What is the use of Nitrogen trioxide (NO3)?
Used as an oxidizing agent.
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What is Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) commonly known as and its uses?
Known as Freon; used as a refrigerant and aerosol propellant.
p.6
Strong Acids and Bases
What is the primary use of potassium bicarbonate (KHCO3)?
Carbonating agent for Mg citrate oral solution (USP) and systemic antacid
p.3
Sulfuric Acids and Salts
What is the use of Sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)?
Saline laxative/cathartic.
p.3
Sulfuric Acids and Salts
What are the uses of Magnesium sulfate (MgSO4)?
Cathartic (PO), anticonvulsant (IM), and treatment for pre-eclampsia and eclampsia.
What are the elements in the Light Triad of the periodic table?
Rhodium (Rh), Ruthenium (Ru), Palladium (Pd)
p.2
Water and Its Properties
What is the method for softening hard water with temporary hardness?
Boiling (CaCO3 precipitates) + Ca(OH)2.
p.5
Nitric Acid and Its Salts
What is Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) known for?
Known as smog (air pollutant).
p.2
Hydrochloric Acid and Its Salts
What is strontium chloride (SrCl2) used for?
Dentin desensitizer (Sensodyne®).
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What is Carbon dioxide (CO2) commonly known as and its uses?
Known as carbonic acid gas; used as the most potent respiratory stimulant and DOC for persistent hiccups and hyperventilation syndrome.
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What is Silicon dioxide (SiO2) commonly known as and its uses?
Known as silica; used as an inert solid and glidant.
p.2
Hydrochloric Acid and Its Salts
What is potassium chloride (KCl) used for?
K+ replenisher, cardiac & skeletal muscle contractant, lethal injection (IVP).
p.2
Hydrochloric Acid and Its Salts
What is calcium chloride (CaCl2) used for?
Calcium replenisher (hypocalcemic states), systemic & urinary acidifier.
p.2
Hydrochloric Acid and Its Salts
What is zinc chloride (ZnCl2) used for?
Antiseptic, dentin desensitizer (Astring-o-sol).
p.3
Hydrochloric Acid and Its Salts
What is Mayer’s reagent composed of and its use?
HgI2 + KI → K2HgI4, used as an alkaloidal reagent.
p.1
Iron Triad and Its Importance
What are the proteins associated with iron in the body?
Hemoglobin, Transferrin, Ferritin, Cytochrome oxidase
What is Mercuric oxide (HgO) used for?
Used as an ophthalmic anti-infective.
p.2
Water and Its Properties
What is the composition of chalybeate water?
Contains Fe in solution or suspension, which forms ferric oxide/hydroxide upon exposure to air.
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What are the treatments for Carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning?
Hyperbaric O2 (100%, 2-3 atm), Artificial air (He + O2 [80:20]), CO2-O2 mixture.
p.2
Hydrochloric Acid and Its Salts
What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
It converts pepsinogen to pepsin.
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What is Carbamide/urea peroxide topical solution used for?
Most preferred for oral and ear infections.
p.3
Nitric Acid and Its Salts
What are the uses of Silver nitrate (AgNO3)?
Treatment for warts, 0.5% wet dressing for 3rd-degree burns, and 1% ophthalmic solution for prophylaxis of gonorrheal ophthalmia neonatorum.
What is a notable property of Osmium (Os) in the Heavy Triad?
It is the heaviest/densest metal.
p.2
Water and Its Properties
Why is natural/mineral/well water unfit for drinking?
It contains dissolved minerals, atmospheric gases, and suspended organic matter.
p.2
Water and Its Properties
What is the composition of alkaline water?
Contains NaHCO3, Na2SO4, MgSO4 in appreciable quantities.
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What are the properties and dangers of Carbon monoxide (CO)?
Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; systemic poison with 210-220x higher affinity for Hemoglobin compared to O2, leading to hypoxia/asphyxia and death.
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What is Titanium dioxide (TiO2) used for?
Used as a solar ray protectant with high refractive index (sunblock) and as an opacifying agent.
p.2
Hydrochloric Acid and Its Salts
What is ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) used for?
Expectorant, diuretic, systemic and urinary acidifier.
p.5
Strong Acids and Bases
What are the common names for Potassium hydroxide (KOH) and its uses?
Caustic/lye potash; used for soft soap manufacture.
p.3
Sulfuric Acids and Salts
What are the uses of Calcium sulfate • 2H2O (dehydrate)?
Dentifrice and rodenticide.
p.2
Water and Its Properties
What is the composition of sulfur water?
Contains H2S and deposits sulfur upon atmospheric exposure.
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What are the uses of Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)?
Used as an oxidant and for treating Vincent’s stomatitis as a mouthwash.
p.3
Nitric Acid and Its Salts
What are the uses of Potassium nitrate (KNO3)?
Meat preservative and dentin desensitizer.
What is neon (Ne) used for?
Ads purposes (Neon lights)
p.1
Iron Triad and Its Importance
What is nickel (Ni) used for?
Fancy jewelries, fossil fuel
What is Cisplatin used for?
Treatment of prostate cancer.
What are the common names for Zinc oxide (ZnO)?
Zinc white, Lassar’s paste, flowers of zinc.
p.2
Water and Its Properties
What is the composition of siliceous water?
Contains soluble alkali silicates.
p.2
Strong Acids and Bases
What are strong acids known for?
Being corrosive and causing coagulative necrosis.
p.2
Hydrochloric Acid and Its Salts
What is diluted HCl (10% w/v solution) used for?
