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What is the drug of choice for actinomycosis? A) Amoxicillin B) Tetracycline C) Penicillin G D) Clindamycin E) Vancomycin
C) Penicillin G Explanation: Penicillin G is the drug of choice for treating actinomycosis, highlighting its effectiveness against this specific infection.
What is the main route of excretion for penicillin? A) Lungs B) Skin C) Kidneys D) Liver E) Intestines
C) Kidneys Explanation: Penicillin is primarily excreted by the kidneys, with small amounts also excreted in bile and other routes.
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p.3
Definitive Treatment with Known Pathogen

What is the drug of choice for actinomycosis?
A) Amoxicillin
B) Tetracycline
C) Penicillin G
D) Clindamycin
E) Vancomycin

C) Penicillin G
Explanation: Penicillin G is the drug of choice for treating actinomycosis, highlighting its effectiveness against this specific infection.

p.2
Patient Management in Life-Threatening Infections

What is the main route of excretion for penicillin?
A) Lungs
B) Skin
C) Kidneys
D) Liver
E) Intestines

C) Kidneys
Explanation: Penicillin is primarily excreted by the kidneys, with small amounts also excreted in bile and other routes.

p.4
Adverse Reactions to Penicillins

What is a significant side effect of Carbenicillin due to its sodium content?
A) Nausea
B) Congestive heart failure
C) Rash
D) Diarrhea
E) Headache

B) Congestive heart failure
Explanation: Carbenicillin contains 5 mEq of Na+ per gram of drug, which may lead to congestive heart failure due to excess sodium, highlighting the importance of monitoring sodium levels in patients receiving this medication.

p.3
Mechanisms of Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents

Which penicillin is known to be stable in acidic medium?
A) Ampicillin
B) Oxacillin
C) Penicillin G
D) Amoxicillin
E) Nafcillin

B) Oxacillin
Explanation: Oxacillin is stable in acidic medium, making it suitable for oral administration and effective against penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus.

p.3
Adverse Reactions to Penicillins

What is a common reaction that occurs after the first injection of Penicillin in patients with syphilis?
A) Nausea
B) Jarisich-Herxheimer reaction
C) Rash
D) Fever
E) Headache

B) Jarisich-Herxheimer reaction
Explanation: The Jarisich-Herxheimer reaction occurs in 70-90% of patients with two-stage syphilis, typically hours after the first injection of Penicillin.

p.1
Preemptive Therapy

What is the primary goal of preemptive therapy?
A) To treat symptoms after they develop
B) To deliver therapy prior to the development of symptoms
C) To provide long-term treatment
D) To enhance drug resistance
E) To eliminate all pathogens completely

B) To deliver therapy prior to the development of symptoms
Explanation: Preemptive therapy aims to abort impending disease by administering treatment before symptoms manifest, thus preventing the onset of illness.

p.4
Therapeutic Uses of Penicillin

Which antibiotic extends the spectrum of Ampicillin to include P. aeruginosa?
A) Carbenicillin
B) Ticarcillin
C) Mezlocillin
D) Piperacillin
E) Oxacillin

D) Piperacillin
Explanation: Piperacillin is noted for extending the spectrum of Ampicillin to include P. aeruginosa and other resistant gram-negative bacteria, making it a broad-spectrum penicillin.

p.2
Adverse Reactions to Penicillins

Which of the following organisms is NOT effectively treated with penicillin?
A) Streptococcus pneumoniae
B) Staphylococcus aureus
C) Neisseria spp.
D) Amoeba
E) Pseudomonas aeruginosa

D) Amoeba
Explanation: Penicillin is not effective against amoebas, as it primarily targets bacterial infections, particularly those caused by susceptible bacteria.

p.2
Therapeutic Uses of Penicillin

What is a common therapeutic use of aminopenicillins?
A) Treating viral infections
B) Treating infections caused by Pseudomonas
C) Treating urinary tract infections and pneumonia
D) Treating fungal infections
E) Treating all types of infections equally

C) Treating urinary tract infections and pneumonia
Explanation: Aminopenicillins, such as Ampicillin and Amoxicillin, are commonly used to treat infections caused by organisms like H. influenzae and E. coli, particularly in cases of urinary tract infections and pneumonia.

p.1
Empirical Treatment in Symptomatic Patients

What is a key characteristic of empirical treatment in symptomatic patients?
A) It is based on specific pathogen identification
B) It requires drug susceptibility testing
C) It starts with determining if the drug is indicated
D) It is always a combination therapy
E) It is only used in severe infections

