p.16
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Effects
What pathological conditions may occur in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
Microencephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, and agenesis of the corpus callosum.
p.14
Wernicke’s Syndrome and Thiamine Deficiency
How does chronic alcoholism affect thiamine?
It impairs thiamine absorption.
p.18
Genetic Metabolism Disturbances
What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?
A condition caused by the lack of an enzyme to metabolize phenylalanine to tyrosine.
p.16
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Effects
What are characteristic facial features of individuals with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
Thin upper lip, elongated flat midface, and upturned nose.
p.12
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
What substances can cause acute intoxication?
Alcohol, drugs (like methamphetamine), and certain toxins.
p.11
Korsakoff Syndrome Symptoms
What are common symptoms of Korsakoff Syndrome?
Memory loss, confabulation, and difficulty learning new information.
What is osmotic oedema?
Oedema that occurs due to changes in osmotic pressure, often related to electrolyte imbalances.
p.10
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
What is a consequence of down regulation of receptors due to methamphetamine use?
Higher doses are needed to achieve the same effect.
p.8
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
What is the structural similarity of methamphetamine?
It has a high structural similarity to dopamine.
What symptoms are associated with oedema?
Symptoms may include swelling, pain, and restricted movement in affected areas.
p.15
Korsakoff Syndrome Symptoms
What type of amnesia is associated with Korsakoff Syndrome?
Both antegrade and retrograde amnesia.
p.16
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Effects
What are some cerebral deficits associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
Poor memory, attention deficits, and impulsive behavior.
p.8
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
What neurotransmitters does methamphetamine stimulate the release of?
Norepinephrine and dopamine.
p.12
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
How is acute intoxication typically treated?
Treatment may involve supportive care, detoxification, and addressing specific symptoms.
p.11
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Effects
What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
A condition resulting from alcohol exposure during pregnancy, leading to developmental issues.
p.15
Korsakoff Syndrome Symptoms
What are the symptoms of Korsakoff Syndrome?
Antegrade and retrograde amnesia, hallucinations, and confabulations.
p.20
Genetic Metabolism Disturbances
What are common cognitive symptoms in Wilson's disease?
Mild cognitive impairment.
p.9
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
What are some effects of methamphetamine use?
Heightened sense of euphoria, increased libido, suppressed appetite, and increased mental alertness and energy.
p.13
Chronic Alcohol Use and Brain Atrophy
What is a characteristic symptom of cerebellar degeneration due to chronic alcohol use?
Progressive ataxia with a wide-based stance and unsteady gait pattern.
p.2
Blood Brain Barrier Components
How do astrocytes contribute to the Blood Brain Barrier?
They provide encapsulation and support to the endothelial cells.
p.12
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
What are common symptoms of acute intoxication?
Symptoms can include confusion, agitation, hallucinations, and impaired motor skills.
p.5
Hyponatremia and Its Symptoms
How is early detection of hyponatremia usually achieved?
Through accurate history taking and blood monitoring.
p.7
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
What are some common effects of methamphetamine use?
Increased energy, euphoria, and decreased appetite.
p.17
Genetic Metabolism Disturbances
What is an example of a genetic metabolism disturbance?
Phenylketonuria (PKU), where the body cannot break down phenylalanine.
p.18
Genetic Metabolism Disturbances
What happens to phenylalanine in phenylketonuria?
It accumulates and saturates the amino acid transporters to the brain.
What is vasogenic oedema?
A type of oedema caused by the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, leading to fluid accumulation in the extracellular space.
p.7
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
How is methamphetamine typically consumed?
It can be smoked, snorted, injected, or taken orally.
p.5
Hyponatremia and Its Symptoms
What are early symptoms of hyponatremia?
Generalized symptoms including confusion and drowsiness.
p.9
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
What is the mesolimbic region referred to as?
The pleasure center of the brain.
p.2
Blood Brain Barrier Components
What is the primary function of the Blood Brain Barrier?
To protect the brain by separating the blood and extracellular fluid (ECF).
p.19
Genetic Metabolism Disturbances
What causes the musty smell in individuals with Phenylketonuria?
Accumulation of phenylacetate.
p.7
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
What is a significant long-term effect of methamphetamine use?
Severe dental problems, often referred to as 'meth mouth.'
p.20
Genetic Metabolism Disturbances
What causes the symptoms in Wilson's disease?
Copper deposition in the basal ganglia.
What type of cerebral oedema occurs when water flows into cells?
Vaso-genic cerebral oedema.
What are the types of oedema?
Types include localized oedema, generalized oedema, and pulmonary oedema.
p.20
Genetic Metabolism Disturbances
What does dystonia refer to in Wilson's disease?
Twisting and repetitive movements.
p.2
Blood Brain Barrier Components
What role do tight junctions play in the Blood Brain Barrier?
They create a barrier between epithelial cells to prevent the passage of substances.
p.17
Genetic Metabolism Disturbances
What are genetic metabolism disturbances?
Disorders caused by genetic mutations affecting metabolic processes.
p.12
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
What is acute intoxication?
A state of being poisoned or affected by a substance, often leading to severe physiological and psychological effects.
p.20
Genetic Metabolism Disturbances
What movement disorders are associated with Wilson's disease?
Parkinsonism-like symptoms, including movement and tremor disorders.
p.8
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
What effect does methamphetamine have on excitatory neurotransmitters?
It increases the activity of various excitatory neurotransmitters.
p.2
Blood Brain Barrier Components
What is the significance of the thick basement membrane in the Blood Brain Barrier?
It provides structural support and further restricts permeability.
p.17
Genetic Metabolism Disturbances
How are genetic metabolism disturbances typically diagnosed?
Through genetic testing and metabolic screening.
p.5
Hyponatremia and Its Symptoms
Why is early detection of hyponatremia important?
To prevent seizures and death.
p.6
Water Intoxication Causes
What can lead to overhydration after physical activity?
Overhydration following exercise.
What characterizes cytotoxic oedema?
It is caused by cellular injury, leading to the accumulation of fluid within cells.
p.17
Genetic Metabolism Disturbances
What is the treatment approach for genetic metabolism disturbances?
Treatment often involves dietary management, enzyme replacement, or gene therapy.
What are common causes of oedema?
Common causes include injury, inflammation, heart failure, and kidney disease.
What is hydrocephalic oedema?
Oedema associated with an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain's ventricles.
p.17
Genetic Metabolism Disturbances
What are common symptoms of genetic metabolism disturbances?
Symptoms can include developmental delays, physical disabilities, and metabolic crises.
p.10
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
What effect does chronic methamphetamine use have on receptors?
It leads to down regulation of receptors in response to overstimulation.
p.11
Chronic Alcohol Use and Brain Atrophy
What are some short-term effects of alcohol consumption?
Impaired judgment, decreased coordination, and altered mood.
p.18
Genetic Metabolism Disturbances
What is the consequence of phenylalanine accumulation in the brain?
Decreased levels of other amino acids.
p.4
Hyponatremia and Its Symptoms
At what sodium level do symptoms of hyponatremia become severe?
Below 90 - 105 mmol/litre.
p.2
Blood Brain Barrier Components
What are the three main components of the Blood Brain Barrier?
Tight junctions between epithelial cells, thick basement membrane, and astrocytic encapsulation.
What causes hydrostatic oedema?
It is caused by increased hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels, leading to fluid leakage into surrounding tissues.
p.14
Wernicke’s Syndrome and Thiamine Deficiency
What role does thiamine play in the brain?
It is critical for glucose metabolism.
p.8
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
Why can methamphetamine easily access the brain?
Because it is highly lipid soluble.
p.15
Korsakoff Syndrome Symptoms
What is Korsakoff Syndrome?
A more advanced neurologic sequela often associated with chronic alcohol use.
p.7
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
What can happen during methamphetamine withdrawal?
Fatigue, depression, and increased appetite.
What is oedema?
Oedema is the accumulation of excess fluid in the body's tissues.
p.11
Chronic Alcohol Use and Brain Atrophy
What can chronic alcohol use lead to in terms of brain health?
Brain atrophy and cognitive impairments.
How can oedema be treated?
Treatment may involve medications, lifestyle changes, and addressing underlying conditions.
p.7
Methamphetamine Effects and Use
What are the potential risks of methamphetamine use?
Addiction, cardiovascular problems, and mental health issues.
p.6
Water Intoxication Causes
What can excessive water consumption lead to?
Water intoxication, which can be fatal due to dilution of sodium concentrations.
p.13
Chronic Alcohol Use and Brain Atrophy
What is a significant effect of chronic alcohol abuse on the brain?
Atrophy in all brain regions, most pronounced in the cerebellum.
p.14
Wernicke’s Syndrome and Thiamine Deficiency
What happens when there is a thiamine deficiency?
Lesions develop, most prominently within the hypothalamus and mammillary bodies.
p.13
Chronic Alcohol Use and Brain Atrophy
What distinguishes a healthy brain from one affected by cerebellar degeneration?
Cerebellar degeneration leads to ataxia and unsteady gait, while a healthy brain maintains coordination and balance.
p.15
Korsakoff Syndrome Symptoms
What is confabulation in the context of Korsakoff Syndrome?
The creation of false memories without the intention to deceive.
p.6
Water Intoxication Causes
What can cause overhydration after being sick?
Overhydration following illness.
p.17
Genetic Metabolism Disturbances
How can genetic metabolism disturbances affect the body?
They can lead to the accumulation of toxic substances or deficiencies in essential compounds.