Treatment of gastric achlorhydria (low HCl in stomach).
p.5
Strong Acids and Bases
What is the use of Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in milk?
Prevents milk curdling, promoting digestibility of milk.
p.3
Sulfuric Acids and Salts
What are the uses of Cupric sulfate (CuSO4)?
Enhances Fe utilization, component of Barfoed’s, Benedict’s, and Fehling’s solution, and used as algicide and fungicide in swimming pools.
What is the use of Osmium tetroxide?
Staining of specimens for electron microscopy.
p.2
Water and Its Properties
What is the composition of saline/purgative water?
Contains NaCl, Na2SO4, MgSO4 in high quantities.
p.2
Water and Its Properties
What is the purpose of water fluoridation?
To add Na fluorosilicate for its anticariogenic property.
p.2
Hydrochloric Acid and Its Salts
What is sodium chloride (NaCl) commonly known as?
Dendritic/rock/table/sea/solar salt.
p.5
Strong Acids and Bases
What are the common properties of Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and Potassium hydroxide (KOH)?
Both are strong bases (caustic), very deliquescent, readily attack glass, used as alkalinizing agents, saponifying agents, and VS for aqueous alkalimetry.
p.5
Strong Acids and Bases
What are the common names for Magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) and its uses?
Milk of magnesia, magnesia magma; used as an antacid.
p.3
Sulfuric Acids and Salts
What are the uses of Sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5)?
Reducing agent, water solution antioxidant, and antimicrobial property for food fermentation and preservation.
What is the common name for Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and its use?
Alumina; used as an adsorbent.
p.2
Water and Its Properties
What is the composition of baryta water?
Contains Ba(OH)2 salt solution.
p.2
Strong Acids and Bases
What are strong bases/alkali known for?
Being caustic and causing liquefaction necrosis.
p.1
Iron Triad and Its Importance
What are the common ores of iron?
Hematite (Fe2O3), Pyrite (FeS2), Iron stone (FeCO3)
p.3
Sulfuric Acids and Salts
What is White lotion composed of and its use?
Sulfureted potash + ZnSO4 → ZnS (active).
What are the uses of Zinc oxide (ZnO)?
Astringent, mild antiseptic, topical protectant.
p.5
Nitric Acid and Its Salts
What is Nitrous oxide (N2O) commonly known as and its use?
Known as laughing gas; used as an inhalatory dental anesthetic.
p.2
Water and Its Properties
What are the methods for making potable water?
Distillation, Reverse osmosis, Ion exchange.
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What is the environmental impact of Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC)?
Implicated in ozone layer depletion due to greenhouse gas.
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What are the uses of Silica gel?
Used as an adsorbent, filtering aid, and clarifying agent.
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What is Uranium dioxide (UO2) commonly known as?
Known as uranite or pitchblende.
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What is the concentration and use of Hydrogen peroxide topical solution (USP)?
3% w/v = 10 volume solution; used as an antiseptic (oxidizing germicide).
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What is the use of Zinc peroxide (ZnO2)?
Used as an antiseptic due to the release of nascent oxygen providing powerful oxidizing action.
p.5
Strong Acids and Bases
What is Calx sodica (soda lime) composed of and its uses?
Composed of Ca(OH)2 + Na or K hydroxide; used as a good CO2 absorber for anesthesia machines, O2 therapy, and metabolic tests.
p.2
Hydrochloric Acid and Its Salts
What is cobaltous chloride (CoCl2) used for?
Silica gel beads indicator.
What is a notable property of Platinum (Pt)?
It is a noble metal with low oxidation and reactivity.
What is Zirconium oxide (ZrO) used for and why is it banned?
Used as an antiperspirant and for treating athlete’s foot; banned due to granuloma formation.
What is Trisenox used to treat?
Used to treat leukemia not responsive to 1st line drugs.
p.2
Water and Its Properties
What is the composition of lithia water?
Contains Li carbonate or chloride.
p.2
Water and Its Properties
What is the use of purified water (NP)?
Ingredients of official preparations, tests, assays (unless specified).
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What are the uses of Sulfur dioxide (SO2)?
Used as a fumigant, antioxidant, and preservative.
p.5
Strong Acids and Bases
What are the common names for Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and its uses?
Caustic soda, (soda) lye, Sosa; used for hard soap manufacture and in the preparation of glycerin suppositories.
What is the common name for Lead (II) (mon)oxide (PbO) and its use?
Litharge; used as an astringent.
p.2
Water and Its Properties
What is the composition of carbonated water?
Contains Ca and Mg carbonates, which produce CO2 effervescence when acid is added.
p.2
Hydrochloric Acid and Its Salts
What is the composition of Oral Rehydration Salt (ORS)?
NaCl + KCl + Na citrate + glucose.
p.2
Hydrochloric Acid and Its Salts
What is the composition of Lactated Ringer’s/Hartmann’s solution?
NaCl + KCl + CaCl2 + Na lactate.
p.5
Carbon Dioxide and Its Properties
What is the concentration and use of Hydrogen peroxide concertation (USP)?
30 w/v; used as a refrigerant and disinfectant.
p.2
Hydrochloric Acid and Its Salts
What is aluminum chloride (AlCl3) used for?
Astringent, antiseptic, antiperspirant, deodorant.
p.5
Strong Acids and Bases
What are the common names for Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) and its uses?
Slaked lime, milk of lime; used as an antacid and saponifying agent.
