Lecture 2_Neuro 1 (12Sep2024)

What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system? A) To provide structural support B) To transmit electrical signals C) To produce hormones D) To store nutrients E) To facilitate digestion

B) To transmit electrical signals Explanation: Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system primarily responsible for transmitting electrical signals, which is essential for communication within the nervous system.

What role do neuroglia play in the nervous system? A) They transmit signals between neurons B) They provide support and protection for neurons C) They are responsible for muscle contraction D) They produce neurotransmitters E) They form the blood-brain barrier

B) They provide support and protection for neurons Explanation: Neuroglia, or glial cells, serve crucial supportive roles in the nervous system, including protecting and maintaining the health of neurons.

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p.2

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?
A) To provide structural support
B) To transmit electrical signals
C) To produce hormones
D) To store nutrients
E) To facilitate digestion

B) To transmit electrical signals

Explanation: Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system primarily responsible for transmitting electrical signals, which is essential for communication within the nervous system.

p.2

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What role do neuroglia play in the nervous system?
A) They transmit signals between neurons
B) They provide support and protection for neurons
C) They are responsible for muscle contraction
D) They produce neurotransmitters
E) They form the blood-brain barrier

B) They provide support and protection for neurons

Explanation: Neuroglia, or glial cells, serve crucial supportive roles in the nervous system, including protecting and maintaining the health of neurons.

p.2

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

Which part of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?
A) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
B) Autonomic Nervous System
C) Central Nervous System (CNS)
D) Somatic Nervous System
E) Enteric Nervous System

C) Central Nervous System (CNS)

Explanation: The Central Nervous System (CNS) comprises the brain and spinal cord, serving as the main control center for processing information and coordinating responses.

p.2

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the primary function of the synapse?
A) To generate hormones
B) To connect muscles to bones
C) To facilitate communication between neurons
D) To store energy
E) To filter blood

C) To facilitate communication between neurons

Explanation: The synapse is a crucial junction that allows for communication between neurons, enabling the transmission of signals through neurotransmitters.

p.2

Structures and Functions of Cranial Nerves

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in the human body?
A) 10 pairs
B) 12 pairs
C) 14 pairs
D) 8 pairs
E) 16 pairs

B) 12 pairs

Explanation: There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves in the human body, each serving specific functions related to sensory and motor control.

p.53

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

Which layer of the meninges is the outermost?
A) Arachnoid mater
B) Pia mater
C) Dura mater
D) Subarachnoid space
E) Epidural layer

C) Dura mater

Explanation: The dura mater is the outermost layer of the meninges, providing a protective barrier for the brain and spinal cord.

p.51

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

Which part of the central nervous system connects the brain to the rest of the body?
A) Peripheral nerves
B) Spinal cord
C) Cerebellum
D) Brainstem
E) Cerebrum

B) Spinal cord

Explanation: The spinal cord is the part of the central nervous system that connects the brain to the rest of the body, facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral nervous system.

p.3

Introduction to the Nervous System

What is the primary function of the nervous system in human beings?
A) To digest food
B) To regulate body temperature
C) To serve as the master control and communication system of the body
D) To produce hormones
E) To circulate blood

C) To serve as the master control and communication system of the body

Explanation: The nervous system is described as the master control and communication system of the body, responsible for processing information and decision-making.

p.60

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What role does gray matter play in the spinal cord?
A) Conducting signals to the brain
B) Integrating and processing reflexes
C) Protecting the spinal cord
D) Storing memories
E) Producing neurotransmitters

B) Integrating and processing reflexes

Explanation: Gray matter serves as the integrating and reflex processing center in the spinal cord, where sensory information is processed and reflex actions are coordinated.

p.3

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

What role does the nervous system play in decision making?
A) It has no role in decision making
B) It processes information for decision making
C) It only transmits signals
D) It stores memories
E) It regulates emotions

B) It processes information for decision making

Explanation: The nervous system is involved in processing information, which is crucial for decision making, highlighting its importance in cognitive functions.

p.59

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What are the meninges?
A) The outer layer of the brain
B) Protective membranes between the bony encasement and nervous tissue
C) The fluid surrounding the spinal cord
D) The bones of the vertebral column
E) The nerve cells in the spinal cord

B) Protective membranes between the bony encasement and nervous tissue

Explanation: The meninges are protective membranes that lie between the bony encasement (vertebral column) and the nervous tissue of the spinal cord, providing additional protection.

p.59

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

What is the function of the hydraulic cushion provided by cerebrospinal fluid?
A) To enhance sensory perception
B) To absorb shock and protect the spinal cord
C) To facilitate communication between neurons
D) To store energy
E) To regulate temperature

B) To absorb shock and protect the spinal cord

Explanation: The hydraulic cushion provided by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorbs shock, protecting the spinal cord from sudden impacts and movements.

p.16

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is the primary function of sensory neurons?
A) Conduct impulses from the brain to muscles
B) Conduct impulses from peripheral body parts to the brain or spinal cord
C) Connect different parts of the brain
D) Support and protect neurons
E) Generate action potentials

B) Conduct impulses from peripheral body parts to the brain or spinal cord

Explanation: Sensory neurons, also known as afferent neurons, are responsible for conducting impulses from peripheral body parts into the brain or spinal cord, allowing the body to process sensory information.

p.53

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What are the three layers of the meninges?
A) Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
B) Epidural, subdural, and intradural
C) Outer, middle, and inner layers
D) Cerebral, spinal, and peripheral
E) White, gray, and black layers

A) Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Explanation: The meninges consist of three layers: the dura mater (outermost), arachnoid mater, and pia mater, which protect the brain and spinal cord.

p.19

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What percentage of cells in certain regions of the brain are astrocytes?
A) 50%
B) 70%
C) 90%
D) 30%
E) 10%

C) 90%

Explanation: Astrocytes make up 90% of all the cells in certain regions of the brain, highlighting their abundance and importance in the central nervous system.

p.59

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

Which of the following best describes the function of the protective structures of the spinal cord?
A) They enhance cognitive function
B) They facilitate muscle movement
C) They provide structural support and protection
D) They regulate blood flow
E) They assist in digestion

C) They provide structural support and protection

Explanation: The protective structures of the spinal cord, including the vertebral column, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid, work together to provide structural support and protection against physical damage.

p.60

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the function of white matter in the spinal cord?
A) Integrating sensory information
B) Protecting the spinal cord
C) Passing information up and down the spinal cord
D) Storing memories
E) Producing hormones

C) Passing information up and down the spinal cord

Explanation: White matter is responsible for transmitting information between different parts of the spinal cord and to and from the brain, utilizing both myelinated and unmyelinated axons.

p.16

Types and Functions of Neurons

What type of neuron is most commonly associated with sensory functions?
A) Multipolar neurons
B) Bipolar neurons
C) Unipolar neurons
D) Interneurons
E) Motor neurons

C) Unipolar neurons

Explanation: Most sensory neurons are classified as unipolar, which means they have a single process extending from the cell body, making them well-suited for transmitting sensory information.

p.22

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What type of cells are ependymal cells?
A) Squamous cells
B) Cuboidal to columnar cells
C) Stratified cells
D) Ciliated cells
E) Transitional cells

B) Cuboidal to columnar cells

Explanation: Ependymal cells are specifically described as cuboidal to columnar cells that form an epithelial-like membrane, indicating their structural characteristics.

p.59

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

What role does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) play in the spinal cord?
A) It transmits nerve signals
B) It acts as a shock absorber
C) It provides nutrients to the spinal cord
D) It forms the outer layer of the spinal cord
E) It connects the spinal cord to the brain

B) It acts as a shock absorber

Explanation: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serves as a shock-absorbing hydraulic cushion for the spinal cord, protecting it from impacts and providing a stable environment.

p.60

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What are the 'horns' in the context of gray matter?
A) Areas of myelinated axons
B) Regions of blood supply
C) Cell bodies of neurons
D) Synaptic junctions
E) Reflex arcs

C) Cell bodies of neurons

Explanation: The 'horns' refer to the regions of gray matter in the spinal cord where the cell bodies of neurons are located, playing a key role in reflex processing.

p.50

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the primary role of white matter in the brain and spinal cord?
A) Storing memories
B) Conducting nerve impulses between different brain regions
C) Producing neurotransmitters
D) Protecting the brain
E) Regulating blood flow

B) Conducting nerve impulses between different brain regions

Explanation: White matter is composed of myelinated axons and is primarily responsible for conducting nerve impulses between different regions of the brain and spinal cord, facilitating communication within the nervous system.

p.63

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

What role do tight junctions play in the BBB?
A) They allow all substances to pass freely
B) They prevent unwanted materials from diffusing into the brain
C) They enhance nutrient absorption
D) They facilitate blood flow
E) They connect neurons directly

B) They prevent unwanted materials from diffusing into the brain

Explanation: The capillary endothelial cells in the brain are interconnected by tight junctions, which serve to prevent unwanted materials from diffusing into the brain, maintaining its protective barrier.

p.59

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the primary function of the vertebral column in relation to the spinal cord?
A) To produce cerebrospinal fluid
B) To provide protection against collision
C) To facilitate nerve signal transmission
D) To support the brain
E) To store nutrients

B) To provide protection against collision

Explanation: The vertebral column serves as a protective structure for the spinal cord, safeguarding it from potential collisions and injuries.

p.51

Introduction to the Nervous System

What is a key component of brain development in babies?
A) Increased muscle mass
B) Enhanced vision
C) Formation of neural connections
D) Growth of hair
E) Development of teeth

C) Formation of neural connections

Explanation: A key component of brain development in babies is the formation of neural connections, which is crucial for cognitive and motor skills as they grow.

p.50

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

In which part of the central nervous system is gray matter predominantly located?
A) In the outer layer of the brain
B) In the inner layer of the brain
C) In the spinal cord's outer layer
D) In the brainstem only
E) In the cerebellum only

B) In the inner layer of the brain

Explanation: Gray matter is predominantly located in the inner layer of the brain, while white matter surrounds it, particularly in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord.

p.63

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

Which of the following substances can freely diffuse across the BBB?
A) Proteins
B) Most antibiotic drugs
C) Water-soluble glucose
D) Alcohol
E) Urea

D) Alcohol

Explanation: Fat-soluble substances, including alcohol, can freely diffuse across the Blood-Brain Barrier, while proteins and most antibiotic drugs cannot pass through.

p.54

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the dura mater's role in relation to the spinal cord?
A) It is a fluid-filled cavity
B) It continues into the vertebral canal as a tubular sheath
C) It is directly attached to the vertebrae
D) It is a type of nerve cell
E) It is a muscle layer surrounding the spinal cord

B) It continues into the vertebral canal as a tubular sheath

Explanation: The dura mater extends into the vertebral canal, forming a strong, tubular sheath that surrounds the spinal cord, providing protection and structural support.

p.34

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the primary function of a synapse?
A) To generate hormones
B) To transmit signals between neurons
C) To store genetic information
D) To produce energy
E) To filter blood

B) To transmit signals between neurons

Explanation: The primary function of a synapse is to facilitate communication between neurons by transmitting signals, allowing for the transfer of information throughout the nervous system.

p.51

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

What is the primary function of the human brain?
A) To digest food
B) To regulate body temperature
C) To process sensory information and control responses
D) To circulate blood
E) To produce hormones

C) To process sensory information and control responses

Explanation: The primary function of the human brain is to process sensory information and control responses, making it essential for all bodily functions and interactions with the environment.

p.50

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the primary function of gray matter in the brain and spinal cord?
A) Conducting nerve impulses
B) Processing and integrating information
C) Providing structural support
D) Storing energy
E) Producing hormones

B) Processing and integrating information

Explanation: Gray matter primarily consists of neuronal cell bodies and is involved in processing and integrating information, making it crucial for various brain functions.

p.16

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is the structure of sensory neurons at their dendrites?
A) They have no specialized structures
B) They have specialized receptor ends
C) They are covered in myelin
D) They are branched extensively
E) They are connected to motor neurons

B) They have specialized receptor ends

Explanation: Sensory neurons possess specialized receptor ends at the tips of their dendrites, allowing them to detect specific stimuli and initiate sensory impulses.

p.21

Neuroglia and Their Roles

From which type of cells do microglia develop?
A) Neurons
B) Epithelial cells
C) Monocytes
D) Muscle cells
E) Adipocytes

C) Monocytes

Explanation: Microglia develop from white blood cells known as monocytes, indicating their role in immune response within the CNS.

p.21

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What is one of the primary functions of microglia?
A) Conducting electrical impulses
B) Forming myelin sheaths
C) Acting as phagocytes
D) Producing neurotransmitters
E) Regulating blood flow

C) Acting as phagocytes

Explanation: Microglia function as phagocytes, which means they remove bacterial cells and cellular debris, playing a crucial role in maintaining the health of the CNS.

p.51

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

What is the role of the brainstem?
A) To process emotions
B) To regulate basic life functions
C) To control voluntary movements
D) To store memories
E) To interpret sensory information

B) To regulate basic life functions

Explanation: The brainstem regulates basic life functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure, making it essential for survival.

p.18

Neuroglia and Their Roles

Which of the following is NOT a type of neuroglia found in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
A) Oligodendrocytes
B) Astrocytes
C) Schwann cells
D) Ependymal cells
E) Microglia

C) Schwann cells

Explanation: Schwann cells are found in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), while oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia are types of neuroglia located in the Central Nervous System (CNS).

p.50

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the significance of the myelin sheath found in white matter?
A) It provides nutrients to neurons
B) It protects neurons from damage
C) It increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction
D) It helps in the regeneration of neurons
E) It stores neurotransmitters

C) It increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction

Explanation: The myelin sheath, which is found in white matter, serves to insulate axons and significantly increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction, enhancing communication within the nervous system.

p.63

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

How does glucose cross the BBB?
A) By passive diffusion
B) By active transport
C) By facilitated diffusion
D) It cannot cross
E) By simple diffusion

B) By active transport

Explanation: Water-soluble glucose crosses the Blood-Brain Barrier through active transport, which is necessary due to its hydrophilic nature, allowing it to enter the brain tissue efficiently.

p.22

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What do ependymal cells line in the central nervous system?
A) Blood vessels
B) Neurons
C) Ventricles and central canal
D) Myelin sheaths
E) Synapses

C) Ventricles and central canal

Explanation: Ependymal cells line the cavities in the brain known as ventricles and the central canal in the spinal cord, which is crucial for their function in the CNS.

p.21

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What do microglia monitor in the CNS?
A) Blood pressure
B) The health of nearby neurons
C) Oxygen levels
D) Nutrient absorption
E) Muscle contractions

B) The health of nearby neurons

Explanation: Microglia monitor the health of nearby neurons, ensuring the overall well-being of the neural environment and responding to any damage or infection.

p.5

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What are the main components of the central nervous system (CNS)?
A) Heart and lungs
B) Brain and spinal cord
C) Muscles and bones
D) Skin and hair
E) Eyes and ears

B) Brain and spinal cord

Explanation: The central nervous system (CNS) is primarily composed of the brain, which contains approximately 85 billion neurons, and the spinal cord, which has around 100 million neurons, making them the key organs of the CNS.

p.20

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS)?
A) To transmit nerve impulses
B) To produce myelin sheath
C) To support blood flow
D) To generate neurotransmitters
E) To remove waste products

B) To produce myelin sheath

Explanation: Oligodendrocytes are specialized cells in the CNS that produce the myelin sheath, which insulates axons and increases the speed of neural conduction.

p.53

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the primary composition of the dura mater?
A) Smooth muscle
B) Adipose tissue
C) Tough, white, fibrous connective tissue
D) Cartilage
E) Loose connective tissue

C) Tough, white, fibrous connective tissue

Explanation: The dura mater is primarily composed of tough, white, fibrous connective tissue, which provides strength and protection to the brain and spinal cord.

p.53

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What important structures are contained within the dura mater?
A) Only neurons
B) Blood vessels and nerves
C) Cerebrospinal fluid
D) Lymphatic vessels
E) Adipose tissue

B) Blood vessels and nerves

Explanation: The dura mater contains many blood vessels and nerves, which are crucial for supplying nutrients and sensory information to the brain and spinal cord.

p.60

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the primary component of gray matter in the spinal cord?
A) Myelinated axons
B) Dendrites and cell bodies
C) Blood vessels
D) Connective tissue
E) Synapses

B) Dendrites and cell bodies

Explanation: Gray matter primarily consists of neuron cell bodies and dendrites, which are crucial for integrating and processing reflexes within the spinal cord.

p.60

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the outer layer of the spinal cord primarily composed of?
A) Gray matter
B) Blood vessels
C) Myelinated and unmyelinated axons
D) Neuron cell bodies
E) Synaptic connections

C) Myelinated and unmyelinated axons

Explanation: The outer layer of the spinal cord is made up of white matter, which consists of myelinated and unmyelinated axons that facilitate the transmission of information up and down the spinal cord.

p.50

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What are the two main types of matter found in the cross-section of the human brain and spinal cord?
A) Red and Blue Matter
B) White and Gray Matter
C) Soft and Hard Matter
D) Liquid and Solid Matter
E) Dense and Light Matter

B) White and Gray Matter

Explanation: The cross-section of the human brain and spinal cord is characterized by the presence of white matter and gray matter, which have distinct functions and structures within the central nervous system.

p.16

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

What triggers sensory impulses in sensory neurons?
A) Electrical signals from the brain
B) Changes that occur inside or outside the body
C) Chemical signals from other neurons
D) Muscle contractions
E) Hormonal changes

B) Changes that occur inside or outside the body

Explanation: Sensory impulses are triggered by changes in the environment, either internal or external, which stimulate receptor cells at the tips of the sensory neurons' dendrites.

