p.9
Basics of Cardiovascular Physiology
What muscles are primarily involved in inhalation at rest?
Diaphragm and external intercostals.
p.20
Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Bioenergetics
What is the role of O2 in bioenergetics during exercise?
O2 is essential for aerobic metabolism, which produces ATP for energy during prolonged physical activity.
p.3
Cardiac Structure and Function
What is the focus of KIN 104 – Introduction to Kinesiology?
It covers the basics of cardiac structure and function.
p.11
Heart Rate Measurement Methods
What are the methods for measuring heart rate mentioned in the module?
Manual (palpation), optical sensors, electrical (biopotentials), and electrocardiogram (ECG).
p.6
Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction
What happens during vasodilation in arterioles?
Smooth muscle cells relax, causing the lumen to get larger and decreasing resistance to blood flow.
p.14
Basics of Cardiovascular Physiology
What light sources are utilized in Photoplethysmography (PPG)?
An infrared LED or green LED light source.
p.12
Cardiac Structure and Function
What processes do cardiac muscle cells undergo?
Depolarization and repolarization.
p.30
Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2 max)
How can VO2max be estimated?
By leveraging the relationship between heart rate, VO2, and exercise intensity using 3-4 heart rate values measured at light to moderate work rates.
p.19
Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Bioenergetics
What is required for oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxygen (aerobic process).
p.18
Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Bioenergetics
What molecule powers most energy-consuming activities of cells?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate).
p.27
Relationship Between Heart Rate, VO2, and Exercise Intensity
What is the relationship between energy demand, oxygen consumption, and exercise intensity?
As exercise intensity increases, energy demand and oxygen consumption also increase.
p.30
Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Bioenergetics
What is the formula for calculating VO2?
VO2 (mL/kg/min) = 10.8 × WR ÷ body mass + 3.5 + 3.5.
p.22
Heart Rate Measurement Methods
What is the typical resting heart rate range for healthy, untrained individuals?
60-100 beats per minute (bpm).
p.10
Cardiac Structure and Function
What are the two main parts of Section 1 in Module 3?
Structure and function; Measuring heart rate and blood pressure.
p.24
Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2 max)
Why is VO2 max considered the gold standard measure?
It is a key indicator of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic power.
p.14
Basics of Cardiovascular Physiology
What does a photodetector measure in PPG?
The amount of reflected light.
p.8
Basics of Cardiovascular Physiology
What are the main structures of the respiratory system?
Nasal/oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles.
p.29
Relationship Between Heart Rate, VO2, and Exercise Intensity
What is the formula to calculate maximum heart rate (HR max)?
HR max = 208 - (0.7 × age)
p.25
Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Bioenergetics
What does VO2 represent in exercise physiology?
The volume of oxygen inspired minus the volume of oxygen expired.
p.21
Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Bioenergetics
What does VO2 represent in exercise physiology?
The volume of oxygen consumed by the whole body in the process of ATP production over a given period of time.
p.26
Basics of Cardiovascular Physiology
What are the two main sections covered in Module 3?
Response to exercise and Basics of cardiovascular and pulmonary physiology.
p.4
Cardiac Structure and Function
What does diastole refer to in cardiac function?
Diastole refers to the relaxation of cardiac muscle.
p.23
Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Bioenergetics
How is the arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-v)O2 calculated?
By taking the arterial oxygen content and subtracting the venous oxygen content.
p.27
Cardiopulmonary Response to Exercise
What is a progressive exercise test?
A test that gradually increases exercise intensity to assess cardiopulmonary response.
p.19
Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Bioenergetics
What are the three main pathways for the supply of ATP?
Oxidative phosphorylation, anaerobic glycolysis, and high energy phosphate transfer (HEPT) system.
p.21
Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Bioenergetics
What is the relationship between oxygen uptake and ATP production?
Oxygen uptake is essential for ATP production in the body during exercise.
p.15
Blood Pressure Measurement Techniques
What is systolic blood pressure?
The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of large arteries during systole (left ventricular contraction).
p.15
Blood Pressure Measurement Techniques
What is the typical blood pressure range for a young healthy individual?
Systolic <=120 mmHg, Diastolic <=80 mmHg.
p.18
Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Bioenergetics
What is hydrolysis in the context of ATP?
The breakdown of ATP in the presence of water, resulting in ADP, inorganic phosphate, and energy.
p.17
Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Bioenergetics
Why is Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) important?
It is central to bioenergetics and critical for cellular work.
p.4
Cardiac Structure and Function
What is systole in relation to cardiac muscle?
Systole is the contraction of cardiac muscle.
p.6
Vasodilation and Vasoconstriction
What occurs during vasoconstriction in arterioles?
Smooth muscle cells contract, causing the lumen to get smaller and increasing resistance to blood flow.
p.17
Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Bioenergetics
What is bioenergetics?
The study of the transformation of energy in living organisms.
p.8
Basics of Cardiovascular Physiology
What are the two zones of the respiratory system?
Conducting zone and respiratory zone.
p.1
Cardiac Structure and Function
What are the two main parts of Section 1 in Module 3?
Structure and function; Measuring heart rate and blood pressure.
p.7
Basics of Cardiovascular Physiology
What is the primary role of blood in the body?
To transport oxygen, nutrients, and waste products.
p.16
Basics of Cardiovascular Physiology
What are the two main sections covered in the Basics of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Physiology?
Structure and function, and Measuring heart rate and blood pressure.
p.24
Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2 max)
What is VO2 max?
The maximum amount of oxygen that can be consumed per unit time.
p.23
Oxygen Consumption (VO2) and Bioenergetics
What does the arterial-venous oxygen difference (a-v)O2 measure?
It measures oxygen extraction from the blood by all tissues/organs in the body.
p.11
Heart Rate Measurement Methods
What is one diagnostic use of the electrocardiogram (ECG)?
It is used for diagnostic purposes.
p.29
Relationship Between Heart Rate, VO2, and Exercise Intensity
How is Heart Rate Reserve (HRR) calculated?
HRR = HR max - resting HR
p.13
Cardiac Structure and Function
What does the P wave in an ECG represent?
Electrical activity related to atrial depolarization.
