detect
IR
antidetection
visual
cost
snow-covered
NIR
radars
Smoke.
Cast shadow and contained shadow.
The mission.
Careful light discipline.
Campfires from 8 kilometers and vehicle lights from 20 kilometers.
Increasing the survivability of key unit equipment and personnel.
Because they are essential to survivability on the battlefield.
To temporarily conceal vehicles, equipment, and personnel.
The line-of-sight (LOS) method.
Pattern painting, deploying camouflage nets, and using shape disrupters like camouflage sails.
By misleading them about the strength, disposition, and intentions of friendly forces.
Natural conditions, terrain, and weather conditions.
Actual offensive preparations.
By reducing radar-reflecting metal and using radar-transparent materials like Kevlar.
Preconstructed and field-expedient materials.
By positioning under foliage, allowing exhaust to disperse and cool as it rises.
To avoid enemy detection.
The realism and resemblance of decoys to the real target, including EM signatures.
An enemy’s point of view and what its sensors will detect.
Using linear screens.
Monitor them and strive to conceal them from enemy surveillance.
Mission failure and unnecessary loss of life.
The size of a site for survivability and effective operations.
They provide a natural screen against optical reconnaissance, especially with wide tree crowns.
Specific responsibilities for enforcing established CCD countermeasures and discipline.
The LCSS (Lightweight Camouflage Screening System).
Pass through at the highest possible speeds.
To deceive the enemy or prevent it from discovering friendly locations, actions, and intentions.
Terrain patterns, target size, shape, texture, color, EM signature, and background.
To resemble a cargo truck.
Using camouflage sails or pyrotechnics.
Their actions largely determine the success of CCD efforts.
Lay smoke on a wide front several times.
Visual reflectance (color), temperature reflectance (thermal energy), and radar-signal reflectance (radio waves) are important.
It achieves surprise and reduces subsequent personnel and equipment losses.
To act as screens to avoid detection by ground-mounted sensors.
Mud.
Proper use of terrain and weather is a priority for concealment, minimizing resources and time needed.
It is impervious to visible and some thermal sensors, making many threat night-surveillance devices unusable.
To absorb radar signals and reduce the perceived radar cross section (RCS) of military equipment.
Avoiding activities that change the appearance of an area or reveal military equipment.
They are very difficult to detect.
To confuse the enemy about the actual location of the main attack.
To confuse the enemy and divert resources into engaging false targets.
Altering or eliminating regular patterns and target characteristics.
Expedient paint containing motor oil.
They promote CCD discipline and require strong leadership to maintain a disciplined CCD consciousness throughout the unit.
Smoke.
Yes, many sensors operate as well at night as they do during the day.
If an enemy recognizes a low-fidelity decoy, it will search harder for the real target, as decoys are usually placed near real targets.
Consider the threat's viewpoint and apply recognition factors that describe a target's contrast with its background.
Reflectance is the amount of energy returned from a target's surface compared to the energy striking it, affecting how detectable the target is.
To mask tactical unit deployment.
To deploy a false or simulated target to draw fire away from real targets.
CCD significantly increased aircrew aim-point error and the target’s probability of survival.
Camouflage foliage brackets, spring clips, or expedient means like plastic tie-wraps.
Terrain masking, exhaust baffling, and other techniques.
As an effort to reinforce a defensive position.
Noise and acoustic signatures produced by military activities are recognizable to the enemy.
Blackout requirements and the order of march.
Paint and camouflage materials.
Movement by infiltration in small groups.
Minimize transmissions, protect against interception, and use good RATELO procedures.
The target to be decoyed, a unit’s tactical situation, available resources, and the time available for CCD employment.
By muffling armor movements with the noise of artillery fire or low-flying aircraft.
It provides good blending qualities if the surrounding background vegetation is also dead.
Vehicle tracks, spoil, and debris.
Apply stick paint and cut vegetation during all phases of an operation.
Natural materials and terrain.
By modifying the pattern of resupply and avoiding repetitive use of the same counter-detection techniques.
Decoys should be placed near enough to the real target to convince the enemy, but far enough to prevent collateral damage.
Target features that an enemy recognizes and EM signatures that closely resemble the real target.
Earth, sand, and gravel.
Make the decoy slightly more conspicuous than the real target.
Certain types of smoke.
Effective range of friendly weapons, distance to enemy sensors, and resource costs versus benefits.