p.22

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

What is the primary function of ependymal cells?
A) To transmit nerve impulses
B) To produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
C) To form myelin sheaths
D) To support neuronal function
E) To regulate blood flow

B) To produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

Explanation: Ependymal cells are responsible for producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which fills the ventricles and central canal, providing protection and nourishment to the brain and spinal cord.

p.19

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What role do astrocytes play in the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
A) They create new blood vessels
B) They prevent capillary leakage
C) They produce neurotransmitters
D) They destroy pathogens
E) They facilitate nerve signal transmission

B) They prevent capillary leakage

Explanation: Astrocytes are crucial for maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier by preventing capillary leakage, which protects the brain from harmful substances in the bloodstream.

p.63

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

What is the primary function of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?
A) To allow all substances to enter the brain
B) To serve as a protective mechanism
C) To facilitate the passage of proteins
D) To enhance blood flow to the brain
E) To regulate body temperature

B) To serve as a protective mechanism

Explanation: The Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) functions primarily as a protective mechanism, preventing harmful substances from entering the brain and ensuring a stable environment for neuronal function.

p.22

Neuroglia and Their Roles

In addition to producing CSF, what other role do ependymal cells play?
A) They transmit electrical signals
B) They monitor and assist in the circulation of CSF
C) They form synapses
D) They generate action potentials
E) They store neurotransmitters

B) They monitor and assist in the circulation of CSF

Explanation: Ependymal cells not only produce cerebrospinal fluid but also possibly monitor and assist in its circulation, highlighting their functional importance in the CNS.

p.18

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What is the primary function of astrocytes in the CNS?
A) Myelination of axons
B) Immune defense
C) Nutritional support and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier
D) Production of cerebrospinal fluid
E) Regulation of ion concentration

C) Nutritional support and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier

Explanation: Astrocytes play a crucial role in providing nutritional support to neurons and maintaining the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, which protects the brain from harmful substances.

p.18

Neuroglia and Their Roles

Which neuroglial cells are found in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
A) Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes
B) Schwann cells and satellite cells
C) Ependymal cells and microglia
D) Astrocytes and microglia
E) Oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells

B) Schwann cells and satellite cells

Explanation: Schwann cells and satellite cells are the types of neuroglia found in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), serving functions such as myelination and support for neuronal cell bodies.

p.30

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What initiates the action potential in a neuron?
A) A decrease in temperature
B) A threshold stimulus
C) An increase in potassium ions
D) A change in blood pressure
E) A decrease in sodium ions

B) A threshold stimulus

Explanation: A threshold stimulus, often a specific neurotransmitter, causes sodium ions (Na+) to flow into the neuron, changing the membrane potential to -55 mV, which initiates the action potential.

p.17

Types and Functions of Neurons

What type of neuron conducts impulses out of the brain or spinal cord?
A) Sensory neurons
B) Interneurons
C) Efferent neurons
D) Afferent neurons
E) Glial cells

C) Efferent neurons

Explanation: Motor neurons, also known as efferent neurons, are responsible for conducting impulses out of the brain or spinal cord to effectors, such as muscles and glands.

p.19

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What is the primary shape of astrocytes?
A) Round
B) Cube
C) Star-shaped
D) Oval
E) Irregular

C) Star-shaped

Explanation: Astrocytes are described as star-shaped cells, which is a defining characteristic that distinguishes them from other types of glial cells.

p.19

Neuroglia and Their Roles

Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes?
A) Preventing capillary leakage
B) Maintenance of the blood-brain barrier
C) Regulation of ions and nutrients in neurons
D) Transmission of nerve impulses
E) Support for neuronal structure

D) Transmission of nerve impulses

Explanation: Astrocytes do not transmit nerve impulses; instead, they perform supportive functions such as preventing capillary leakage, maintaining the blood-brain barrier, and regulating ions and nutrients in neurons.

p.19

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What is the primary function of astrocytes in relation to ions and nutrients?
A) They store ions
B) They regulate ions and nutrients in neurons
C) They transport nutrients to muscles
D) They produce hormones
E) They synthesize proteins

B) They regulate ions and nutrients in neurons

Explanation: Astrocytes play a vital role in regulating the levels of ions and nutrients in neurons, which is essential for maintaining neuronal health and function.

p.51

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

Which structure in the brain is primarily responsible for coordination and balance?
A) Cerebrum
B) Brainstem
C) Cerebellum
D) Thalamus
E) Hippocampus

C) Cerebellum

Explanation: The cerebellum is primarily responsible for coordination and balance, playing a vital role in motor control and learning motor skills.

p.52

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

Where does the brain reside in the human body?
A) In the thoracic cavity
B) In the abdominal cavity
C) In the cranial cavity of the skull
D) In the pelvic cavity
E) In the vertebral canal

C) In the cranial cavity of the skull

Explanation: The brain is specifically located in the cranial cavity of the skull, which provides a protective environment for this vital organ.

p.30

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the resting potential of a neuron?
A) +30 mV
B) -70 mV
C) 0 mV
D) -55 mV
E) +50 mV

B) -70 mV

Explanation: The resting potential of a neuron is typically around -70 mV, which is the baseline electrical charge of the neuron when it is not actively transmitting signals.

p.64

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

What component of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements?
A) Cerebrum
B) Brainstem
C) Cerebellum
D) Thalamus
E) Hypothalamus

C) Cerebellum

Explanation: The cerebellum is primarily responsible for coordinating voluntary movements, balance, and posture, making it a crucial part of motor control.

p.11

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What percentage of the volume of neural tissue do neuroglia represent?
A) About 10%
B) About 25%
C) About 50%
D) About 75%
E) About 90%

C) About 50%

Explanation: Neuroglia represent about half the volume of neural tissue, indicating their significant presence and role in the nervous system.

p.20

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

How does the myelin sheath affect neural conduction speed?
A) It decreases the speed
B) It has no effect
C) It increases the speed
D) It only affects sensory neurons
E) It only affects motor neurons

C) It increases the speed

Explanation: The myelin sheath increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction in the CNS, allowing for faster communication between neurons.

p.57

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What type of matter is primarily responsible for processing information in the spinal cord?
A) White matter
B) Gray matter
C) Cerebrospinal fluid
D) Connective tissue
E) Muscle tissue

B) Gray matter

Explanation: Gray matter in the spinal cord is primarily responsible for processing information, containing neuronal cell bodies and synapses, while white matter mainly consists of myelinated axons that transmit signals.

p.55

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

Which structure in the brain is primarily involved in regulating autonomic functions such as breathing and heart rate?
A) Cerebrum
B) Cerebellum
C) Brainstem
D) Thalamus
E) Corpus callosum

C) Brainstem

Explanation: The brainstem is responsible for regulating vital autonomic functions, including breathing and heart rate, making it essential for survival.

p.63

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

What happens if the brain is exposed to chemical variations?
A) Neurons would fire uncontrollably
B) Neurons would become inactive
C) The brain would regenerate
D) Blood flow would increase
E) The BBB would strengthen

A) Neurons would fire uncontrollably

Explanation: If the brain were exposed to chemical variations such as hormones or neurotransmitters, it could lead to uncontrolled firing of neurons, which could disrupt normal brain function.

p.64

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?
A) To allow all substances to pass freely
B) To protect the brain from harmful substances
C) To facilitate the exchange of gases
D) To provide nutrients to the brain
E) To regulate blood pressure

B) To protect the brain from harmful substances

Explanation: The blood-brain barrier serves as a selective barrier that protects the brain from potentially harmful substances in the bloodstream while allowing essential nutrients to pass through.

p.52

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What structure occupies the vertebral canal?
A) The heart
B) The lungs
C) The spinal cord
D) The brain
E) The liver

C) The spinal cord

Explanation: The spinal cord occupies the vertebral canal within the vertebral column, serving as a crucial component of the central nervous system.

p.11

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What are neuroglia?
A) A type of neuron
B) Non-neuronal cells in the nervous system
C) The same as nerve impulses
D) Cells that produce hormones
E) A type of muscle cell

B) Non-neuronal cells in the nervous system

Explanation: Neuroglia, also known as glial cells or gliocytes, are a group of non-neuronal cells in the nervous system that provide support and protection for neurons.

p.40

Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission

Which neurotransmitter is commonly associated with muscle activation?
A) Dopamine
B) Serotonin
C) Acetylcholine
D) GABA
E) Endorphins

C) Acetylcholine

Explanation: Acetylcholine is a key neurotransmitter involved in muscle activation and is essential for the transmission of signals from neurons to muscles.

p.30

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What happens to the membrane potential during the action potential?
A) It remains constant
B) It first becomes more negative, then more positive
C) It first becomes more positive, then more negative
D) It only becomes more positive
E) It only becomes more negative

C) It first becomes more positive, then more negative

Explanation: During the action potential, the membrane potential rapidly changes from a negative value to a positive value (around +30 mV) and then returns to the resting potential, illustrating the transitory nature of the action potential.

p.4

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the function of the central nervous system (CNS)?
A) To detect stimuli
B) To integrate sensory input and coordinate responses
C) To conduct impulses to muscles
D) To act as receptors
E) To produce hormones

B) To integrate sensory input and coordinate responses

Explanation: The central nervous system (CNS) is responsible for integrating sensory input and coordinating the body's responses, making it a crucial component of the nervous system.

p.16

Types and Functions of Neurons

Which of the following statements is true about sensory neurons?
A) They only transmit impulses to muscles
B) They can be either unipolar or bipolar
C) They are exclusively found in the brain
D) They do not have dendrites
E) They are primarily involved in motor functions

B) They can be either unipolar or bipolar

Explanation: While most sensory neurons are unipolar, some can also be bipolar, indicating a diversity in their structure and function within the nervous system.

p.21

Types and Functions of Neurons

What shape are microglia cells described as?
A) Cube-shaped
B) Round
C) Spider-shaped
D) Star-shaped
E) Columnar

C) Spider-shaped

Explanation: Microglia are described as small 'spider-shaped' cells, which highlights their unique morphology within the central nervous system (CNS).

p.54

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What separates the dura mater from the vertebrae?
A) The pia mater
B) The arachnoid layer
C) The epidural space
D) The cerebrospinal fluid
E) The spinal nerves

C) The epidural space

Explanation: The epidural space lies between the dural sheath and the bony walls of the vertebrae, providing a cushioning effect and allowing for some movement.

p.11

Types and Functions of Neurons

What are neurons primarily responsible for in the nervous system?
A) Producing hormones
B) Receiving sensory input and sending motor commands
C) Providing structural support
D) Insulating the brain
E) Storing energy

B) Receiving sensory input and sending motor commands

Explanation: Neurons are the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, responsible for receiving sensory input and sending motor commands through nerve impulses (electrical signals).

p.5

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

How many neurons are estimated to be in the human brain?
A) 10 billion
B) 50 billion
C) 85 billion
D) 100 billion
E) 200 billion

C) 85 billion

Explanation: The human brain is estimated to contain about 85 billion neurons, which play a crucial role in processing and integrating signals within the central nervous system.

p.17

Types and Functions of Neurons

Where do interneurons primarily reside?
A) In the peripheral nervous system
B) In the brain or spinal cord
C) In the muscles
D) In the glands
E) In the sensory organs

B) In the brain or spinal cord

Explanation: Interneurons are located entirely within the brain or spinal cord, playing a crucial role in processing and interpreting incoming sensory impulses.

p.37

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What type of process is synaptic transmission?
A) Two-way process
B) Random process
C) One-way process
D) Continuous process
E) Reversible process

C) One-way process

Explanation: Synaptic transmission is a one-way process, meaning that signals are transmitted from the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron without reversing direction.

p.64

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

Which part of the brain is involved in regulating vital functions such as heart rate and breathing?
A) Cerebrum
B) Cerebellum
C) Brainstem
D) Limbic system
E) Corpus callosum

C) Brainstem

Explanation: The brainstem controls vital functions such as heart rate and breathing, making it essential for survival.

p.24

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is the primary function of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
A) To transmit electrical signals
B) To form the myelin sheath around axons
C) To produce neurotransmitters
D) To support blood flow
E) To protect the brain

B) To form the myelin sheath around axons

Explanation: Schwann cells are responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons in the PNS, similar to the role of oligodendrocytes in the CNS, which is crucial for efficient signal transmission.

p.25

Types and Functions of Neurons

What are ganglia?
A) Collections of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS
B) Collections of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS
C) Groups of satellite cells
D) Structures that transmit signals to muscles
E) Types of neurotransmitters

B) Collections of neuronal cell bodies outside the CNS

Explanation: Ganglia are defined as collections of neuronal cell bodies that exist outside the central nervous system (CNS), which is important for understanding the organization of the nervous system.

p.63

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

What can break down the Blood-Brain Barrier?
A) Increased blood flow
B) Trauma, certain toxins, and inflammation
C) Regular exercise
D) High oxygen levels
E) Low glucose levels

B) Trauma, certain toxins, and inflammation

Explanation: The integrity of the Blood-Brain Barrier can be compromised by trauma, certain toxins, and inflammation, which may allow harmful substances to enter the brain.

p.34

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What initiates the generation of an action potential in a neuron?
A) A decrease in temperature
B) A change in membrane potential
C) The release of neurotransmitters
D) The absorption of nutrients
E) The presence of myelin

B) A change in membrane potential

Explanation: An action potential is initiated when there is a significant change in the membrane potential of a neuron, typically caused by the influx of sodium ions, leading to depolarization.

p.55

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the primary function of the cerebrum in the human brain?
A) Regulating heart rate
B) Processing sensory information and higher cognitive functions
C) Controlling reflexes
D) Maintaining balance
E) Producing hormones

B) Processing sensory information and higher cognitive functions

Explanation: The cerebrum is responsible for processing sensory information and is involved in higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, and memory.

p.34

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

Which ion is primarily responsible for depolarization during an action potential?
A) Calcium
B) Potassium
C) Sodium
D) Chloride
E) Magnesium

C) Sodium

Explanation: Sodium ions (Na+) play a crucial role in depolarization during an action potential, as their rapid influx into the neuron causes the membrane potential to become more positive.

p.33

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What maintains the resting potential of a neuron membrane?
A) Action potentials
B) Threshold stimulus
C) Ion channels
D) Resting potential
E) Synaptic transmission

D) Resting potential

Explanation: The neuron membrane maintains a resting potential, which is essential for the proper functioning of the neuron and the generation of action potentials.

p.5

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure

What is the role of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
A) To process emotions
B) To connect the CNS to other body parts
C) To regulate heart rate
D) To produce hormones
E) To filter blood

B) To connect the CNS to other body parts

Explanation: The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of cranial and spinal nerves that serve to connect the central nervous system (CNS) to various parts of the body, facilitating communication.

p.45

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What happens to a released neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft?
A) It remains indefinitely
B) It is absorbed by the postsynaptic neuron
C) It is decomposed or removed
D) It transforms into a hormone
E) It becomes a neurotransmitter again

C) It is decomposed or removed

Explanation: A released neurotransmitter is either decomposed or otherwise removed from the synaptic cleft, which prevents it from continuously acting on postsynaptic neurons.

p.40

Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission

Which neurotransmitter is known as the 'feel-good' chemical and is often linked to pleasure and reward?
A) Norepinephrine
B) Serotonin
C) Dopamine
D) GABA
E) Histamine

C) Dopamine

Explanation: Dopamine is often referred to as the 'feel-good' neurotransmitter because it plays a significant role in the brain's reward system, influencing feelings of pleasure and satisfaction.

p.17

Types and Functions of Neurons

What do motor impulses control?
A) Sensory perception
B) Muscle contraction and gland secretions
C) Interneuron communication
D) Reflex actions
E) Neuronal growth

B) Muscle contraction and gland secretions

Explanation: Motor impulses are responsible for controlling muscle contractions and the secretions of glands, making them essential for movement and physiological responses.

p.21

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What do microglia do in damaged areas of the CNS?
A) Produce new neurons
B) Form scars
C) Increase blood flow
D) Release neurotransmitters
E) Generate electrical impulses

B) Form scars

Explanation: In damaged areas, microglia form scars, which is part of the healing process in the CNS, helping to repair and stabilize the affected regions.

p.17

Types and Functions of Neurons

What are interneurons primarily responsible for?
A) Conducting impulses to effectors
B) Linking other neurons
C) Transmitting sensory impulses to muscles
D) Generating motor impulses
E) Aggregating in the peripheral nervous system

B) Linking other neurons

Explanation: Interneurons, also known as association neurons, lie entirely within the brain or spinal cord and are responsible for linking other neurons, facilitating communication within the central nervous system.

p.4

Introduction to the Nervous System

What is the primary function of sensory input in the nervous system?
A) To produce hormones
B) To receive stimuli from the environment
C) To initiate motor output
D) To integrate information
E) To conduct impulses to muscles

B) To receive stimuli from the environment

Explanation: Sensory input is the process by which the nervous system receives stimuli from the environment, allowing the body to perceive changes and react accordingly.

p.52

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What surrounds the organs of the central nervous system (CNS)?
A) Only air
B) Muscles
C) Bones, membranes, and fluid
D) Fat tissue
E) Connective tissue

C) Bones, membranes, and fluid

Explanation: The organs of the CNS are surrounded by bones, membranes, and fluid, which work together to protect and support the brain and spinal cord.

p.23

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is the primary function of Schwann cells in the PNS?
A) To produce neurotransmitters
B) To guide the regrowth of damaged axons
C) To produce the myelin sheath around axons
D) To enclose cell bodies of peripheral neurons
E) To regulate blood flow in the nervous system

C) To produce the myelin sheath around axons

Explanation: Schwann cells are responsible for producing the myelin sheath that surrounds the axons of peripheral nerves, which insulates the axons and increases their conduction speed.

