Approximately 500 nm long and 200 nm in diameter.
The protein p53.
DNA integrity and successful DNA replication.
The division of the cytoplasm into two parts, each enclosing one of the newly formed nuclei.
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Spindle fibres that extend from one pole to the opposite pole.
It is important for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.
Nonkinetochore microtubules from the opposite pole of the cell.
They contribute to the cell wall of the daughter cell.
They remain attached in the metaphase plate.
Uncontrolled cell division and cancer.
Spindle fibres that attach specifically to the kinetochores.
Identical copies of a chromosome joined at the centromere.
At opposite poles of the cell.
Two sister chromatids.
Spindle fibres.
Nonkinetochore microtubules.
They are responsible for elongating the whole cell during anaphase.
The cell is a fundamental unit of structure, function, and organization in all living organisms, and new cells are formed from existing cells.
It condenses into chromosomes.
The centromeres of the chromosomes.
Mitosis is the basis of asexual reproduction, allowing for the production of offspring without the fusion of gametes.
Proper arrangement along the equator ensures equal sharing of chromosomes between daughter nuclei as sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.
Each chromatid becomes a full-fledged chromosome.
A cleavage furrow develops in the cell membrane, which eventually joins up to separate the two daughter nuclei.
It becomes visible as chromosomes due to condensation of chromatin.
It eventually fuses with the parent cell wall and membrane, separating the two daughter cells.
Long protein fibres (microtubules) that extend from the centrioles at the beginning of nuclear division.
Spindle fibres that attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.
They separate and move into the two daughter nuclei.
They ensure the cell only proceeds to the next phase if the previous phase is properly completed.
Cell size, nutrient availability, DNA integrity, and molecular signals.
By late telophase.
A cell plate forms from a series of Golgi vesicles.
To prevent the formation of spindle fibres in actively dividing cells.
APC transmits the go-ahead signal and removes inhibitors of a protease that digests cohesin.
A star-shaped structure formed by short microtubules developing from centrioles.
By shortening through the removal of tubulin subunits, they pull chromatids to opposite poles.
Anaphase is the shortest stage, often lasting only a few minutes.
Spindle fibres disintegrate.
The cell membrane pinches in to divide the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.
Microtubule-based cylinders found in animal cells, composed of 9 triplets of microtubules.
An ordered sequence of events in cell division.
About 90%.
Cell synthesizes organelles, builds energy stores, and manufactures proteins.
The cell continues to store energy and manufacture proteins and organelles.
The cell can stall the cycle to allow for DNA repairs.
Each centrosome is composed of two centrioles positioned perpendicular to each other.
It checks that all chromosomes are attached to spindle fibers and that proper tension is on the paired kinetochores.
The number and structure of chromosomes, as well as karyotyping.
Mitosis allows multicellular eukaryotes to develop from a single cell, enabling growth from a fertilized egg into an adult organism.
They overlap at the metaphase plate.
An identical set of chromosomes as the parent cell.
A distinct V-shape.
The main stages include prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Nonmembranous organelles found only in animal cells that function as the microtubule organizing center (MTOC).
It condenses into chromosomes during mitosis and is replicated during interphase.
Chromatin.
They move to opposite ends of the cell.
Phosphorylation of various proteins on the inner surface of the nuclear envelope.
A specialized protein structure that assembles at the centromere of the chromosome.
The centromere of each chromosome divides, allowing sister chromatids to separate.
Tight regulation is necessary to maintain genetic stability and ensure proper growth, repair, and reproduction processes.
They reach their respective poles and become the genetic material of daughter nuclei.
They help organize the spindle fibers that separate chromosomes.
MPF is a growth factor that must be present for the cell cycle to proceed; it disintegrates the nuclear envelope and activates kinases.
About 20 minutes.
The mitotic (M) phase, which includes both mitosis and cytokinesis.
G1, S, and G2 phases.
DNA replication/synthesis occurs, and the centrosome is duplicated.
Only cells with the right conditions can proceed to ensure that damaged or incomplete DNA is not passed on.
The nucleolus disappears.
About 24-25 nm.
It attaches the two sister chromatids together.
A critical control point where stop and go-ahead signals regulate the cell cycle.
Three major checkpoints found in the G1, G2, and M phases.
A non-dividing state where most cells in the human body are found.
An imaginary plane that is equidistant between the spindle's two poles where chromosomes align.
Mitosis is essential for repairing worn-out parts of the body.
Semi-conservative replication of DNA must occur before mitosis, duplicating each chromosome into two identical sister chromatids.
The mitotic spindle is crucial for the proper separation of chromosomes during mitosis.
The nuclear envelope reforms.
Mitosis ensures that the two daughter nuclei contain genetically identical sets of chromosomes as the parent nuclei, making daughter cells clones of the parent cell.
Kinetochore microtubules attach to kinetochores at the centromere of each chromosome.
They are considered individual chromosomes.
DNA replication, DNA damage, and chromosome-to-spindle attachments.
The cell elongates as nonkinetochore microtubules lengthen.
They uncoil and return to their chromatin form.
Mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis.
They move, centromere first, to opposite poles of the spindle due to shortening of spindle fibres.
It exits the cell cycle and switches to a non-dividing state called G0.
The nucleolus reappears.