To mislead the enemy about a target's true identity.
The more closely a target resembles its background, the harder it is for the enemy to distinguish between them.
Because it maintains a valid chlorophyll response longer after being cut.
To draw enemy fire away from high-value targets (HVTs).
They blend well with the background and reduce shape, shadow, and color signatures.
Ultraviolet (UV) sensors.
Earth, masonry walls, or dense foliage.
It cannot accurately process data on multiple rounds fired simultaneously.
Smoke screens.
To enforce CCD discipline and stop passing vehicles.
By deploying behind natural vegetation or terrain features.
Increasing scouting and recon activity, preparing traffic routes, moving supplies, breaching obstacles, and increasing radio communications.
It measured the effectiveness of CCD techniques against manned aerial attacks, providing guidance on CCD-related issues.
Conceal spoil.
Prepare during limited visibility and suppress signatures produced during preparations.
Identify enemy detection capabilities, avoid routine surveillance, take countermeasures, employ realistic CCD, minimize movement, use decoys properly, and avoid predictable operational patterns.
Natural screens like thick forests and developed networks of roads and paths.
Because it can be more noticeable than the target itself.
It requires careful maintenance to keep the material fresh and in good condition.
As an effective CCD tool to block or degrade enemy target-acquisition systems.
Darkness.
Hiding, blending, disguising, disrupting, and decoying.
Military equipment has regular features that can be easily detected against the random patterns of natural backgrounds.
Antidetection efforts.
Because it wilts and changes color rapidly, becoming a detection cue.
Clay in mud form of various colors.
Information on enemy sensors, their tactical employment, and the impact of their surveillance potential on targets.
It removes a key signature of a unit’s current or past presence in an area.
A rough surface appears darker than a smooth surface, making vehicle tracks highly detectable in undisturbed environments.
Rows of vehicles and stacks of war materiel create detectable patterns compared to random patterns.
At least 2 feet of space between the LCSS and the camouflaged equipment, and complete coverage of the equipment.
Because visual observation remains a primary reconnaissance method, and concealing light signatures is an important CCD countermeasure.
The dark pool that forms in a permanently shaded area, appearing much darker than surroundings.
Muffle generators, operate communication equipment at the lowest audible level, and avoid actions that produce noise.
Movement attracts attention against a stationary background, with slow movement being less obvious than fast movement.
Standard-issue camouflage materials are designed to exhibit an artificial chlorophyll response at selected NIR wavelengths.
A pneumatic or rigid structure used to mislead the enemy.
It can eliminate or reduce recognition factors by positioning personnel and equipment strategically.
It defeats detection by the human ear.
They hamper reconnaissance by optical sensors.
A silhouette of an object projected against its background, often highly conspicuous.
To alter a target’s appearance so it becomes part of the background.
MTI radar.
Vehicle tracks are visible from the air, so minimizing and planning movement is essential.
From 20 kilometers.
Push it off the road and conceal it.
Agricultural, Urban, Wooded, Barren, Arctic.
Locating or moving along the topographic crests where they are silhouetted against the sky.
Because sophisticated sensors often have narrow fields of view and are deployed where the enemy suspects friendly targets.
Covering vehicles with camouflage nets, applying paint, and using cut vegetation.
Construction materials and dirt.
BDUs, SCSPPs, LCSS, and battlefield obscurants.
Using natural conditions and materials.
By deceiving the enemy about the number and location of friendly weapons, troops, and equipment.
A decoy must be deployed in a location typical for that target type to be effective; for example, a decoy tank should not be placed in the middle of a lake.
Burying mines, placing vehicles beneath tree canopies, and covering equipment with nets.
High-fidelity decoys in plausible locations can fool an enemy into believing it has found the real target.
Movement attracts attention and produces signatures that can be detected by the enemy.
Only as CCD treatments against visual threat sensors, not against NIR or hyperspectral threat sensors.
To avoid attracting enemy attention and indicating military activity.
Dirt.
Any kind of smoke.
The critical relationships between the observer, the equipment, and the background, as distances vary.
Decoy fidelity refers to how closely the multispectral decoy signature represents the target signature.
It helps avoid detection by ensuring slow, deliberate movements and using covered routes.
Screening a target from an enemy’s sensors using barriers to prevent detection.
MTI, imaging, CM, and CB radars.