p.20

Neuroglia and Their Roles

Where are oligodendrocytes primarily located?
A) In the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
B) Along the axons of neurons in the CNS
C) In the blood-brain barrier
D) In the synaptic cleft
E) In the spinal fluid

B) Along the axons of neurons in the CNS

Explanation: Oligodendrocytes are specifically aligned along the axons of neurons in the central nervous system, where they perform their insulating function.

p.31

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the process called when a neuron changes from a negative to a positive charge?
A) Hyperpolarization
B) Repolarization
C) Depolarization
D) Resting potential
E) Action potential

C) Depolarization

Explanation: The process of depolarization refers to the change in a neuron's charge from negative to positive, which is a crucial step in the generation of an action potential.

p.9

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure

What is the primary function of the motor (efferent) division of the PNS?
A) To conduct impulses from the brain to the spinal cord
B) To conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors
C) To process sensory information
D) To regulate body temperature
E) To transmit impulses within the CNS

B) To conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors

Explanation: The motor division of the PNS is responsible for conducting impulses from the central nervous system (CNS) to responsive structures known as effectors, which cause a response in the body.

p.36

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is the primary function of myelin in axons?
A) To increase the weight of the axon
B) To insulate the axon and speed up signal transmission
C) To provide nutrients to the axon
D) To connect neurons to muscles
E) To protect the axon from injury

B) To insulate the axon and speed up signal transmission

Explanation: Myelin acts as an insulating layer around axons, which enhances the speed of electrical signal transmission along the nerve fibers, making it crucial for efficient communication in the nervous system.

p.32

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What initiates the generation of an action potential in a neuron?
A) A decrease in temperature
B) A local current stimulating the adjacent axon membrane
C) The presence of neurotransmitters
D) A change in blood pressure
E) The release of hormones

B) A local current stimulating the adjacent axon membrane

Explanation: An action potential in one region stimulates the adjacent region, causing a local current that triggers another action potential in the adjacent axon membrane, which is essential for impulse conduction.

p.37

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the primary function of a synapse?
A) To generate action potentials
B) To connect two neurons for nerve signal transmission
C) To store neurotransmitters
D) To protect neurons from damage
E) To provide energy to neurons

B) To connect two neurons for nerve signal transmission

Explanation: The synapse serves as the connection point between two neurons, facilitating the transmission of nerve signals, which is its primary function.

p.64

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the central nervous system?
A) Brain
B) Spinal cord
C) Peripheral nerves
D) Cerebellum
E) Brainstem

C) Peripheral nerves

Explanation: The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, while peripheral nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

p.37

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

Which neuron is responsible for sending the impulse in a synapse?
A) Postsynaptic neuron
B) Interneuron
C) Presynaptic neuron
D) Sensory neuron
E) Motor neuron

C) Presynaptic neuron

Explanation: The presynaptic neuron is the one that sends the impulse across the synapse to the postsynaptic neuron, playing a crucial role in synaptic transmission.

p.25

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What is the primary function of satellite cells in the PNS?
A) To transmit nerve impulses
B) To provide structural support and regulate material exchange
C) To form myelin sheaths
D) To generate action potentials
E) To protect the CNS from pathogens

B) To provide structural support and regulate material exchange

Explanation: Satellite cells are responsible for surrounding the cell bodies of neurons in PNS ganglia, providing structural support and regulating the exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid.

p.18

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What is the role of microglia in the CNS?
A) Myelination of axons
B) Nutritional support
C) Immune defense and removal of debris
D) Production of cerebrospinal fluid
E) Regulation of blood flow

C) Immune defense and removal of debris

Explanation: Microglia act as the immune cells of the Central Nervous System (CNS), providing defense against pathogens and removing cellular debris, thus maintaining a healthy environment for neurons.

p.33

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What happens when a threshold stimulus is received by a neuron?
A) The neuron becomes hyperpolarized
B) Na+ channels in the trigger zone of the axon open
C) K+ channels close
D) The resting potential is maintained
E) The neuron stops functioning

B) Na+ channels in the trigger zone of the axon open

Explanation: When a threshold stimulus is received, it triggers the opening of Na+ channels in the trigger zone of the axon, leading to depolarization.

p.45

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

Why is it important for neurotransmitters to be removed from the synaptic cleft?
A) To allow for continuous stimulation
B) To prevent continuous action on postsynaptic neurons
C) To enhance muscle contraction
D) To increase neurotransmitter production
E) To facilitate hormone release

B) To prevent continuous action on postsynaptic neurons

Explanation: The removal of neurotransmitters from the synaptic cleft is crucial to prevent them from acting on postsynaptic neurons continuously, which could disrupt normal signaling.

p.24

Neuroglia and Their Roles

How many unmyelinated axons can a single Schwann cell enclose?
A) 1
B) 5
C) 10
D) 20 or more
E) 50

D) 20 or more

Explanation: A single Schwann cell can enclose as many as 20 or more unmyelinated axons, demonstrating its role in supporting multiple axons in the PNS.

p.5

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the estimated number of neurons in the spinal cord?
A) 10 million
B) 50 million
C) 100 million
D) 200 million
E) 500 million

C) 100 million

Explanation: The spinal cord is estimated to contain around 100 million neurons, which are essential for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

p.7

Introduction to the Nervous System

Which part of the nervous system is responsible for involuntary actions?
A) Central nervous system
B) Somatic nervous system
C) Autonomic nervous system
D) Peripheral nervous system
E) Enteric nervous system

C) Autonomic nervous system

Explanation: The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary actions such as heart rate and digestion, functioning automatically without conscious control.

p.9

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure

Which of the following structures are considered effectors in the motor division of the PNS?
A) Neurons
B) Sensory receptors
C) Muscles and glands
D) The brain
E) The spinal cord

C) Muscles and glands

Explanation: Effectors in the motor division of the PNS include muscles and glands, which respond to impulses from the CNS to perform actions or functions.

p.28

Membrane Potential and Distribution of Ions

What is the charge inside most cells compared to the outside?
A) Positively charged inside, negatively charged outside
B) Negatively charged inside, positively charged outside
C) Neutral inside, positively charged outside
D) Positively charged inside, neutral outside
E) Negatively charged inside, neutral outside

B) Negatively charged inside, positively charged outside

Explanation: Most cells have a negative charge inside compared to the positively charged extracellular space, which is crucial for the generation of membrane potential.

p.49

Types and Functions of Neurons

What are sensory fibers also known as?
A) Efferent fibers
B) Motor fibers
C) Afferent fibers
D) Mixed fibers
E) Glial fibers

C) Afferent fibers

Explanation: Sensory fibers, which bring sensory information into the CNS, are also referred to as afferent fibers, indicating their role in conveying information to the brain.

p.37

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What separates the two neurons at a synapse?
A) Myelin sheath
B) Axon terminal
C) Synaptic cleft
D) Dendrite
E) Cell body

C) Synaptic cleft

Explanation: The synaptic cleft is the gap that separates the presynaptic neuron from the postsynaptic neuron, allowing for the transmission of signals without direct physical contact.

p.52

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What are the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord called?
A) Epidermis
B) Meninges
C) Pericardium
D) Pleura
E) Synovial membranes

B) Meninges

Explanation: The layered membranes known as meninges lie between the bony coverings and the soft tissues of the CNS, providing essential protection for the brain and spinal cord.

p.13

Types and Functions of Neurons

Which of the following is NOT a part of a neuron?
A) Cell body
B) Dendrites
C) Axon
D) Synapse
E) Neuroglia

D) Synapse

Explanation: The three distinct parts of a neuron are the cell body, dendrites, and axon. A synapse is a junction between neurons but is not a part of a single neuron.

p.57

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

Which of the following is NOT a component of the spinal cord?
A) Gray matter
B) White matter
C) Cerebrospinal fluid
D) Spinal nerves
E) Cerebellum

E) Cerebellum

Explanation: The cerebellum is part of the brain, not the spinal cord. The spinal cord consists of gray matter, white matter, spinal nerves, and is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid.

p.5

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

What functions are performed by the CNS after processing signals?
A) Only sensory perception
B) Integration of thoughts and emotions
C) Only reflex actions
D) Hormonal secretion
E) Digestive processes

B) Integration of thoughts and emotions

Explanation: The CNS integrates and processes signals to make conscious or subconscious decisions, which include thoughts, emotions, and memories, and then initiates motor functions to act on these decisions.

p.13

Neuroglia and Their Roles

Which neuroglial cells are found in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
A) Oligodendrocytes
B) Astrocytes
C) Schwann cells
D) Microglia
E) Ependymal cells

C) Schwann cells

Explanation: Schwann cells and satellite cells are the types of neuroglia found in the PNS, responsible for supporting and insulating neurons.

p.27

Types and Functions of Neurons

What are the primary types of cells in the nervous system?
A) Epithelial cells and muscle cells
B) Neurons and neuroglia
C) Blood cells and connective tissue
D) Adipocytes and fibroblasts
E) Osteocytes and chondrocytes

B) Neurons and neuroglia

Explanation: The nervous system is primarily composed of two types of cells: neurons, which transmit signals, and neuroglia, which support and protect neurons.

p.20

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is the effect of myelin sheath on axons?
A) It makes them shorter
B) It insulates them
C) It weakens them
D) It increases their diameter
E) It connects them to muscles

B) It insulates them

Explanation: The myelin sheath serves to insulate axons, which is crucial for maintaining the speed and efficiency of nerve impulse conduction.

p.33

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the role of K+ channels during the action potential process?
A) They open to allow Na+ influx
B) They close to maintain resting potential
C) They open to allow K+ efflux
D) They prevent depolarization
E) They stimulate adjacent neurons

C) They open to allow K+ efflux

Explanation: K+ channels open after depolarization, allowing K+ ions to diffuse outward, which repolarizes the axon membrane.

p.24

Types and Functions of Neurons

Which cells in the CNS have a similar function to Schwann cells in the PNS?
A) Astrocytes
B) Microglia
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Ependymal cells
E) Neurons

C) Oligodendrocytes

Explanation: Oligodendrocytes in the CNS perform a similar function to Schwann cells by forming the myelin sheath around axons, facilitating efficient signal transmission.

p.36

Types and Functions of Neurons

Which type of axon is typically faster in conducting nerve impulses?
A) Unmyelinated axons
B) Myelinated axons
C) Both types conduct at the same speed
D) Myelinated axons only in cold temperatures
E) Unmyelinated axons only in warm temperatures

B) Myelinated axons

Explanation: Myelinated axons conduct nerve impulses faster than unmyelinated axons due to the presence of myelin, which allows for saltatory conduction, where the impulse jumps between nodes of Ranvier.

p.32

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What happens after an action potential is generated in a neuron?
A) The impulse stops immediately
B) It travels at a constant strength along the axon
C) It decreases in strength as it travels
D) It transforms into a chemical signal
E) It causes the neuron to die

B) It travels at a constant strength along the axon

Explanation: Once an action potential is initiated, the nerve impulse travels along the axon at a constant strength, ensuring effective communication within the nervous system.

p.12

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is the main function of neurons?
A) To provide structural support
B) To transmit electrical signals
C) To produce hormones
D) To store nutrients
E) To facilitate digestion

B) To transmit electrical signals

Explanation: Neurons are specialized cells responsible for transmitting electrical signals throughout the nervous system, enabling communication between different parts of the body.

p.54

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What type of tissues are found in the epidural space?
A) Epithelial and muscular tissues
B) Loose connective and adipose tissues
C) Nervous and connective tissues
D) Cartilage and bone tissues
E) Fibrous and elastic tissues

B) Loose connective and adipose tissues

Explanation: The epidural space contains loose connective and adipose tissues, which serve to pad the spinal cord and provide cushioning against impacts.

p.13

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is the primary function of neurons?
A) To produce hormones
B) To transmit messages (nerve impulses)
C) To provide structural support
D) To store energy
E) To absorb nutrients

B) To transmit messages (nerve impulses)

Explanation: Neurons are highly specialized cells that transmit messages, or nerve impulses, from one part of the body to another, making them essential for communication within the nervous system.

p.54

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the primary function of the dura mater surrounding the spinal cord?
A) To produce cerebrospinal fluid
B) To facilitate nerve signal transmission
C) To protect and support the spinal cord
D) To connect the spinal cord to the brain
E) To store fat for energy

C) To protect and support the spinal cord

Explanation: The dura mater serves as a protective layer around the spinal cord, ensuring its safety and structural integrity within the vertebral canal.

p.55

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

Which part of the brain is responsible for coordinating movement and balance?
A) Cerebrum
B) Brainstem
C) Cerebellum
D) Thalamus
E) Hippocampus

C) Cerebellum

Explanation: The cerebellum plays a crucial role in coordinating voluntary movements and maintaining balance, making it essential for motor control.

p.58

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure

How many main regions are there in the vertebral column?
A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5
E) 6

C) 4

Explanation: The vertebral column is divided into 4 main regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral, along with the coccygeal region, making a total of 5 regions.

p.58

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure

Which region of the vertebral column contains 8 pairs of spinal nerves?
A) Thoracic region
B) Lumbar region
C) Cervical region
D) Sacral region
E) Coccygeal region

C) Cervical region

Explanation: The cervical region of the vertebral column includes spinal nerves C1 to C8, totaling 8 pairs of spinal nerves.

p.14

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is the primary function of the cell body in a neuron?
A) To send impulses away from the neuron
B) To maintain the proper diameter of the axon for impulse conduction
C) To receive information from other neurons
D) To protect the neuron from damage
E) To store neurotransmitters

B) To maintain the proper diameter of the axon for impulse conduction

Explanation: The cell body of a neuron plays a crucial role in maintaining the proper diameter of the axon, which is essential for effective impulse conduction.

p.23

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What role do satellite cells play in the PNS?
A) They produce myelin for axons
B) They regulate the internal environment of peripheral neurons
C) They guide the regrowth of damaged axons
D) They transmit nerve impulses
E) They form the blood-brain barrier

B) They regulate the internal environment of peripheral neurons

Explanation: Satellite cells enclose the cell bodies of peripheral neurons and are responsible for regulating their internal environment, providing a protective coat around these cell bodies.

p.10

Types and Functions of Neurons

What role do sensory receptors play in the nervous system?
A) They produce hormones
B) They detect internal and external stimuli
C) They contract muscles
D) They secrete digestive enzymes
E) They regulate blood pressure

B) They detect internal and external stimuli

Explanation: Sensory receptors are responsible for detecting internal and external stimuli, which is the first step in the sensory function of the nervous system.

p.4

Neuronal Pools and Impulse Processing

What is the sequence of events in the nervous system starting from a stimulus?
A) Response → Integration → Sensory Input
B) Sensory Input → Integration → Motor Output
C) Motor Output → Sensory Input → Response
D) Integration → Sensory Input → Motor Output
E) Stimulus → Motor Output → Response

B) Sensory Input → Integration → Motor Output

Explanation: The correct sequence begins with sensory input from a stimulus, followed by integration of that information, and finally results in motor output to produce a response.

p.12

Types and Functions of Neurons

What are the primary types of cells in the nervous system?
A) Epithelial cells and muscle cells
B) Neurons and neuroglia
C) Red blood cells and white blood cells
D) Osteocytes and chondrocytes
E) Adipocytes and fibroblasts

B) Neurons and neuroglia

Explanation: The nervous system is primarily composed of two types of cells: neurons, which transmit signals, and neuroglia, which support and protect neurons.

p.62

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

What is the primary composition of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A) Primarily glucose and proteins
B) A clear, colorless liquid composed mainly of H2O
C) A thick, yellow liquid
D) Mainly composed of fats and oils
E) A solid substance

B) A clear, colorless liquid composed mainly of H2O

Explanation: CSF is primarily composed of water (H2O) along with small amounts of glucose, proteins, and various ions, making it a clear and colorless liquid essential for brain function.

p.18

Neuroglia and Their Roles

Which type of neuroglia is responsible for myelinating axons in the CNS?
A) Microglia
B) Oligodendrocytes
C) Schwann cells
D) Ependymal cells
E) Satellite cells

B) Oligodendrocytes

Explanation: Oligodendrocytes are the neuroglial cells responsible for myelinating axons in the Central Nervous System (CNS), enhancing the speed of electrical signal transmission.

p.7

Introduction to the Nervous System

What is the primary function of the nervous system in human beings?
A) To digest food
B) To circulate blood
C) To transmit signals and process information
D) To produce hormones
E) To provide structural support

C) To transmit signals and process information

Explanation: The primary function of the nervous system is to transmit signals throughout the body and process information, allowing for communication between different parts of the body and the environment.

p.34

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What occurs at the synapse when an action potential reaches the axon terminal?
A) The neuron becomes inactive
B) Neurotransmitters are released
C) The action potential stops
D) The neuron regenerates
E) The membrane potential decreases

B) Neurotransmitters are released

Explanation: When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, allowing for communication with the next neuron.

p.55

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the role of the spinal cord in the nervous system?
A) To produce neurotransmitters
B) To connect the brain to the peripheral nervous system
C) To filter sensory information
D) To regulate emotions
E) To store memories

B) To connect the brain to the peripheral nervous system

Explanation: The spinal cord serves as a major conduit for information traveling between the brain and the peripheral nervous system, facilitating communication throughout the body.

p.64

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the primary role of the spinal cord?
A) To process sensory information
B) To connect the brain to the peripheral nervous system
C) To regulate emotions
D) To store memories
E) To produce hormones

B) To connect the brain to the peripheral nervous system

Explanation: The spinal cord serves as the main pathway for transmitting information between the brain and the peripheral nervous system, facilitating communication throughout the body.

p.33

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What occurs during the depolarization of the axon membrane?
A) K+ ions diffuse inward
B) Na+ ions diffuse outward
C) Na+ ions diffuse inward
D) The resting potential is restored
E) Action potentials are inhibited