C) It starts with determining if the drug is indicated
Explanation: Empirical treatment involves first assessing whether a drug is appropriate for the patient's condition before proceeding with treatment.

p.1
Penicillin and Its Variants

What is the mode of action of penicillin?
A) Inhibition of protein synthesis
B) Disruption of bacterial cell membrane
C) Inhibition of bacterial wall peptidoglycan synthesis
D) Enhancement of bacterial metabolism
E) Activation of bacterial enzymes

C) Inhibition of bacterial wall peptidoglycan synthesis
Explanation: Penicillin works by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycan, a critical component of the bacterial cell wall, leading to cell lysis and death.

p.3
Empirical Treatment in Symptomatic Patients

What is the recommended dosage of Probenecid for treating neurosyphilis?
A) 500 mg/day for 5 days
B) 1 g/day orally for 10 days
C) 2 g/day for 7 days
D) 1 g/week IM
E) 1 g/day for 14 days

B) 1 g/day orally for 10 days
Explanation: The recommended dosage of Probenecid for treating neurosyphilis is 1 g/day orally for 10 days, which is crucial for effective treatment.

p.4
Adverse Reactions to Penicillins

What is a common hypersensitivity reaction to penicillins?
A) Nausea
B) Maculopapular rash
C) Headache
D) Diarrhea
E) Fever

B) Maculopapular rash
Explanation: A maculopapular rash is one of the most common hypersensitivity reactions associated with penicillins, indicating the need for careful patient history regarding allergies.

p.1
Mechanisms of Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents

What is a major factor contributing to resistance to antimicrobial agents?
A) Proper drug selection
B) Evolution for survival
C) Increased patient compliance
D) Use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics
E) Enhanced drug penetration

B) Evolution for survival
Explanation: Resistance to antimicrobial agents is significantly influenced by evolutionary factors that promote survival, often exacerbated by poor therapeutic practices and indiscriminate antibiotic use.

p.2
Therapeutic Uses of Penicillin

What is the primary use of penicillinase-resistant penicillins?
A) Treating viral infections
B) Treating infections caused by penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus
C) Treating fungal infections
D) Treating infections caused by gram-negative bacteria
E) Treating all types of infections equally

B) Treating infections caused by penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus
Explanation: Penicillinase-resistant penicillins are specifically used as the first line of treatment for infections caused by penicillinase-producing Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis.

p.3
Therapeutic Uses of Penicillin

What is the primary therapeutic indication for aminopenicillins like ampicillin and amoxicillin?
A) Upper respiratory tract infections
B) Gastrointestinal infections
C) Skin infections
D) Urinary tract infections
E) Meningitis

A) Upper respiratory tract infections
Explanation: Aminopenicillins are primarily indicated for upper respiratory tract infections, being effective against organisms like S. pyogenes and S. pneumoniae.

p.4
Therapeutic Uses of Penicillin

What is the primary use of Carbenicillin?
A) Treatment of viral infections
B) Management of UTIs caused by Proteus spp. other than P. mirabilis and P. aeruginosa
C) Treatment of skin infections
D) Management of respiratory infections
E) Treatment of fungal infections

B) Management of UTIs caused by Proteus spp. other than P. mirabilis and P. aeruginosa
Explanation: Carbenicillin is specifically indicated for the management of urinary tract infections caused by certain strains of Proteus, making it a targeted antibiotic for this condition.

p.4
Therapeutic Uses of Penicillin

Which of the following antibiotics is known to be less effective against P. aeruginosa compared to Piperacillin?
A) Carbenicillin
B) Ticarcillin
C) Mezlocillin
D) Ampicillin
E) Oxacillin

B) Ticarcillin
Explanation: Ticarcillin is noted to be 2-4 times more active against P. aeruginosa than Carbenicillin, but it is still less effective than Piperacillin for this pathogen.

p.2
Mechanisms of Resistance to Antimicrobial Agents

Which of the following is NOT a penicillinase-resistant penicillin?
A) Oxacillin
B) Cloxacillin
C) Dicloxacillin
D) Amoxicillin
E) Nafcillin

D) Amoxicillin
Explanation: Amoxicillin is an aminopenicillin and is not classified as a penicillinase-resistant penicillin, which includes Oxacillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, and Nafcillin.

p.1
Definitive Treatment with Known Pathogen

What is the preferred method of definitive treatment with a known pathogen?
A) Combination therapy
B) Monotherapy with a single dose
C) Long-term therapy
D) Preemptive therapy
E) Empirical therapy

B) Monotherapy with a single dose
Explanation: Definitive treatment with a known pathogen typically involves monotherapy, which reduces the risk of toxicity and the selection of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens.

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder