Keratin
Deer antlers regrow every year.
The antlers of deer are very rapidly growing.
Teeth 110 and 111 are found in the caudal maxillary sinus.
Opening the frontal sinus.
The ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminal nerve (V).
<p>See image </p>
It is a triangular cavity under the skin, rostroventral to the eye.
The frontal sinus extends into the base of the horn.
Air filled diverticula of the nasal cavity that invaginate skull bones.
Rhinoceros horns are made of keratin.
The primary blood supply to the horns in ruminants branches off the maxillary artery, specifically through the superficial temporal artery and the cornual artery.
The four types of maxillary sinuses are the Rostral maxillary, Caudal maxillary, Ventral conchal, and Sphenopalatine sinuses.
Deer antlers are made of bone, not keratin.
<p>Within the dorsal conchae. Within the ventral conchae </p>
Sinuses serve as resonating cavities for voice, provide insulation and cooling for the brain, reduce the weight of the skull, increase insertion surfaces, and create space for teeth.
No, rhinoceros horns do not have a bony core.
<p>Cornual branch of the infratrochlear nerve (which is branch of trigeminal)</p>
The animal may 'breathe' through the sinus, which predisposes it to sinus infection.
Teeth 108 and 109 are located in the rostral maxillary sinus.
Dehorning can produce a lot of bleeding in ruminants because the horns are very vascular, and if the fetotomy wire is not moved quickly, it can lead to significant blood loss.
Deer antlers are covered with very active cells known as 'velvet', which actively lay down bone.
Respiratory epithelium, the same as that of the nasal cavity.
The nasolacrimal duct starts at the nasal puncta.
Cornual nerve, located halfway between the lateral canthus and horn base along the ridge of the frontal bone.
Secondary sinusitis can be caused by dental issues, cysts, or neoplasia.
<p>See image</p>
<p>See image</p>
Be careful since the frontal sinus is very small and excess heat can damage the brain.
<p>Pus or blood can be present in the frontal and maxillary sinuses. See arrows pointing to fluid lines (esp image on right) </p>
Primary sinusitis is usually bacterial in origin.
5% of animals.
Yes, there is considerable species variation, but all have frontal and maxillary systems.
Teeth 106 and 107 are embedded in the maxilla.
The nasolacrimal duct drains excess tears from the medial canthus of the eye to the nasal cavity.
<p>The frontal sinus extends into the horn (cutting horn opens sinus in adults) </p>
<p>Chronic unilateral purulent nasal discharge and possible facial swelling. (note left and right sinuses independent of eachother - bilateral discharge usually to do with chest, unilateral to do with head)</p>
15% of animals.
Antlers are unique to deer, moose, and antelope.
<p>Wire (fetotomy wire) or saw.</p>
<p>In horses and cattle, the nasolacrimal duct exits at the nostril. Nasal cavity in dogs</p>
The fibers in rhinoceros horns are less densely packed than in true horns.
The two types of frontal sinuses are the Frontal sinus and the Dorsal conchal sinus.
Cornual nerve block only.
Cornual and cornual branch of infratrochlear nerve blocks, and possibly a block in the region caudal to the horn.
<p>They are divided into many smaller connecting sinuses. Seperate on left and right side of head </p>
<p>Hypsodont teeth have long roots, especially in young animals. Teeth grow throughout lifetime. Teeth disease likely also means sinus disease </p>
<p>The nasolacrimal duct runs within the infra-orbital canal through the maxillary sinus (along the tooth apices). Then continues within maxilla </p>
<p>Brachycephalic, mesaticephalic, dolichocephalic (longest) </p>
<p>Frontal and nasal bone </p>
<p>There are 6 sinuses altogether in horses. 2 frontal and 4 maxillary </p>
<p>See image </p>
<p>Frontal, dorsal conchal, sphenopalatine, rostral maxillary, ventro conchal sinus </p>
<p>Frontomaxillary apertuire, then into caudal maxillary sinus </p>
<p>Sphenopalatine sinus, AND both the frontal sinus and dorsal conchal sinus via the frontomaxillary aperture </p>
<p>Rostral max. sinus, caudal max. sinus, ventro conchal sinus. THEN to middle miatus </p>
<p>Drill hole in frontal / nasal bone (or at border) to access frontal sinus </p>
<p>All branch from trigeminal (V). Cornual nerve, cornual branch of infratrochlear nerve, frontal nerve, and branches from C1 and C2 </p>
<p>From medial canthus of eye, under bony ridge of skull (ridge of frontal bone). Anaesthetise halfway between lateral canthus and base of horn. </p>