C) Na+ ions diffuse inward

Explanation: During depolarization, Na+ ions diffuse inward from the extracellular fluid (ECF) to the intracellular fluid (ICF), causing the axon membrane to become less negative.

p.40

Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission

What is the role of GABA in the nervous system?
A) It stimulates neuronal activity
B) It inhibits neuronal activity
C) It enhances muscle contraction
D) It promotes wakefulness
E) It increases heart rate

B) It inhibits neuronal activity

Explanation: Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, helping to reduce neuronal excitability and prevent overactivity.

p.24

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What role do Schwann cells play in axon regeneration?
A) They inhibit regeneration
B) They facilitate regeneration
C) They do not affect regeneration
D) They only support myelinated axons
E) They are involved in neurotransmitter release

B) They facilitate regeneration

Explanation: Schwann cells participate in axon regeneration, which is more easily accomplished in the PNS than in the CNS, highlighting their importance in nerve repair.

p.31

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What type of response does the action potential exhibit?
A) Partial response
B) All-or-none response
C) Gradual response
D) Variable response
E) Delayed response

B) All-or-none response

Explanation: The action potential operates on an all-or-none principle, meaning that once the threshold is reached, the neuron will fire completely or not at all.

p.31

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What occurs immediately after depolarization in a neuron?
A) Hyperpolarization
B) Resting membrane potential
C) Repolarization
D) Action potential generation
E) Synaptic transmission

C) Repolarization

Explanation: After depolarization, the neuron quickly returns to its resting membrane potential through the process of repolarization, where potassium channels open and potassium ions rush out.

p.41

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the primary role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
A) They only excite neurons
B) They can either excite or inhibit neurons
C) They only inhibit neurons
D) They have no effect on neurons
E) They only transmit signals in the brain

B) They can either excite or inhibit neurons

Explanation: Neurotransmitters play a dual role in synaptic transmission; they can either excite or inhibit a neuron, contributing to the complex signaling processes in the nervous system.

p.26

Neuroglia and Their Roles

Which type of neuroglial cell is responsible for myelination in the CNS?
A) Astrocytes
B) Oligodendrocytes
C) Microglia
D) Ependymal cells
E) Schwann cells

B) Oligodendrocytes

Explanation: Oligodendrocytes are the neuroglial cells responsible for forming the myelin sheath around axons in the central nervous system (CNS), which enhances the speed of electrical signal transmission.

p.39

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What determines the net effect on a postsynaptic cell?
A) The number of neurotransmitters present
B) The type of neurotransmitter only
C) The combined effect of excitatory and inhibitory inputs
D) The distance from the presynaptic neuron
E) The size of the postsynaptic cell

C) The combined effect of excitatory and inhibitory inputs

Explanation: The net effect on the postsynaptic cell is determined by the combined effects of excitatory and inhibitory inputs from presynaptic neurons, which can range from as few as 1 to as many as 10,000, illustrating the complexity of synaptic integration.

p.57

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the primary function of the spinal cord?
A) To process visual information
B) To transmit signals between the brain and the body
C) To regulate breathing
D) To produce hormones
E) To filter blood

B) To transmit signals between the brain and the body

Explanation: The spinal cord serves as a critical pathway for transmitting signals between the brain and the rest of the body, facilitating communication and reflex actions.

p.4

Types and Functions of Neurons

What role do motor neurons play in the nervous system?
A) They receive sensory information
B) They integrate signals
C) They conduct impulses to effectors
D) They act as receptors
E) They generate sensory input

C) They conduct impulses to effectors

Explanation: Motor neurons are responsible for conducting impulses from the central nervous system to effectors, such as muscles or glands, to produce a response.

p.11

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What is a key function of neuroglia in the event of injury?
A) They produce nerve impulses
B) They multiply to fill in spaces formerly occupied by neurons
C) They send motor commands
D) They generate sensory input
E) They decrease in number

B) They multiply to fill in spaces formerly occupied by neurons

Explanation: In case of injury, neuroglia can multiply to fill in the spaces that were previously occupied by neurons, aiding in the repair process of nervous tissue.

p.10

Introduction to the Nervous System

What is the primary function of the nervous system?
A) To digest food
B) To regulate body temperature
C) To coordinate and process sensory information
D) To circulate blood
E) To produce hormones

C) To coordinate and process sensory information

Explanation: The primary function of the nervous system is to coordinate and process sensory information, which involves detecting stimuli, integrating responses, and activating effectors.

p.45

Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission

Which enzyme is responsible for breaking down acetylcholine?
A) Serotonin
B) Dopamine
C) Acetylcholinesterase
D) Norepinephrine
E) GABA

C) Acetylcholinesterase

Explanation: Acetylcholinesterase is the enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine, which is important for controlling skeletal muscle contraction.

p.14

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is the role of dendrites in a neuron?
A) To send impulses away from the cell body
B) To provide a large surface area to receive information from other neurons
C) To maintain the neuron's structure
D) To protect the axon
E) To generate action potentials

B) To provide a large surface area to receive information from other neurons

Explanation: Dendrites are highly branched structures that increase the surface area of the neuron, allowing it to receive more information from other neurons.

p.26

Types and Functions of Neurons

What are the primary types of neurons in the nervous system?
A) Sensory, motor, and interneurons
B) Red, blue, and green neurons
C) Large and small neurons
D) Myelinated and unmyelinated neurons
E) Active and inactive neurons

A) Sensory, motor, and interneurons

Explanation: The primary types of neurons include sensory neurons that transmit sensory information, motor neurons that send signals to muscles, and interneurons that connect neurons within the CNS, playing crucial roles in processing information.

p.45

Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission

What is the process called when neurotransmitters are transported back into the synaptic knob?
A) Exocytosis
B) Reuptake
C) Endocytosis
D) Synaptic transmission
E) Decomposition

B) Reuptake

Explanation: The process of transporting neurotransmitters back into the synaptic knob that released them is known as reuptake, which helps regulate neurotransmitter levels in the synaptic cleft.

p.27

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What role do neuroglia play in the nervous system?
A) They transmit signals between neurons
B) They provide insulation and support for neurons
C) They produce neurotransmitters
D) They form the blood-brain barrier
E) They generate electrical impulses

B) They provide insulation and support for neurons

Explanation: Neuroglia, or glial cells, serve various supportive roles in the nervous system, including providing insulation, structural support, and maintaining homeostasis for neurons.

p.25

Neuroglia and Their Roles

Which type of cells are flat and surround the cell bodies of neurons in PNS ganglia?
A) Oligodendrocytes
B) Astrocytes
C) Microglia
D) Satellite cells
E) Ependymal cells

D) Satellite cells

Explanation: Satellite cells are characterized as flat cells that surround the cell bodies of neurons in PNS ganglia, distinguishing them from other types of glial cells in the nervous system.

p.44

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What happens when an action potential reaches the membrane of a synaptic knob?
A) It decreases permeability to sodium ions
B) It increases permeability to calcium ions
C) It stops neurotransmitter release
D) It causes the membrane to depolarize
E) It prevents calcium ion channels from opening

B) It increases permeability to calcium ions

Explanation: When an action potential reaches the synaptic knob, it increases the membrane's permeability to calcium ions by opening calcium ion channels, which is crucial for neurotransmitter release.

p.23

Neuroglia and Their Roles

Which type of neuroglia completely surrounds axons and cell bodies in the PNS?
A) Oligodendrocytes
B) Astrocytes
C) Microglia
D) Schwann cells
E) Ependymal cells

D) Schwann cells

Explanation: Schwann cells are the type of neuroglia that completely surround axons and cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system, providing insulation and support.

p.40

Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission

What are neurotransmitters primarily responsible for?
A) Storing genetic information
B) Allowing neurons to communicate with each other
C) Producing energy for cells
D) Protecting the brain from injury
E) Regulating body temperature

B) Allowing neurons to communicate with each other

Explanation: Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that facilitate communication between neurons throughout the body, playing a crucial role in the functioning of the nervous system.

p.20

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What does the myelin sheath consist of?
A) Only protein
B) Only lipid
C) A multilayered lipid and protein covering
D) Nerve fibers
E) Blood vessels

C) A multilayered lipid and protein covering

Explanation: The myelin sheath is described as a multilayered covering made of both lipid and protein, which serves to insulate axons and enhance the speed of nerve impulse conduction.

p.7

Introduction to the Nervous System

Which two main components make up the human nervous system?
A) Muscular and skeletal systems
B) Central and peripheral nervous systems
C) Digestive and respiratory systems
D) Endocrine and immune systems
E) Circulatory and lymphatic systems

B) Central and peripheral nervous systems

Explanation: The human nervous system is divided into two main components: the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which consists of all the nerves outside the CNS.

p.25

Neuroglia and Their Roles

Where are satellite cells located?
A) In the brain
B) In the spinal cord
C) Surrounding the cell bodies of neurons in PNS ganglia
D) In the cerebrospinal fluid
E) Within the blood-brain barrier

C) Surrounding the cell bodies of neurons in PNS ganglia

Explanation: Satellite cells are specifically located around the cell bodies of neurons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) ganglia, highlighting their role in supporting neuronal structures.

p.7

Introduction to the Nervous System

What role does the brain play in the nervous system?
A) It regulates body temperature
B) It processes sensory information and coordinates responses
C) It produces red blood cells
D) It digests food
E) It stores energy

B) It processes sensory information and coordinates responses

Explanation: The brain is a crucial part of the nervous system, responsible for processing sensory information and coordinating responses, thus playing a central role in behavior and bodily functions.

p.57

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What surrounds and protects the spinal cord?
A) Meninges
B) Cartilage
C) Muscle tissue
D) Bone marrow
E) Adipose tissue

A) Meninges

Explanation: The spinal cord is surrounded and protected by the meninges, which are three layers of protective membranes that also contain cerebrospinal fluid.

p.17

Types and Functions of Neurons

What are specialized masses of nervous tissue where some interneuron cell bodies aggregate called?
A) Axons
B) Dendrites
C) Nuclei
D) Synapses
E) Ganglia

C) Nuclei

Explanation: The cell bodies of some interneurons aggregate in specialized masses of nervous tissue known as nuclei within the central nervous system, which play a role in processing information.

p.25

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What is one of the roles of satellite cells besides providing structural support?
A) To insulate axons
B) To regulate the exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid
C) To generate neurotransmitters
D) To form synapses
E) To protect against infections

B) To regulate the exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid

Explanation: In addition to providing structural support, satellite cells play a crucial role in regulating the exchange of materials between neuronal cell bodies and the surrounding interstitial fluid, which is vital for neuronal health.

p.40

Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission

Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in the body's stress response?
A) Acetylcholine
B) Serotonin
C) Norepinephrine
D) Endorphins
E) Prostaglandin

C) Norepinephrine

Explanation: Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) is a neurotransmitter that plays a key role in the body's response to stress, affecting attention, response actions, and mood.

p.15

Types and Functions of Neurons

Which type of neuron is most commonly found in the brain and spinal cord?
A) Unipolar neurons
B) Bipolar neurons
C) Multipolar neurons
D) Tripolar neurons
E) Quadripolar neurons

C) Multipolar neurons

Explanation: Multipolar neurons are the most common type of neurons found in the brain and spinal cord, characterized by multiple extensions from the cell body.

p.58

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure

Which of the following regions contains 12 pairs of spinal nerves?
A) Cervical region
B) Thoracic region
C) Lumbar region
D) Sacral region
E) Coccygeal region

B) Thoracic region

Explanation: The thoracic region of the vertebral column contains 12 pairs of spinal nerves, specifically from T1 to T12.

p.6

Introduction to the Nervous System

Which of the following best describes the nervous system?
A) A system that only processes sensory information
B) A network of cells that transmit signals throughout the body
C) A system that only controls voluntary movements
D) A collection of organs that filter toxins
E) A system that regulates metabolic processes

B) A network of cells that transmit signals throughout the body

Explanation: The nervous system is fundamentally a network of cells, including neurons and glial cells, that transmit signals throughout the body, facilitating communication and coordination of bodily functions.

p.61

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

Where does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occupy?
A) The epidural space
B) The subarachnoid space of the meninges
C) The cerebral cortex
D) The spinal nerve roots
E) The blood-brain barrier

B) The subarachnoid space of the meninges

Explanation: CSF occupies the subarachnoid space of the meninges, which allows it to surround and protect the brain and spinal cord.

p.13

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What type of neuroglia is found in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
A) Schwann cells
B) Satellite cells
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Ependymal cells
E) Both C and D

E) Both C and D

Explanation: In the CNS, the types of neuroglia include oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells, among others, which play various supportive roles in the nervous system.

p.37

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What fills the synaptic cleft?
A) Blood
B) Interstitial fluid
C) Cerebrospinal fluid
D) Lymph
E) Air

B) Interstitial fluid

Explanation: The synaptic cleft is filled with interstitial fluid, which plays a role in the transmission of signals between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons.

p.34

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
A) To block signals
B) To enhance muscle contraction
C) To carry signals across the synaptic cleft
D) To store energy
E) To maintain homeostasis

C) To carry signals across the synaptic cleft

Explanation: Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that carry signals across the synaptic cleft from one neuron to another, facilitating communication in the nervous system.

p.30

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What ion flows into the neuron to initiate the action potential?
A) K+
B) Cl-
C) Ca2+
D) Na+
E) Mg2+

D) Na+

Explanation: Sodium ions (Na+) flow into the neuron during the initiation of the action potential, which is crucial for the rapid change in membrane potential.

p.38

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the primary role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
A) To generate nerve impulses
B) To carry out synaptic transmission
C) To block synaptic clefts
D) To create synaptic knobs
E) To absorb excess ions

B) To carry out synaptic transmission

Explanation: Neurotransmitters are chemicals that facilitate synaptic transmission by diffusing across the synaptic cleft and interacting with receptors on the postsynaptic cell, enabling communication between neurons.

p.55

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the function of the thalamus in the brain?
A) To control motor functions
B) To process and relay sensory information
C) To regulate sleep cycles
D) To manage emotional responses
E) To produce hormones

B) To process and relay sensory information

Explanation: The thalamus acts as a relay station for sensory information, processing and transmitting it to the appropriate areas of the brain for further interpretation.

p.23

Neuroglia and Their Roles

How do Schwann cells assist in nerve repair?
A) By producing neurotransmitters
B) By insulating the axons
C) By guiding the regrowth of damaged axons
D) By enclosing cell bodies
E) By forming synapses

C) By guiding the regrowth of damaged axons

Explanation: Schwann cells not only produce the myelin sheath but also play a crucial role in guiding the regrowth of damaged axons, facilitating nerve repair in the peripheral nervous system.

p.42

Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission

Which neurotransmitter is known for stimulating skeletal muscle contractions?
A) Dopamine
B) Serotonin
C) Acetylcholine
D) Norepinephrine
E) GABA

C) Acetylcholine

Explanation: Acetylcholine is specifically mentioned as the neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle contractions, playing a crucial role in muscle movement.

p.38

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

Why can't a nerve impulse cross the synaptic cleft?
A) It is too large
B) It is blocked by neurotransmitters
C) It requires electrical conduction
D) It is a chemical process
E) It is absorbed by the synaptic knobs

D) It is a chemical process

Explanation: A nerve impulse cannot cross the synaptic cleft because the transmission across the synapse is a chemical process, relying on neurotransmitters to bridge the gap between neurons.

p.61

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

What is the primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A) To provide nutrients to the brain
B) To completely surround the brain and spinal cord
C) To produce hormones
D) To facilitate nerve signal transmission
E) To store waste products

B) To completely surround the brain and spinal cord

Explanation: The primary function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is to completely surround the brain and spinal cord, providing support and protection by absorbing forces.

p.36

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the role of the synapse in the nervous system?
A) To generate action potentials
B) To connect muscles to bones
C) To transmit signals between neurons
D) To store neurotransmitters
E) To insulate nerve fibers

C) To transmit signals between neurons

Explanation: The synapse is the junction between two neurons where signals are transmitted, allowing for communication within the nervous system through the release and reception of neurotransmitters.

p.41

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What happens during an inhibitory stimulus at the synapse?
A) Na+ ions flow in, making the charge more positive
B) Cl– ions flow in or K+ ions flow out, making the charge more negative
C) The neuron becomes more likely to fire an action potential
D) The neuron remains unchanged
E) Ca2+ ions flow out, making the charge more positive

B) Cl– ions flow in or K+ ions flow out, making the charge more negative

Explanation: An inhibitory stimulus causes Cl– ions to flow into the neuron or K+ ions to flow out, resulting in a more negative charge, which decreases the likelihood of the neuron firing an action potential.

p.6

Introduction to the Nervous System

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?
A) Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
B) Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems
C) Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems
D) Sensory and Motor Nervous Systems
E) Voluntary and Involuntary Nervous Systems

A) Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems

Explanation: The nervous system is primarily divided into the Central Nervous System (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), which consists of all the nerves outside the CNS.

p.29

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What does an action potential represent?
A) A resting state
B) A nerve impulse
C) A chemical signal
D) A muscle contraction
E) A sensory response

B) A nerve impulse

Explanation: An action potential is defined as a nerve impulse, which is the result of a neuron's ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an electrical signal.

p.42

Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission

Where are most neurotransmitter molecules synthesized?
A) In the nucleus of the neuron
B) In the cytoplasm of the synaptic knobs
C) In the mitochondria
D) In the axon terminals
E) In the dendrites

B) In the cytoplasm of the synaptic knobs

Explanation: Most neurotransmitter molecules are synthesized in the cytoplasm of the synaptic knobs, where they are then stored in synaptic vesicles for release during synaptic transmission.

p.58

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure

What is the total number of pairs of spinal nerves in the human body?
A) 24
B) 31
C) 36
D) 42
E) 50

B) 31

Explanation: The human body has a total of 31 pairs of spinal nerves, which are part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

p.27

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is the main function of neurons?
A) To provide structural support
B) To transmit electrical signals
C) To produce hormones
D) To store energy
E) To facilitate digestion

B) To transmit electrical signals

Explanation: Neurons are specialized cells responsible for transmitting electrical signals throughout the nervous system, enabling communication between different parts of the body.

p.48

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is divergence in the context of neuronal pools?
A) A neuron synapsing with only one other neuron
B) A neuron synapsing with several other neurons
C) A neuron that does not communicate with others
D) A process that inhibits impulse transmission
E) A method of neurotransmitter degradation

B) A neuron synapsing with several other neurons

Explanation: Divergence refers to the ability of a neuron to synapse with multiple other neurons, allowing the impulse to spread and stimulate several pathways within a neuronal pool.

p.6

Introduction to the Nervous System

What is the primary function of the nervous system in humans?
A) To digest food
B) To circulate blood
C) To coordinate and control body activities
D) To produce hormones
E) To filter waste products

C) To coordinate and control body activities

Explanation: The primary function of the nervous system is to coordinate and control various body activities, allowing for communication between different parts of the body and responding to internal and external stimuli.

p.35

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is 'saltatory conduction'?
A) Continuous conduction along the entire axon
B) Impulse jumping from node to node in a myelinated axon
C) The process of neurotransmitter release
D) The generation of action potentials in unmyelinated axons
E) The regeneration of damaged axons

B) Impulse jumping from node to node in a myelinated axon

Explanation: Saltatory conduction refers to the process where an impulse jumps from one Node of Ranvier to another in a myelinated axon, significantly speeding up the transmission of impulses.

p.39

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What happens when neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors on a postsynaptic cell?
A) They always cause an impulse
B) They can either be excitatory or inhibitory
C) They have no effect
D) They only prevent impulses
E) They only stimulate impulses

B) They can either be excitatory or inhibitory

Explanation: The binding of neurotransmitter molecules to receptors on a postsynaptic cell can lead to either an excitatory effect, stimulating an impulse, or an inhibitory effect, preventing an impulse, highlighting the dual nature of synaptic transmission.

p.38

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What do synaptic knobs contain that is crucial for neurotransmitter release?
A) Ion channels
B) Synaptic vesicles
C) Dendrites
D) Myelin sheaths
E) Axon terminals

B) Synaptic vesicles

Explanation: Synaptic knobs, located at the end of the axon, contain synaptic vesicles that store neurotransmitters, which are released during synaptic transmission.

p.48

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

How does divergence affect motor units in skeletal muscles?
A) It prevents contraction
B) It causes weak contractions
C) It allows impulses to reach enough motor units for forceful contraction
D) It isolates muscle fibers
E) It inhibits muscle response

C) It allows impulses to reach enough motor units for forceful contraction

Explanation: Due to divergence, the effect of a single neuron can be amplified, enabling impulses to activate multiple motor units in skeletal muscles, resulting in a strong contraction.

p.10

Motor Function of the Nervous System

What do effectors do in response to stimulation from the nervous system?
A) They produce energy
B) They contract muscles and secrete substances
C) They filter blood
D) They store nutrients
E) They regulate temperature

B) They contract muscles and secrete substances

Explanation: Effectors, which include muscles and glands, respond to stimulation from the nervous system by contracting or secreting substances, facilitating the body's response to stimuli.

p.28

Membrane Potential and Distribution of Ions

What is the primary characteristic of the extracellular space in relation to the cell?
A) It is negatively charged
B) It is positively charged
C) It has no charge
D) It is neutral
E) It is variable in charge

B) It is positively charged

Explanation: The extracellular space is characterized by being positively charged compared to the negatively charged interior of the cell, which is important for maintaining membrane potential.

p.35

Myelin Sheath and Action Potential Generation

What is one benefit of myelin sheath in the peripheral nervous system?
A) It prevents regeneration of damaged axons
B) It speeds up impulse transmission
C) It decreases the speed of impulses
D) It eliminates the need for Nodes of Ranvier
E) It reduces the number of neurons needed

B) It speeds up impulse transmission

Explanation: The myelin sheath not only speeds up the transmission of impulses through saltatory conduction but also aids in the regeneration of damaged axons in the peripheral nervous system.

p.41

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What characterizes the overall activity in the nervous system regarding neurotransmitters?
A) It is solely excitatory
B) It is solely inhibitory
C) It is a complex combination of excitation and inhibition
D) It is random and unregulated
E) It only occurs in the brain

C) It is a complex combination of excitation and inhibition

Explanation: The nervous system operates through a complex interplay of excitatory and inhibitory signals, which is essential for proper functioning and response to stimuli.

p.52

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the singular form of meninges?
A) Meninx
B) Meninge
C) Meninga
D) Meninxus
E) Meningo

A) Meninx

Explanation: The singular form of meninges is meninx, which refers to the individual layers of membranes that protect the CNS.

p.11

Neuroglia and Their Roles

Which of the following statements is true about neuroglia?
A) They are larger than neurons
B) They produce nerve impulses
C) They provide protection and support for neurons
D) They are the primary cells for transmitting signals
E) They cannot multiply or divide

C) They provide protection and support for neurons

Explanation: Neuroglia provide essential protection, support, and insulation for neurons, playing a crucial role in maintaining the health and functionality of the nervous system.

p.42

Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission

How many different types of neurotransmitters have been identified in the nervous system?
A) More than 50
B) More than 100
C) More than 200
D) More than 150
E) More than 300

B) More than 100

Explanation: More than 100 different types of neurotransmitters have been identified in the nervous system, indicating the complexity and diversity of chemical signaling in neural communication.

p.38

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What happens when an impulse reaches the synaptic knob of a presynaptic neuron?
A) It stops the nerve impulse
B) It generates a new nerve impulse
C) Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter molecules
D) It causes the postsynaptic neuron to die
E) It opens the synaptic cleft

C) Synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitter molecules

Explanation: When an impulse reaches the synaptic knob, it triggers synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter molecules through exocytosis, which is essential for transmitting the signal to the next neuron.

p.58

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure

Which region of the vertebral column has the fewest pairs of spinal nerves?
A) Cervical region
B) Thoracic region
C) Lumbar region
D) Sacral region
E) Coccygeal region

E) Coccygeal region

Explanation: The coccygeal region has only 1 pair of spinal nerves, making it the region with the fewest pairs.

p.48

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is one effect of divergence in neuronal pools?
A) It decreases the number of impulses generated
B) It amplifies an impulse
C) It prevents motor unit activation
D) It isolates sensory information
E) It reduces synaptic transmission

B) It amplifies an impulse

Explanation: Divergence can amplify an impulse, allowing a single neuron's signal to spread to multiple neurons, which can enhance the overall response within the neuronal pool.

p.27

Neuroglia and Their Roles

Which of the following is NOT a type of neuroglia?
A) Astrocytes
B) Oligodendrocytes
C) Microglia
D) Erythrocytes
E) Schwann cells

D) Erythrocytes

Explanation: Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, are not a type of neuroglia. The other options are all types of glial cells that perform various functions in the nervous system.

p.62

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

What is one of the mechanical functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A) To provide nutrients to the brain
B) To absorb shock and keep the brain floating
C) To regulate blood pressure
D) To produce hormones
E) To store energy

B) To absorb shock and keep the brain floating

Explanation: CSF serves as a shock-absorbing medium that protects the brain and helps it float within the cranial cavity, providing mechanical protection.

p.42

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What determines the action of a neurotransmitter at a synapse?
A) The amount of neurotransmitter released
B) The type of neuron releasing it
C) The receptors at that particular synapse
D) The location of the synapse
E) The age of the neuron

C) The receptors at that particular synapse

Explanation: The action of a neurotransmitter depends on the receptors present at a particular synapse, which can vary between different neurons and influence the effects of neurotransmitter release.

p.15

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is a defining characteristic of unipolar neurons?
A) They have two extensions from the cell body
B) Their cell bodies are located in the brain
C) They are found in ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord
D) They are the most common type of neuron
E) They are involved in motor functions

C) They are found in ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord

Explanation: Unipolar neurons have their cell bodies located in ganglia, which are specialized masses of nervous tissue situated outside the brain and spinal cord.

p.61

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

How does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) support the brain and spinal cord?
A) By providing oxygen
B) By absorbing forces
C) By generating electrical impulses
D) By filtering toxins
E) By storing glucose

B) By absorbing forces

Explanation: CSF supports the brain and spinal cord by absorbing forces, which helps to protect these organs from injury.

p.15

Types and Functions of Neurons

How are neurons structurally classified?
A) By their function
B) By their location
C) By their size
D) By their structural differences
E) By their age

D) By their structural differences

Explanation: Neurons are classified into three groups—multipolar, bipolar, and unipolar—based on their structural differences, which include the number of extensions from the cell body.

p.12

Neuroglia and Their Roles

In which part of the nervous system are oligodendrocytes primarily found?
A) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
B) Central Nervous System (CNS)
C) Both CNS and PNS
D) Only in the spinal cord
E) Only in the brain

B) Central Nervous System (CNS)

Explanation: Oligodendrocytes are a type of neuroglia found primarily in the Central Nervous System (CNS), where they form the myelin sheath around axons, facilitating faster signal transmission.

p.15

Types and Functions of Neurons

Which type of neuron is characterized by having one extension from the cell body?
A) Multipolar neurons
B) Bipolar neurons
C) Unipolar neurons
D) Tripolar neurons
E) Quadripolar neurons

C) Unipolar neurons

Explanation: Unipolar neurons are defined by having a single extension from the cell body, which differentiates them from multipolar and bipolar neurons.

p.7

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is the function of neurons in the nervous system?
A) To provide structural support
B) To transmit electrical signals
C) To produce hormones
D) To digest nutrients
E) To store fat

B) To transmit electrical signals

Explanation: Neurons are specialized cells in the nervous system that transmit electrical signals, allowing for communication between different parts of the body and facilitating responses to stimuli.

p.13

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is a characteristic feature of neurons?
A) They are uniform in size and shape
B) They are highly specialized to transmit messages
C) They do not have a cell body
D) They are only found in the PNS
E) They can regenerate quickly

B) They are highly specialized to transmit messages

Explanation: Neurons are characterized by their specialization in transmitting messages throughout the body, which is crucial for the functioning of the nervous system.

p.57

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure

Which structure connects the spinal cord to the peripheral nervous system?
A) Brainstem
B) Spinal nerves
C) Cerebellum
D) Thalamus
E) Hypothalamus

B) Spinal nerves

Explanation: Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and connect it to the peripheral nervous system, facilitating communication between the central nervous system and the rest of the body.

p.33

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What does the action potential cause in the adjacent axon membrane?
A) Hyperpolarization
B) Inhibition of action potentials
C) Electric current stimulation
D) Resting potential maintenance
E) Decreased ion permeability

C) Electric current stimulation

Explanation: The action potential generates an electric current that stimulates the adjacent axon membrane, leading to a series of action potentials along the axon, known as propagation.

p.26

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What is the main function of neuroglia in the nervous system?
A) To transmit electrical signals
B) To support and protect neurons
C) To form synapses
D) To produce neurotransmitters
E) To generate action potentials

B) To support and protect neurons

Explanation: Neuroglia, or glial cells, primarily function to support, nourish, and protect neurons, ensuring the overall health and functionality of the nervous system.

p.9

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

What are the two categories of motor functions in the PNS?
A) Sensory and motor
B) Voluntary and involuntary
C) Central and peripheral
D) Somatic and autonomic
E) Reflexive and conscious

B) Voluntary and involuntary

Explanation: The motor functions of the PNS are categorized into voluntary (conscious) control, which involves the somatic nervous system, and involuntary control, which is managed by the autonomic nervous system.

p.42

Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission

What are monoamines formed from?
A) Simple sugars
B) Modified amino acids
C) Fatty acids
D) Nucleotides
E) Peptides

B) Modified amino acids

Explanation: Monoamines, such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin, are formed from modified amino acids, highlighting their biochemical origin.

p.44

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What occurs after calcium ions diffuse inward into the synaptic knob?
A) The membrane becomes impermeable
B) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane
C) Neurotransmitters are destroyed
D) Action potentials are inhibited
E) Calcium ions are expelled from the cell

B) Synaptic vesicles fuse with the membrane

Explanation: The influx of calcium ions triggers some synaptic vesicles to fuse with the membrane, leading to the release of neurotransmitter molecules into the synaptic cleft.

p.29

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the resting membrane potential of a neuron at rest?
A) +70 mV
B) -70 mV
C) 0 mV
D) -50 mV
E) +50 mV

B) -70 mV

Explanation: The resting membrane potential of a neuron is -70 mV, indicating that the neuron is inactive and has a negative charge relative to the outside environment.

p.48

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What happens to impulses originating from sensory receptors in the context of divergence?
A) They are only sent to one region of the CNS
B) They are amplified and sent to multiple regions of the CNS
C) They are completely inhibited
D) They are converted into motor impulses
E) They are ignored by the CNS

B) They are amplified and sent to multiple regions of the CNS

Explanation: An impulse from a sensory receptor can diverge, reaching several different regions of the CNS, where it can be processed and acted upon, enhancing the sensory response.

p.29

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

Which ions are found in higher concentration in the intracellular region of a neuron?
A) Sodium (Na+)
B) Calcium (Ca2+)
C) Potassium (K+)
D) Chloride (Cl-)
E) Magnesium (Mg2+)

C) Potassium (K+)

Explanation: Potassium ions (K+) are found in higher concentration within the intracellular region of the neuron, which contributes to the resting membrane potential.

p.41

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the effect of an excitatory neurotransmitter on a neuron?
A) It makes the neuron less likely to fire
B) It has no effect on the neuron
C) It makes the neuron more likely to reach its threshold
D) It inhibits the neuron completely
E) It causes the neuron to die

C) It makes the neuron more likely to reach its threshold

Explanation: Excitatory neurotransmitters increase the likelihood that the postsynaptic neuron will reach its threshold, potentially triggering an action potential.

p.4

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

What is an effector in the context of the nervous system?
A) A type of sensory neuron
B) A receptor for stimuli
C) A muscle or gland that responds to impulses
D) A part of the central nervous system
E) A type of stimulus

C) A muscle or gland that responds to impulses

Explanation: An effector refers to a muscle or gland that responds to impulses from motor neurons, resulting in a specific action or response.

p.30

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

Which types of cells can generate an action potential?
A) Only muscle cells
B) Only neurons
C) Neurons and muscle cells
D) All types of cells
E) Only glial cells

C) Neurons and muscle cells

Explanation: Only neurons and muscle cells have the capability to generate an action potential, which is essential for their function in transmitting signals and facilitating movement.

p.46

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the primary function of a synapse in the nervous system?
A) To generate hormones
B) To connect neurons and transmit impulses
C) To store memories
D) To produce energy
E) To regulate body temperature

B) To connect neurons and transmit impulses

Explanation: The synapse serves as the junction between neurons, allowing for the transmission of impulses through neurotransmitter release, which is essential for communication within the nervous system.

p.35

Myelin Sheath and Action Potential Generation

What is the primary role of the myelin sheath in neurons?
A) To increase ion movement through the axon
B) To insulate the axon and prevent ion movement
C) To generate action potentials
D) To connect neurons to muscles
E) To store neurotransmitters

B) To insulate the axon and prevent ion movement

Explanation: The myelin sheath is a fatty, waxy material that insulates the axon, preventing almost all ion movement and facilitating efficient impulse conduction.

p.10

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure

How is sensory information transmitted to the brain and spinal cord?
A) Through blood vessels
B) Through cranial and spinal nerves
C) Through lymphatic vessels
D) Through muscle fibers
E) Through the respiratory system

B) Through cranial and spinal nerves

Explanation: Sensory information is carried into the brain and spinal cord via cranial and spinal nerves, which are essential for communication within the nervous system.

p.46

Neuronal Pools and Impulse Processing

What happens when a neuron in a neuronal pool receives excitatory input that reaches the threshold?
A) The neuron remains inactive
B) An outgoing impulse is triggered
C) The neuron dies
D) The neuron releases hormones
E) The neuron becomes inhibitory

B) An outgoing impulse is triggered

Explanation: When the net effect of the inputs to a neuron in a neuronal pool is excitatory and reaches the threshold, it triggers an outgoing impulse, facilitating communication in the nervous system.

p.14

Types and Functions of Neurons

Which of the following statements about neurons is true?
A) All neurons have the same structure
B) Neurons do not vary in size or shape
C) Neurons are specialized for impulse conduction
D) Neurons only exist in the PNS
E) Neurons do not interact with neuroglia

C) Neurons are specialized for impulse conduction

Explanation: Neurons are specialized cells designed for conducting impulses, and they can differ significantly in structure, size, and shape to fulfill various functions.

p.24

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

In which nervous system is axon regeneration more easily accomplished?
A) Central Nervous System (CNS)
B) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
C) Both CNS and PNS equally
D) Neither CNS nor PNS
E) Only in the brain

B) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Explanation: Axon regeneration is more easily accomplished in the PNS than in the CNS, largely due to the supportive role of Schwann cells.

p.10

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

What happens after sensory information is integrated by the nervous system?
A) It is ignored
B) It is stored in memory
C) An appropriate motor response is elicited
D) It is converted into hormones
E) It is transmitted to the digestive system

C) An appropriate motor response is elicited

Explanation: Once sensory information is integrated, the nervous system may activate effectors (muscles and glands) to elicit an appropriate motor response.

p.31

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is reestablished after repolarization in a neuron?
A) Action potential
B) Resting membrane potential
C) Depolarization
D) Synaptic cleft
E) Neurotransmitter release

B) Resting membrane potential

Explanation: After repolarization, the neuron reestablishes its resting membrane potential, returning to its original state before the action potential occurred.

p.62

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

How does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) help maintain homeostasis in the brain?
A) By increasing blood flow
B) By regulating the pH and distribution of metabolites
C) By storing excess nutrients
D) By producing neurotransmitters
E) By blocking pathogens

B) By regulating the pH and distribution of metabolites

Explanation: CSF plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis by regulating the pH, which affects pulmonary ventilation and cerebral blood flow, as well as distributing metabolites to keep the environment ideal for brain function.

p.35

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What happens at the Nodes of Ranvier?
A) Continuous impulse conduction occurs
B) Ion movement is completely blocked
C) Impulses jump from node to node
D) Neurotransmitters are released
E) Myelin sheath is formed

C) Impulses jump from node to node

Explanation: At the Nodes of Ranvier, impulses jump from one node to another in a myelinated axon, facilitating faster transmission of electrical signals.

p.39

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

How many presynaptic neurons can influence a single postsynaptic cell?
A) 1 to 100
B) 1 to 1,000
C) 1 to 10,000
D) 1 to 500
E) 1 to 5,000

C) 1 to 10,000

Explanation: A single postsynaptic cell can be influenced by inputs from as few as 1 to as many as 10,000 presynaptic neurons, demonstrating the extensive network and complexity of synaptic connections in the nervous system.

p.14

Types and Functions of Neurons

What distinguishes axons from dendrites in a neuron?
A) Axons are shorter than dendrites
B) Axons send impulses away from the cell body, while dendrites receive information
C) Axons are responsible for maintaining the cell body
D) Axons do not have a myelin sheath
E) Axons are only found in the CNS

B) Axons send impulses away from the cell body, while dendrites receive information

Explanation: Axons are long processes that transmit impulses away from the cell body, whereas dendrites are responsible for receiving signals from other neurons.

p.23

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is the function of the myelin sheath produced by Schwann cells?
A) To transmit electrical signals
B) To protect the cell bodies of neurons
C) To insulate axons and increase conduction speed
D) To regulate blood flow
E) To produce hormones

C) To insulate axons and increase conduction speed

Explanation: The myelin sheath produced by Schwann cells insulates the axons of peripheral nerves, which significantly increases the speed of electrical conduction along the axons.

p.45

Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission

What role do enzymes play in neurotransmitter function?
A) They enhance neurotransmitter release
B) They decompose neurotransmitters
C) They transport neurotransmitters to the synaptic cleft
D) They convert neurotransmitters into hormones
E) They increase the action potential

B) They decompose neurotransmitters

Explanation: Enzymes, such as acetylcholinesterase, play a crucial role in decomposing neurotransmitters, thereby regulating their action and preventing continuous stimulation of postsynaptic neurons.

p.28

Membrane Potential and Distribution of Ions

What does the term 'membrane potential' refer to?
A) The potential for charges to move across the cell membrane
B) The total charge of the cell
C) The charge of the extracellular fluid
D) The potential for ions to enter the cell
E) The energy stored in the cell

A) The potential for charges to move across the cell membrane

Explanation: Membrane potential is defined as the potential for charges to move across the cell membrane, which is essential for the generation of action potentials.

p.46

Neuronal Pools and Impulse Processing

What occurs if the net effect on a neuron in a neuronal pool is excitatory but subthreshold?
A) An outgoing impulse is triggered
B) The neuron becomes inactive
C) An impulse is not triggered
D) The neuron releases neurotransmitters
E) The neuron dies

C) An impulse is not triggered

Explanation: If the net effect is excitatory but does not reach the threshold, the neuron will not trigger an outgoing impulse, indicating the importance of reaching a specific threshold for action potential generation.

p.26

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure

What is the role of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
A) To provide structural support
B) To produce cerebrospinal fluid
C) To myelinate peripheral axons
D) To regulate blood flow
E) To remove waste products

C) To myelinate peripheral axons

Explanation: Schwann cells are responsible for myelinating axons in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is essential for the rapid conduction of nerve impulses.

p.38

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What occurs after neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft?
A) They are destroyed
B) They react with specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell
C) They return to the presynaptic neuron
D) They create new synaptic vesicles
E) They generate an action potential in the presynaptic neuron

B) They react with specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell

Explanation: After diffusing across the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitter molecules bind to specific receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic cell, which can initiate a response in that cell.

p.44

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What do neurotransmitter molecules do after being released into the synaptic cleft?
A) They remain in the synaptic vesicles
B) They bind to receptors on the presynaptic cell
C) They diffuse across the synaptic cleft
D) They are immediately broken down
E) They cause the synaptic knob to depolarize

C) They diffuse across the synaptic cleft

Explanation: After being released, neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the synaptic cleft and may bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell, facilitating communication between neurons.

p.47

Neurotransmitters and Synaptic Transmission

What is the primary role of neurotransmitters in synaptic transmission?
A) To inhibit all neuronal activity
B) To facilitate the generation of action potentials
C) To block synaptic signals
D) To maintain resting membrane potential
E) To increase the threshold of the postsynaptic cell

B) To facilitate the generation of action potentials

Explanation: Neurotransmitters play a crucial role in synaptic transmission by facilitating the generation of action potentials in the postsynaptic cell, especially when released in greater amounts due to facilitation.

p.48

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the primary role of divergence in neuronal communication?
A) To limit the spread of impulses
B) To enhance and spread impulses to multiple neurons
C) To create a feedback loop
D) To inhibit synaptic transmission
E) To maintain resting potential

B) To enhance and spread impulses to multiple neurons

Explanation: The primary role of divergence is to enhance and spread impulses from one neuron to multiple others, facilitating a broader and more effective neural response.

p.29

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the primary role of the concentration gradients of K+ and Na+ ions?
A) To maintain the resting potential
B) To facilitate muscle contraction
C) To set the stage for neuron excitation
D) To produce neurotransmitters
E) To regulate blood flow

C) To set the stage for neuron excitation

Explanation: The concentration gradients of K+ and Na+ ions are essential for preparing the neuron to be excited and for the rapid return to resting potential after an action potential.

p.49

Types and Functions of Neurons

What do motor fibers do?
A) Conduct impulses to the brain
B) Conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors
C) Bring sensory information into the CNS
D) Connect neurons to glial cells
E) Bundle nerve fibers

B) Conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors

Explanation: Motor fibers, also known as efferent fibers, are responsible for conducting impulses from the CNS to effectors such as muscles or glands.

p.56

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What is the primary function of the spinal cord?
A) To produce hormones
B) To pass downward from the brain into the vertebral canal
C) To filter blood
D) To store memories
E) To regulate body temperature

B) To pass downward from the brain into the vertebral canal

Explanation: The spinal cord is primarily a column of nervous tissue that extends from the brain into the vertebral canal, serving as a crucial pathway for signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

p.10

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

What is the process of integrating sensory information known as?
A) Sensation
B) Perception
C) Integration
D) Reaction
E) Reflex

C) Integration

Explanation: The process of analyzing sensory information and making decisions for appropriate responses is referred to as integration, which is a critical function of the nervous system.

p.15

Types and Functions of Neurons

Where are bipolar neurons primarily located?
A) In the spinal cord
B) In specialized parts of the eyes, nose, and ears
C) In ganglia
D) In the brain's cortex
E) In the peripheral nervous system

B) In specialized parts of the eyes, nose, and ears

Explanation: Bipolar neurons are specifically found in specialized sensory organs such as the eyes, nose, and ears, playing a crucial role in sensory processing.

p.12

Neuroglia and Their Roles

Which type of cell in the nervous system is primarily responsible for supporting neurons?
A) Neurons
B) Neuroglia
C) Epithelial cells
D) Muscle cells
E) Endothelial cells

B) Neuroglia

Explanation: Neuroglia, or glial cells, play a crucial role in supporting, nourishing, and protecting neurons, making them essential for the overall function of the nervous system.

p.9

Types and Functions of Neurons

Which nervous system controls skeletal muscle?
A) Autonomic nervous system
B) Somatic nervous system
C) Central nervous system
D) Peripheral nervous system
E) Reflex arc

B) Somatic nervous system

Explanation: The somatic nervous system is responsible for voluntary (conscious) control of skeletal muscles, allowing for intentional movements.

p.28

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the significance of the difference in charges across the cell membrane?
A) It prevents the cell from functioning
B) It allows for nutrient absorption
C) It creates the conditions necessary for action potentials
D) It maintains cell shape
E) It regulates temperature

C) It creates the conditions necessary for action potentials

Explanation: The difference in charges, or polarity, across the cell membrane is crucial for creating the conditions necessary for action potentials, which are essential for neuronal communication.

p.9

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

What does the autonomic nervous system control?
A) Skeletal muscle
B) Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
C) Sensory input
D) Reflex actions
E) Conscious thought processes

B) Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Explanation: The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary effectors, including cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and various glands, functioning without conscious control.

p.32

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What occurs during the conduction of a series of action potentials along an axon?
A) The axon becomes inactive
B) The action potentials decrease in frequency
C) A series of action potentials occurs sequentially
D) The neuron releases neurotransmitters
E) The axon becomes insulated

C) A series of action potentials occurs sequentially

Explanation: During impulse conduction, a series of action potentials occurs along the axon, allowing for the rapid transmission of electrical signals throughout the nervous system.

p.62

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

Which of the following ions is NOT a component of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A) Na+
B) K+
C) Cl-
D) Fe2+
E) Ca2+

D) Fe2+

Explanation: CSF contains various ions such as Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca2+, but it does not typically contain iron ions (Fe2+), making this option the correct answer.

p.49

Types and Functions of Neurons

What are mixed nerves?
A) Nerves that contain only sensory fibers
B) Nerves that contain only motor fibers
C) Nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers
D) Nerves that do not conduct impulses
E) Nerves that are only found in the CNS

C) Nerves that contain both sensory and motor fibers

Explanation: Mixed nerves are characterized by containing axons of both sensory and motor neurons, allowing them to conduct impulses in both directions.

p.31

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What happens during repolarization of a neuron?
A) Sodium ions rush into the cell
B) Potassium ions rush out of the cell
C) Calcium ions enter the cell
D) Chloride ions leave the cell
E) Glucose is absorbed by the cell

B) Potassium ions rush out of the cell

Explanation: During repolarization, potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to rush out of the neuron, which helps to reestablish the polarity between the inside and outside of the neuron.

p.28

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

What creates an electrical current in a cell?
A) The movement of water
B) The flow of charges from one area to another
C) The diffusion of gases
D) The absorption of nutrients
E) The release of hormones

B) The flow of charges from one area to another

Explanation: An electrical current is generated when charges flow from one area to another, which is fundamental to the functioning of neurons and the generation of action potentials.

p.36

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What initiates the generation of an action potential in a neuron?
A) A decrease in temperature
B) A change in membrane potential
C) The presence of myelin
D) The release of hormones
E) The absorption of nutrients

B) A change in membrane potential

Explanation: An action potential is initiated when there is a significant change in the membrane potential of a neuron, typically caused by the influx of sodium ions, leading to depolarization.

p.36

Types and Functions of Neurons

Which of the following statements is true regarding unmyelinated axons?
A) They conduct impulses faster than myelinated axons
B) They are found only in the brain
C) They lack insulation and conduct impulses more slowly
D) They are always longer than myelinated axons
E) They have a higher density of ion channels

C) They lack insulation and conduct impulses more slowly

Explanation: Unmyelinated axons do not have the insulating myelin sheath, which results in slower conduction of nerve impulses compared to myelinated axons.

p.61

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

What happens to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after it enters the subarachnoid space?
A) It is expelled from the body
B) It is reabsorbed into the blood
C) It becomes part of the brain tissue
D) It evaporates
E) It is converted into lymph

B) It is reabsorbed into the blood

Explanation: After entering the subarachnoid space, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is reabsorbed into the blood, which is essential for maintaining the fluid balance in the central nervous system.

p.47

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the process called when repeated impulses on an excitatory presynaptic neuron lead to increased neurotransmitter release?
A) Inhibition
B) Facilitation
C) Divergence
D) Convergence
E) Summation

B) Facilitation

Explanation: Facilitation occurs when repeated impulses on an excitatory presynaptic neuron cause it to release more neurotransmitter in response to a single impulse, increasing the likelihood of reaching the threshold in the postsynaptic cell.

p.56

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

How many segments does the spinal cord consist of?
A) 20 segments
B) 31 segments
C) 50 segments
D) 15 segments
E) 10 segments

B) 31 segments

Explanation: The spinal cord is made up of 31 segments, each of which gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves that connect various body parts to the central nervous system (CNS).

p.41

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What determines whether an action potential is triggered in a postsynaptic neuron?
A) The presence of only inhibitory neurotransmitters
B) The balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters
C) The size of the neuron
D) The age of the neuron
E) The location of the neuron in the body

B) The balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters

Explanation: An action potential is triggered in a postsynaptic neuron when the balance of neurotransmitters is more excitatory than inhibitory, allowing the threshold to be reached.

p.39

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the effect of inhibitory inputs on a postsynaptic cell?
A) They stimulate an impulse
B) They have no effect
C) They prevent an impulse
D) They increase the number of neurotransmitters
E) They enhance excitatory inputs

C) They prevent an impulse

Explanation: Inhibitory inputs serve to prevent an impulse in the postsynaptic cell, counteracting the effects of excitatory inputs and playing a vital role in the regulation of neuronal activity.

p.6

Introduction to the Nervous System

What role do neurons play in the nervous system?
A) They provide structural support
B) They transmit electrical signals
C) They produce hormones
D) They filter blood
E) They store energy

B) They transmit electrical signals

p.49

Types and Functions of Neurons

What type of nerve conducts impulses to the brain or spinal cord?
A) Motor nerves
B) Mixed nerves
C) Sensory nerves
D) Efferent fibers
E) Afferent fibers

C) Sensory nerves

Explanation: Sensory nerves are specifically responsible for conducting impulses to the brain or spinal cord, allowing for the processing of sensory information.

p.27

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What distinguishes the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
A) The CNS includes the spinal cord and brain, while the PNS includes nerves outside the CNS
B) The CNS is responsible for voluntary actions, while the PNS is involuntary
C) The CNS is made up of neurons only, while the PNS includes neuroglia
D) The CNS is larger than the PNS
E) The CNS does not have neuroglia

A) The CNS includes the spinal cord and brain, while the PNS includes nerves outside the CNS

Explanation: The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes all the nerves that branch out from the CNS to the rest of the body.

p.32

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the role of the local current in impulse conduction?
A) It decreases the speed of the impulse
B) It stimulates the adjacent axon membrane to reach threshold
C) It prevents the generation of action potentials
D) It converts electrical signals into chemical signals
E) It cools down the neuron

B) It stimulates the adjacent axon membrane to reach threshold

Explanation: The local current generated by an action potential stimulates the adjacent axon membrane to reach its threshold level, triggering the generation of another action potential.

p.46

Neuronal Pools and Impulse Processing

What are neuronal pools?
A) Groups of neurons that are inactive
B) Groups of neurons that make hundreds of synaptic connections with each other
C) Individual neurons that function independently
D) Neurons that only receive inhibitory input
E) Neurons that only transmit sensory information

B) Groups of neurons that make hundreds of synaptic connections with each other

Explanation: Neuronal pools are organized groups of neurons that connect with each other through numerous synaptic connections, allowing them to perform common functions and process information collectively.

p.26

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

Which type of neuron is primarily involved in reflex actions?
A) Sensory neurons
B) Motor neurons
C) Interneurons
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

D) All of the above

Explanation: Reflex actions typically involve sensory neurons that detect stimuli, interneurons that process the information, and motor neurons that execute the response, making all three types crucial for reflex arcs.

p.46

Neuronal Pools and Impulse Processing

What is the role of neurotransmitter release in neuronal pools?
A) It only inhibits neuron activity
B) It has no effect on neuron activity
C) It provides excitatory and inhibitory input to neurons
D) It solely generates action potentials
E) It regulates blood flow to the brain

C) It provides excitatory and inhibitory input to neurons

Explanation: Neurotransmitter release in neuronal pools allows neurons to receive both excitatory and inhibitory inputs, which are crucial for determining whether an outgoing impulse will be triggered.

p.44

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the role of calcium ions in synaptic transmission?
A) They inhibit neurotransmitter release
B) They enhance the action potential
C) They facilitate the fusion of synaptic vesicles
D) They block receptor sites
E) They decrease membrane permeability

C) They facilitate the fusion of synaptic vesicles

Explanation: Calcium ions play a crucial role in synaptic transmission by facilitating the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the membrane, leading to the release of neurotransmitters.

p.47

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What happens when a postsynaptic cell reaches threshold?
A) It becomes hyperpolarized
B) It generates an action potential
C) It stops all synaptic activity
D) It releases more neurotransmitters
E) It enters a refractory period

B) It generates an action potential

Explanation: When a postsynaptic cell reaches threshold due to sufficient excitatory input, it generates an action potential, which is the electrical signal that propagates along the neuron.

p.29

Types and Functions of Neurons

What percentage of cells in the human nervous system are neurons?
A) 10%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 50%
E) 70%

B) 20%

Explanation: Neurons make up about 20% of the cells in the human nervous system and are characterized by their electrical excitability, allowing them to respond to stimuli.

p.14

Neuroglia and Their Roles

What is the primary role of neuroglia in the nervous system?
A) To transmit impulses
B) To provide support and protection for neurons
C) To generate action potentials
D) To form synapses
E) To release neurotransmitters

B) To provide support and protection for neurons

Explanation: Neuroglia, or glial cells, play essential roles in supporting, protecting, and maintaining the health of neurons in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.

p.47

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What effect does convergence have on a neuron?
A) It decreases the neuron's response
B) It allows for a single impulse to be amplified
C) It enables impulses from different sources to have an additive effect
D) It isolates the neuron from other signals
E) It prevents neurotransmitter release

C) It enables impulses from different sources to have an additive effect

Explanation: Convergence allows any single neuron in a neuronal pool to receive input from multiple incoming axons, which can lead to an additive effect on the neuron's response to stimuli.

p.32

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the primary characteristic of a nerve impulse once it has begun?
A) It varies in strength
B) It travels at a constant strength
C) It can be interrupted
D) It changes direction frequently
E) It becomes a chemical signal

B) It travels at a constant strength

Explanation: A nerve impulse, once initiated, travels along the surface of the neuron's membrane at a constant strength, which is crucial for reliable signal transmission.

p.62

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

What role does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) play in circulation?
A) It transports oxygen to the brain
B) It serves as a medium for nutrient and waste exchange
C) It produces red blood cells
D) It prevents blood flow to the brain
E) It stores glucose

B) It serves as a medium for nutrient and waste exchange

Explanation: CSF facilitates the minor exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and adjacent nervous tissue, helping to clear waste produced by the brain.

p.56

Central Nervous System (CNS) Structure

What structures divide the spinal cord into right and left halves?
A) Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus
B) Cerebellum and cerebrum
C) Brainstem and thalamus
D) Corpus callosum and hippocampus
E) Medulla oblongata and pons

A) Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus

Explanation: The spinal cord is divided into right and left halves by the anterior median fissure and the shallow posterior median sulcus, which extend the length of the spinal cord.

p.29

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What ions are in higher concentration in the extracellular space of a neuron?
A) Potassium (K+)
B) Sodium (Na+)
C) Chloride (Cl-)
D) Calcium (Ca2+)
E) Phosphate (PO4-)

B) Sodium (Na+)

Explanation: Sodium ions (Na+) are present in higher concentration in the extracellular space, which is crucial for the generation of action potentials.

p.49

Types and Functions of Neurons

Which type of nerve conducts impulses to muscles or glands?
A) Sensory nerves
B) Mixed nerves
C) Motor nerves
D) Afferent fibers
E) Efferent fibers

C) Motor nerves

Explanation: Motor nerves are defined as those that conduct impulses from the central nervous system (CNS) to muscles or glands, facilitating movement and response.

p.35

Myelin Sheath and Action Potential Generation

How does myelin sheath affect energy consumption in neurons?
A) It increases energy consumption
B) It has no effect on energy consumption
C) It saves the neuron energy
D) It causes energy loss
E) It requires more energy for impulse generation

C) It saves the neuron energy

Explanation: The myelin sheath allows for saltatory conduction, which saves energy for the neuron by reducing the amount of ion movement needed for impulse transmission.

p.39

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the role of excitatory inputs in synaptic transmission?
A) They prevent impulses from occurring
B) They stimulate an impulse
C) They have no effect on the postsynaptic cell
D) They only affect inhibitory inputs
E) They decrease the number of presynaptic neurons

B) They stimulate an impulse

Explanation: Excitatory inputs play a crucial role in synaptic transmission by stimulating an impulse in the postsynaptic cell, contributing to the overall excitatory effect when combined with other inputs.

p.56

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Structure

What do the spinal nerves connect?
A) Only to the brain
B) Only to the heart
C) Various body parts with the CNS
D) Only to the lungs
E) Only to the digestive system

C) Various body parts with the CNS

Explanation: The spinal nerves, which arise from the segments of the spinal cord, branch out to connect various body parts with the central nervous system (CNS), facilitating communication throughout the body.

p.47

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

Which of the following best describes the relationship between presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons during facilitation?
A) The presynaptic neuron inhibits the postsynaptic neuron
B) The presynaptic neuron releases less neurotransmitter
C) The presynaptic neuron enhances the postsynaptic neuron's response
D) The postsynaptic neuron becomes less sensitive
E) The presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron have no interaction

C) The presynaptic neuron enhances the postsynaptic neuron's response

Explanation: During facilitation, the presynaptic neuron enhances the response of the postsynaptic neuron by releasing more neurotransmitter, increasing the likelihood of reaching the threshold for action potential generation.

p.12

Neuroglia and Their Roles

Which of the following is NOT a function of neuroglia?
A) Providing structural support
B) Insulating neurons
C) Transmitting nerve impulses
D) Regulating the extracellular environment
E) Assisting in the repair of nervous tissue

C) Transmitting nerve impulses

Explanation: Neuroglia do not transmit nerve impulses; their functions include supporting and protecting neurons, insulating them, and maintaining the extracellular environment.

p.6

Introduction to the Nervous System

Which component of the nervous system is responsible for processing information?
A) Peripheral Nervous System
B) Brain
C) Spinal Cord
D) Neurons
E) Neuroglia

B) Brain

Explanation: The brain is the central organ of the nervous system responsible for processing information, integrating sensory input, and coordinating responses, making it crucial for all cognitive functions.

p.61

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) and Blood-Brain Barrier

What is the circulation path of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
A) From the blood to the brain
B) Through the ventricles and central canal, then to the subarachnoid space
C) Directly into the spinal nerves
D) From the spinal cord to the heart
E) Through the lungs and back to the brain

B) Through the ventricles and central canal, then to the subarachnoid space

Explanation: CSF circulates through the ventricles and central canal, enters the subarachnoid space, and is then reabsorbed into the blood, completing its circulation path.

p.49

Types and Functions of Neurons

What are nerves primarily composed of?
A) Bundles of blood vessels
B) Bundles of axons
C) Bundles of neurons
D) Bundles of glial cells
E) Bundles of dendrites

B) Bundles of axons

Explanation: Nerves are defined as bundles of axons located in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which are essential for conducting impulses.

p.2

Branches of the Autonomic Nervous System

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?
A) Central and Peripheral
B) Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
C) Somatic and Autonomic
D) Sensory and Motor
E) Voluntary and Involuntary

B) Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Explanation: The autonomic nervous system is divided into two main branches: the sympathetic nervous system, which prepares the body for 'fight or flight' responses, and the parasympathetic nervous system, which promotes 'rest and digest' functions.

p.49

Types and Functions of Neurons

What is another term for an axon?
A) Nerve cell
B) Nerve fiber
C) Dendrite
D) Synapse
E) Neuroglia

B) Nerve fiber

Explanation: An axon is often referred to as a nerve fiber, highlighting its role in transmitting impulses within the nervous system.

p.44

Synapse Function and Action Potential Generation

What is the primary function of neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft?
A) To generate action potentials
B) To bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell
C) To increase calcium ion concentration
D) To inhibit synaptic transmission
E) To maintain the resting membrane potential

B) To bind to receptors on the postsynaptic cell

Explanation: The primary function of neurotransmitters released into the synaptic cleft is to bind to specific receptors on the postsynaptic cell, which can initiate a response in that cell.

p.56

Functions of the Brain and Spinal Cord

What is the role of the spinal cord in the nervous system?
A) To store memories
B) To connect the brain with the peripheral nervous system
C) To produce hormones
D) To filter toxins from the blood
E) To regulate body temperature

B) To connect the brain with the peripheral nervous system

Explanation: The spinal cord serves as a vital link between the brain and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), allowing for the transmission of signals and coordination of bodily functions.

p.49

Types and Functions of Neurons

What type of connective tissue surrounds nerve fibers?
A) Epithelial tissue
B) Muscle tissue
C) Adipose tissue
D) Connective tissue
E) Nervous tissue

D) Connective tissue

Explanation: The nerve fibers that compose a nerve are bundled within layers of connective tissue, providing structural support and protection.

What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?A) To provide structural supportB) To transmit electrical signalsC) To produce hormonesD) To store nutrientsE) To facilitate digestion

What role do neuroglia play in the nervous system?A) They transmit signals between neuronsB) They provide support and protection for neuronsC) They are responsible for muscle contractionD) They produce neurotransmittersE) They form the blood-brain barrier

Which part of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?A) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)B) Autonomic Nervous SystemC) Central Nervous System (CNS)D) Somatic Nervous SystemE) Enteric Nervous System

What is the primary function of the synapse?A) To generate hormonesB) To connect muscles to bonesC) To facilitate communication between neuronsD) To store energyE) To filter blood

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in the human body?A) 10 pairsB) 12 pairsC) 14 pairsD) 8 pairsE) 16 pairs

Which layer of the meninges is the outermost? A) Arachnoid mater B) Pia mater C) Dura mater D) Subarachnoid space E) Epidural layer

Which part of the central nervous system connects the brain to the rest of the body?A) Peripheral nervesB) Spinal cordC) CerebellumD) BrainstemE) Cerebrum

What is the primary function of the nervous system in human beings?A) To digest foodB) To regulate body temperatureC) To serve as the master control and communication system of the bodyD) To produce hormonesE) To circulate blood

What role does gray matter play in the spinal cord?A) Conducting signals to the brainB) Integrating and processing reflexesC) Protecting the spinal cordD) Storing memoriesE) Producing neurotransmitters

What role does the nervous system play in decision making?A) It has no role in decision makingB) It processes information for decision makingC) It only transmits signalsD) It stores memoriesE) It regulates emotions

What are the meninges?A) The outer layer of the brainB) Protective membranes between the bony encasement and nervous tissueC) The fluid surrounding the spinal cordD) The bones of the vertebral columnE) The nerve cells in the spinal cord

What is the function of the hydraulic cushion provided by cerebrospinal fluid?A) To enhance sensory perceptionB) To absorb shock and protect the spinal cordC) To facilitate communication between neuronsD) To store energyE) To regulate temperature

What is the primary function of sensory neurons?A) Conduct impulses from the brain to musclesB) Conduct impulses from peripheral body parts to the brain or spinal cordC) Connect different parts of the brainD) Support and protect neuronsE) Generate action potentials

What are the three layers of the meninges? A) Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater B) Epidural, subdural, and intradural C) Outer, middle, and inner layers D) Cerebral, spinal, and peripheral E) White, gray, and black layers

What percentage of cells in certain regions of the brain are astrocytes?A) 50%B) 70%C) 90%D) 30%E) 10%

Which of the following best describes the function of the protective structures of the spinal cord?A) They enhance cognitive functionB) They facilitate muscle movementC) They provide structural support and protectionD) They regulate blood flowE) They assist in digestion

What is the function of white matter in the spinal cord?A) Integrating sensory informationB) Protecting the spinal cordC) Passing information up and down the spinal cordD) Storing memoriesE) Producing hormones

What type of neuron is most commonly associated with sensory functions?A) Multipolar neuronsB) Bipolar neuronsC) Unipolar neuronsD) InterneuronsE) Motor neurons

What type of cells are ependymal cells?A) Squamous cellsB) Cuboidal to columnar cellsC) Stratified cellsD) Ciliated cellsE) Transitional cells

What role does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) play in the spinal cord?A) It transmits nerve signalsB) It acts as a shock absorberC) It provides nutrients to the spinal cordD) It forms the outer layer of the spinal cordE) It connects the spinal cord to the brain

What are the 'horns' in the context of gray matter?A) Areas of myelinated axonsB) Regions of blood supplyC) Cell bodies of neuronsD) Synaptic junctionsE) Reflex arcs

What is the primary role of white matter in the brain and spinal cord?A) Storing memoriesB) Conducting nerve impulses between different brain regionsC) Producing neurotransmittersD) Protecting the brainE) Regulating blood flow

What role do tight junctions play in the BBB?A) They allow all substances to pass freelyB) They prevent unwanted materials from diffusing into the brainC) They enhance nutrient absorptionD) They facilitate blood flowE) They connect neurons directly

What is the primary function of the vertebral column in relation to the spinal cord?A) To produce cerebrospinal fluidB) To provide protection against collisionC) To facilitate nerve signal transmissionD) To support the brainE) To store nutrients

What is a key component of brain development in babies?A) Increased muscle massB) Enhanced visionC) Formation of neural connectionsD) Growth of hairE) Development of teeth

In which part of the central nervous system is gray matter predominantly located?A) In the outer layer of the brainB) In the inner layer of the brainC) In the spinal cord's outer layerD) In the brainstem onlyE) In the cerebellum only

Which of the following substances can freely diffuse across the BBB?A) ProteinsB) Most antibiotic drugsC) Water-soluble glucoseD) AlcoholE) Urea

What is the dura mater's role in relation to the spinal cord?A) It is a fluid-filled cavityB) It continues into the vertebral canal as a tubular sheathC) It is directly attached to the vertebraeD) It is a type of nerve cellE) It is a muscle layer surrounding the spinal cord

What is the primary function of a synapse?A) To generate hormonesB) To transmit signals between neuronsC) To store genetic informationD) To produce energyE) To filter blood

What is the primary function of the human brain?A) To digest foodB) To regulate body temperatureC) To process sensory information and control responsesD) To circulate bloodE) To produce hormones

What is the primary function of gray matter in the brain and spinal cord?A) Conducting nerve impulsesB) Processing and integrating informationC) Providing structural supportD) Storing energyE) Producing hormones

What is the structure of sensory neurons at their dendrites?A) They have no specialized structuresB) They have specialized receptor endsC) They are covered in myelinD) They are branched extensivelyE) They are connected to motor neurons

From which type of cells do microglia develop?A) NeuronsB) Epithelial cellsC) MonocytesD) Muscle cellsE) Adipocytes

What is one of the primary functions of microglia?A) Conducting electrical impulsesB) Forming myelin sheathsC) Acting as phagocytesD) Producing neurotransmittersE) Regulating blood flow

What is the role of the brainstem?A) To process emotionsB) To regulate basic life functionsC) To control voluntary movementsD) To store memoriesE) To interpret sensory information

Which of the following is NOT a type of neuroglia found in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?A) OligodendrocytesB) AstrocytesC) Schwann cellsD) Ependymal cellsE) Microglia

What is the significance of the myelin sheath found in white matter?A) It provides nutrients to neuronsB) It protects neurons from damageC) It increases the speed of nerve impulse conductionD) It helps in the regeneration of neuronsE) It stores neurotransmitters

How does glucose cross the BBB?A) By passive diffusionB) By active transportC) By facilitated diffusionD) It cannot crossE) By simple diffusion

What do ependymal cells line in the central nervous system?A) Blood vesselsB) NeuronsC) Ventricles and central canalD) Myelin sheathsE) Synapses

What do microglia monitor in the CNS?A) Blood pressureB) The health of nearby neuronsC) Oxygen levelsD) Nutrient absorptionE) Muscle contractions

What are the main components of the central nervous system (CNS)?A) Heart and lungsB) Brain and spinal cordC) Muscles and bonesD) Skin and hairE) Eyes and ears

What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS)?A) To transmit nerve impulsesB) To produce myelin sheathC) To support blood flowD) To generate neurotransmittersE) To remove waste products

What is the primary composition of the dura mater? A) Smooth muscle B) Adipose tissue C) Tough, white, fibrous connective tissue D) Cartilage E) Loose connective tissue

What important structures are contained within the dura mater? A) Only neurons B) Blood vessels and nerves C) Cerebrospinal fluid D) Lymphatic vessels E) Adipose tissue

What is the primary component of gray matter in the spinal cord?A) Myelinated axonsB) Dendrites and cell bodiesC) Blood vesselsD) Connective tissueE) Synapses

What is the outer layer of the spinal cord primarily composed of?A) Gray matterB) Blood vesselsC) Myelinated and unmyelinated axonsD) Neuron cell bodiesE) Synaptic connections

What are the two main types of matter found in the cross-section of the human brain and spinal cord?A) Red and Blue MatterB) White and Gray MatterC) Soft and Hard MatterD) Liquid and Solid MatterE) Dense and Light Matter

What triggers sensory impulses in sensory neurons?A) Electrical signals from the brainB) Changes that occur inside or outside the bodyC) Chemical signals from other neuronsD) Muscle contractionsE) Hormonal changes

What is the primary function of ependymal cells?A) To transmit nerve impulsesB) To produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)C) To form myelin sheathsD) To support neuronal functionE) To regulate blood flow

What role do astrocytes play in the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?A) They create new blood vesselsB) They prevent capillary leakageC) They produce neurotransmittersD) They destroy pathogensE) They facilitate nerve signal transmission

What is the primary function of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?A) To allow all substances to enter the brainB) To serve as a protective mechanismC) To facilitate the passage of proteinsD) To enhance blood flow to the brainE) To regulate body temperature

In addition to producing CSF, what other role do ependymal cells play?A) They transmit electrical signalsB) They monitor and assist in the circulation of CSFC) They form synapsesD) They generate action potentialsE) They store neurotransmitters

What is the primary function of astrocytes in the CNS?A) Myelination of axonsB) Immune defenseC) Nutritional support and maintenance of the blood-brain barrierD) Production of cerebrospinal fluidE) Regulation of ion concentration

Which neuroglial cells are found in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?A) Oligodendrocytes and astrocytesB) Schwann cells and satellite cellsC) Ependymal cells and microgliaD) Astrocytes and microgliaE) Oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells

What initiates the action potential in a neuron?A) A decrease in temperatureB) A threshold stimulusC) An increase in potassium ionsD) A change in blood pressureE) A decrease in sodium ions

What type of neuron conducts impulses out of the brain or spinal cord?A) Sensory neuronsB) InterneuronsC) Efferent neuronsD) Afferent neuronsE) Glial cells

What is the primary shape of astrocytes?A) RoundB) CubeC) Star-shapedD) OvalE) Irregular

Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes?A) Preventing capillary leakageB) Maintenance of the blood-brain barrierC) Regulation of ions and nutrients in neuronsD) Transmission of nerve impulsesE) Support for neuronal structure

What is the primary function of astrocytes in relation to ions and nutrients?A) They store ionsB) They regulate ions and nutrients in neuronsC) They transport nutrients to musclesD) They produce hormonesE) They synthesize proteins

Which structure in the brain is primarily responsible for coordination and balance?A) CerebrumB) BrainstemC) CerebellumD) ThalamusE) Hippocampus

Where does the brain reside in the human body?A) In the thoracic cavityB) In the abdominal cavityC) In the cranial cavity of the skullD) In the pelvic cavityE) In the vertebral canal

What is the resting potential of a neuron?A) +30 mVB) -70 mVC) 0 mVD) -55 mVE) +50 mV

What component of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements?A) CerebrumB) BrainstemC) CerebellumD) ThalamusE) Hypothalamus

What percentage of the volume of neural tissue do neuroglia represent?A) About 10%B) About 25%C) About 50%D) About 75%E) About 90%

How does the myelin sheath affect neural conduction speed?A) It decreases the speedB) It has no effectC) It increases the speedD) It only affects sensory neuronsE) It only affects motor neurons

What type of matter is primarily responsible for processing information in the spinal cord?A) White matterB) Gray matterC) Cerebrospinal fluidD) Connective tissueE) Muscle tissue

Which structure in the brain is primarily involved in regulating autonomic functions such as breathing and heart rate?A) CerebrumB) CerebellumC) BrainstemD) ThalamusE) Corpus callosum

What happens if the brain is exposed to chemical variations?A) Neurons would fire uncontrollablyB) Neurons would become inactiveC) The brain would regenerateD) Blood flow would increaseE) The BBB would strengthen

What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?A) To allow all substances to pass freelyB) To protect the brain from harmful substancesC) To facilitate the exchange of gasesD) To provide nutrients to the brainE) To regulate blood pressure

What structure occupies the vertebral canal?A) The heartB) The lungsC) The spinal cordD) The brainE) The liver

What are neuroglia?A) A type of neuronB) Non-neuronal cells in the nervous systemC) The same as nerve impulsesD) Cells that produce hormonesE) A type of muscle cell

Which neurotransmitter is commonly associated with muscle activation?A) DopamineB) SerotoninC) AcetylcholineD) GABAE) Endorphins

What happens to the membrane potential during the action potential?A) It remains constantB) It first becomes more negative, then more positiveC) It first becomes more positive, then more negativeD) It only becomes more positiveE) It only becomes more negative

What is the function of the central nervous system (CNS)?A) To detect stimuliB) To integrate sensory input and coordinate responsesC) To conduct impulses to musclesD) To act as receptorsE) To produce hormones

Which of the following statements is true about sensory neurons?A) They only transmit impulses to musclesB) They can be either unipolar or bipolarC) They are exclusively found in the brainD) They do not have dendritesE) They are primarily involved in motor functions

What shape are microglia cells described as?A) Cube-shapedB) RoundC) Spider-shapedD) Star-shapedE) Columnar

What separates the dura mater from the vertebrae?A) The pia materB) The arachnoid layerC) The epidural spaceD) The cerebrospinal fluidE) The spinal nerves

What are neurons primarily responsible for in the nervous system?A) Producing hormonesB) Receiving sensory input and sending motor commandsC) Providing structural supportD) Insulating the brainE) Storing energy

How many neurons are estimated to be in the human brain?A) 10 billionB) 50 billionC) 85 billionD) 100 billionE) 200 billion

Where do interneurons primarily reside?A) In the peripheral nervous systemB) In the brain or spinal cordC) In the musclesD) In the glandsE) In the sensory organs

What is the primary function of neurons in the nervous system?
A) To provide structural support
B) To transmit electrical signals
C) To produce hormones
D) To store nutrients
E) To facilitate digestion

What role do neuroglia play in the nervous system?
A) They transmit signals between neurons
B) They provide support and protection for neurons
C) They are responsible for muscle contraction
D) They produce neurotransmitters
E) They form the blood-brain barrier

Which part of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?
A) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
B) Autonomic Nervous System
C) Central Nervous System (CNS)
D) Somatic Nervous System
E) Enteric Nervous System

What is the primary function of the synapse?
A) To generate hormones
B) To connect muscles to bones
C) To facilitate communication between neurons
D) To store energy
E) To filter blood

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there in the human body?
A) 10 pairs
B) 12 pairs
C) 14 pairs
D) 8 pairs
E) 16 pairs

Which layer of the meninges is the outermost?
A) Arachnoid mater
B) Pia mater
C) Dura mater
D) Subarachnoid space
E) Epidural layer

Which part of the central nervous system connects the brain to the rest of the body?
A) Peripheral nerves
B) Spinal cord
C) Cerebellum
D) Brainstem
E) Cerebrum

What is the primary function of the nervous system in human beings?
A) To digest food
B) To regulate body temperature
C) To serve as the master control and communication system of the body
D) To produce hormones
E) To circulate blood

What role does gray matter play in the spinal cord?
A) Conducting signals to the brain
B) Integrating and processing reflexes
C) Protecting the spinal cord
D) Storing memories
E) Producing neurotransmitters

What role does the nervous system play in decision making?
A) It has no role in decision making
B) It processes information for decision making
C) It only transmits signals
D) It stores memories
E) It regulates emotions

What are the meninges?
A) The outer layer of the brain
B) Protective membranes between the bony encasement and nervous tissue
C) The fluid surrounding the spinal cord
D) The bones of the vertebral column
E) The nerve cells in the spinal cord

What is the function of the hydraulic cushion provided by cerebrospinal fluid?
A) To enhance sensory perception
B) To absorb shock and protect the spinal cord
C) To facilitate communication between neurons
D) To store energy
E) To regulate temperature

What is the primary function of sensory neurons?
A) Conduct impulses from the brain to muscles
B) Conduct impulses from peripheral body parts to the brain or spinal cord
C) Connect different parts of the brain
D) Support and protect neurons
E) Generate action potentials

What are the three layers of the meninges?
A) Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
B) Epidural, subdural, and intradural
C) Outer, middle, and inner layers
D) Cerebral, spinal, and peripheral
E) White, gray, and black layers

What percentage of cells in certain regions of the brain are astrocytes?
A) 50%
B) 70%
C) 90%
D) 30%
E) 10%

Which of the following best describes the function of the protective structures of the spinal cord?
A) They enhance cognitive function
B) They facilitate muscle movement
C) They provide structural support and protection
D) They regulate blood flow
E) They assist in digestion

What is the function of white matter in the spinal cord?
A) Integrating sensory information
B) Protecting the spinal cord
C) Passing information up and down the spinal cord
D) Storing memories
E) Producing hormones

What type of neuron is most commonly associated with sensory functions?
A) Multipolar neurons
B) Bipolar neurons
C) Unipolar neurons
D) Interneurons
E) Motor neurons

What type of cells are ependymal cells?
A) Squamous cells
B) Cuboidal to columnar cells
C) Stratified cells
D) Ciliated cells
E) Transitional cells

What role does cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) play in the spinal cord?
A) It transmits nerve signals
B) It acts as a shock absorber
C) It provides nutrients to the spinal cord
D) It forms the outer layer of the spinal cord
E) It connects the spinal cord to the brain

What are the 'horns' in the context of gray matter?
A) Areas of myelinated axons
B) Regions of blood supply
C) Cell bodies of neurons
D) Synaptic junctions
E) Reflex arcs

What is the primary role of white matter in the brain and spinal cord?
A) Storing memories
B) Conducting nerve impulses between different brain regions
C) Producing neurotransmitters
D) Protecting the brain
E) Regulating blood flow

What role do tight junctions play in the BBB?
A) They allow all substances to pass freely
B) They prevent unwanted materials from diffusing into the brain
C) They enhance nutrient absorption
D) They facilitate blood flow
E) They connect neurons directly

What is the primary function of the vertebral column in relation to the spinal cord?
A) To produce cerebrospinal fluid
B) To provide protection against collision
C) To facilitate nerve signal transmission
D) To support the brain
E) To store nutrients

What is a key component of brain development in babies?
A) Increased muscle mass
B) Enhanced vision
C) Formation of neural connections
D) Growth of hair
E) Development of teeth

In which part of the central nervous system is gray matter predominantly located?
A) In the outer layer of the brain
B) In the inner layer of the brain
C) In the spinal cord's outer layer
D) In the brainstem only
E) In the cerebellum only

Which of the following substances can freely diffuse across the BBB?
A) Proteins
B) Most antibiotic drugs
C) Water-soluble glucose
D) Alcohol
E) Urea

What is the dura mater's role in relation to the spinal cord?
A) It is a fluid-filled cavity
B) It continues into the vertebral canal as a tubular sheath
C) It is directly attached to the vertebrae
D) It is a type of nerve cell
E) It is a muscle layer surrounding the spinal cord

What is the primary function of a synapse?
A) To generate hormones
B) To transmit signals between neurons
C) To store genetic information
D) To produce energy
E) To filter blood

What is the primary function of the human brain?
A) To digest food
B) To regulate body temperature
C) To process sensory information and control responses
D) To circulate blood
E) To produce hormones

What is the primary function of gray matter in the brain and spinal cord?
A) Conducting nerve impulses
B) Processing and integrating information
C) Providing structural support
D) Storing energy
E) Producing hormones

What is the structure of sensory neurons at their dendrites?
A) They have no specialized structures
B) They have specialized receptor ends
C) They are covered in myelin
D) They are branched extensively
E) They are connected to motor neurons

From which type of cells do microglia develop?
A) Neurons
B) Epithelial cells
C) Monocytes
D) Muscle cells
E) Adipocytes

What is one of the primary functions of microglia?
A) Conducting electrical impulses
B) Forming myelin sheaths
C) Acting as phagocytes
D) Producing neurotransmitters
E) Regulating blood flow

What is the role of the brainstem?
A) To process emotions
B) To regulate basic life functions
C) To control voluntary movements
D) To store memories
E) To interpret sensory information

Which of the following is NOT a type of neuroglia found in the Central Nervous System (CNS)?
A) Oligodendrocytes
B) Astrocytes
C) Schwann cells
D) Ependymal cells
E) Microglia

What is the significance of the myelin sheath found in white matter?
A) It provides nutrients to neurons
B) It protects neurons from damage
C) It increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction
D) It helps in the regeneration of neurons
E) It stores neurotransmitters

How does glucose cross the BBB?
A) By passive diffusion
B) By active transport
C) By facilitated diffusion
D) It cannot cross
E) By simple diffusion

What do ependymal cells line in the central nervous system?
A) Blood vessels
B) Neurons
C) Ventricles and central canal
D) Myelin sheaths
E) Synapses

What do microglia monitor in the CNS?
A) Blood pressure
B) The health of nearby neurons
C) Oxygen levels
D) Nutrient absorption
E) Muscle contractions

What are the main components of the central nervous system (CNS)?
A) Heart and lungs
B) Brain and spinal cord
C) Muscles and bones
D) Skin and hair
E) Eyes and ears

What is the primary function of oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS)?
A) To transmit nerve impulses
B) To produce myelin sheath
C) To support blood flow
D) To generate neurotransmitters
E) To remove waste products

What is the primary composition of the dura mater?
A) Smooth muscle
B) Adipose tissue
C) Tough, white, fibrous connective tissue
D) Cartilage
E) Loose connective tissue

What important structures are contained within the dura mater?
A) Only neurons
B) Blood vessels and nerves
C) Cerebrospinal fluid
D) Lymphatic vessels
E) Adipose tissue

What is the primary component of gray matter in the spinal cord?
A) Myelinated axons
B) Dendrites and cell bodies
C) Blood vessels
D) Connective tissue
E) Synapses

What is the outer layer of the spinal cord primarily composed of?
A) Gray matter
B) Blood vessels
C) Myelinated and unmyelinated axons
D) Neuron cell bodies
E) Synaptic connections

What are the two main types of matter found in the cross-section of the human brain and spinal cord?
A) Red and Blue Matter
B) White and Gray Matter
C) Soft and Hard Matter
D) Liquid and Solid Matter
E) Dense and Light Matter

What triggers sensory impulses in sensory neurons?
A) Electrical signals from the brain
B) Changes that occur inside or outside the body
C) Chemical signals from other neurons
D) Muscle contractions
E) Hormonal changes

What is the primary function of ependymal cells?
A) To transmit nerve impulses
B) To produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
C) To form myelin sheaths
D) To support neuronal function
E) To regulate blood flow

What role do astrocytes play in the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?
A) They create new blood vessels
B) They prevent capillary leakage
C) They produce neurotransmitters
D) They destroy pathogens
E) They facilitate nerve signal transmission

What is the primary function of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB)?
A) To allow all substances to enter the brain
B) To serve as a protective mechanism
C) To facilitate the passage of proteins
D) To enhance blood flow to the brain
E) To regulate body temperature

In addition to producing CSF, what other role do ependymal cells play?
A) They transmit electrical signals
B) They monitor and assist in the circulation of CSF
C) They form synapses
D) They generate action potentials
E) They store neurotransmitters

What is the primary function of astrocytes in the CNS?
A) Myelination of axons
B) Immune defense
C) Nutritional support and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier
D) Production of cerebrospinal fluid
E) Regulation of ion concentration

Which neuroglial cells are found in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
A) Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes
B) Schwann cells and satellite cells
C) Ependymal cells and microglia
D) Astrocytes and microglia
E) Oligodendrocytes and ependymal cells

What initiates the action potential in a neuron?
A) A decrease in temperature
B) A threshold stimulus
C) An increase in potassium ions
D) A change in blood pressure
E) A decrease in sodium ions

What type of neuron conducts impulses out of the brain or spinal cord?
A) Sensory neurons
B) Interneurons
C) Efferent neurons
D) Afferent neurons
E) Glial cells

What is the primary shape of astrocytes?
A) Round
B) Cube
C) Star-shaped
D) Oval
E) Irregular

Which of the following is NOT a function of astrocytes?
A) Preventing capillary leakage
B) Maintenance of the blood-brain barrier
C) Regulation of ions and nutrients in neurons
D) Transmission of nerve impulses
E) Support for neuronal structure

What is the primary function of astrocytes in relation to ions and nutrients?
A) They store ions
B) They regulate ions and nutrients in neurons
C) They transport nutrients to muscles
D) They produce hormones
E) They synthesize proteins

Which structure in the brain is primarily responsible for coordination and balance?
A) Cerebrum
B) Brainstem
C) Cerebellum
D) Thalamus
E) Hippocampus

Where does the brain reside in the human body?
A) In the thoracic cavity
B) In the abdominal cavity
C) In the cranial cavity of the skull
D) In the pelvic cavity
E) In the vertebral canal

What is the resting potential of a neuron?
A) +30 mV
B) -70 mV
C) 0 mV
D) -55 mV
E) +50 mV

What component of the brain is responsible for coordinating voluntary movements?
A) Cerebrum
B) Brainstem
C) Cerebellum
D) Thalamus
E) Hypothalamus

What percentage of the volume of neural tissue do neuroglia represent?
A) About 10%
B) About 25%
C) About 50%
D) About 75%
E) About 90%

How does the myelin sheath affect neural conduction speed?
A) It decreases the speed
B) It has no effect
C) It increases the speed
D) It only affects sensory neurons
E) It only affects motor neurons

What type of matter is primarily responsible for processing information in the spinal cord?
A) White matter
B) Gray matter
C) Cerebrospinal fluid
D) Connective tissue
E) Muscle tissue

Which structure in the brain is primarily involved in regulating autonomic functions such as breathing and heart rate?
A) Cerebrum
B) Cerebellum
C) Brainstem
D) Thalamus
E) Corpus callosum

What happens if the brain is exposed to chemical variations?
A) Neurons would fire uncontrollably
B) Neurons would become inactive
C) The brain would regenerate
D) Blood flow would increase
E) The BBB would strengthen

What is the primary function of the blood-brain barrier?
A) To allow all substances to pass freely
B) To protect the brain from harmful substances
C) To facilitate the exchange of gases
D) To provide nutrients to the brain
E) To regulate blood pressure

What structure occupies the vertebral canal?
A) The heart
B) The lungs
C) The spinal cord
D) The brain
E) The liver

What are neuroglia?
A) A type of neuron
B) Non-neuronal cells in the nervous system
C) The same as nerve impulses
D) Cells that produce hormones
E) A type of muscle cell

Which neurotransmitter is commonly associated with muscle activation?
A) Dopamine
B) Serotonin
C) Acetylcholine
D) GABA
E) Endorphins

What happens to the membrane potential during the action potential?
A) It remains constant
B) It first becomes more negative, then more positive
C) It first becomes more positive, then more negative
D) It only becomes more positive
E) It only becomes more negative

What is the function of the central nervous system (CNS)?
A) To detect stimuli
B) To integrate sensory input and coordinate responses
C) To conduct impulses to muscles
D) To act as receptors
E) To produce hormones

Which of the following statements is true about sensory neurons?
A) They only transmit impulses to muscles
B) They can be either unipolar or bipolar
C) They are exclusively found in the brain
D) They do not have dendrites
E) They are primarily involved in motor functions

What shape are microglia cells described as?
A) Cube-shaped
B) Round
C) Spider-shaped
D) Star-shaped
E) Columnar

What separates the dura mater from the vertebrae?
A) The pia mater
B) The arachnoid layer
C) The epidural space
D) The cerebrospinal fluid
E) The spinal nerves

What are neurons primarily responsible for in the nervous system?
A) Producing hormones
B) Receiving sensory input and sending motor commands
C) Providing structural support
D) Insulating the brain
E) Storing energy

How many neurons are estimated to be in the human brain?
A) 10 billion
B) 50 billion
C) 85 billion
D) 100 billion
E) 200 billion

Where do interneurons primarily reside?
A) In the peripheral nervous system
B) In the brain or spinal cord
C) In the muscles
D) In the glands
E) In the sensory organs