p.15
ABO Blood Group System
Which dyes are used in AHG antiserum?
Ariavit tartrazine + Patent Blue V
p.2
History of Blood Banking
What apparatus did Unger design in 1901?
Unger designed his syringe-valve apparatus.
p.56
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
Why might a patient have a reaction to Anti-B antiserum in Group IV discrepancies?
The patient has an antibody to acriflavine, which is present in Anti-B antiserum.
p.46
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What does a 3+ reaction with Anti-A and Anti-A,B indicate in cell grouping?
The presence of A antigens on the red blood cells.
p.55
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What kind of antibodies cause agglutination regardless of the antisera specificity?
Cold reactive antibodies.
p.9
ABO Blood Group System
What is the nature of the naturally occurring antibodies in the ABO blood group system?
Cold-reacting antibodies.
p.50
Blood Collection and Banking Procedures
What must be done if there is an excess of BGSS present?
Patient red cells must be washed.
p.18
ABO Blood Group System
What is the reaction of blood group AB in ABO reverse grouping with A cells and B cells?
Blood group AB shows a reaction of - with both A cells and B cells.
p.17
ABO Blood Group System
What are the other names for Reverse Grouping?
Serum Typing, Reverse Typing, and Indirect Typing.
p.53
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What should be reviewed in the Group III resolution process?
Patient’s profile and medical history.
p.36
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What is the usual position of A and B genes in inheritance?
A and B genes are usually in trans position.
p.27
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
How many B antigen sites are present in Type B blood?
610,000 to 830,000 B antigen sites.
p.16
ABO Blood Group System
What is the reaction with Anti-A and Anti-B for blood group O in ABO forward grouping?
Reaction with Anti-A: -, Reaction with Anti-B: -
p.17
ABO Blood Group System
What purpose does Reverse Grouping serve in blood typing?
It serves as a confirmatory procedure for cell typing.
p.3
History of Blood Banking
How did World War II affect blood preservation research?
It stimulated blood preservation research because of the increased demand for blood products.
p.50
Acquired Antigens and Their Associations
What must be considered for resolving the acquired B phenomenon?
Acidified antiserum and patient’s own anti-B will not agglutinate acquired B cells, monoclonal anti-B ES4 clone should not be used, reacetylation of acquired B cells using acetic anhydride, and secretor studies may be performed.
p.4
Blood Collection and Banking Procedures
What are the responsibilities of a blood center?
Screens donors, draws donors, performs testing on donor blood, and delivers appropriate components to hospital blood banks.
p.23
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What does the H gene (FUT1) code for?
The precursor substance on which the A and B gene products act.
p.18
ABO Blood Group System
What is the reaction of blood group O in ABO reverse grouping with both A cells and B cells?
Blood group O shows a reaction of + with both A cells and B cells.
p.12
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What is observed in a Weak (+/-) agglutination reaction?
A few isolated aggregates; mostly free-floating cells; supernatant appears red, dark, or turbid.
p.49
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What is a further method to enhance the resolution reaction in Group II ABO discrepancies?
By incubating the samples and reagents at 4 degrees Celsius for 15 minutes.
p.57
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
Name a phenomenon associated with microbial-related polyagglutination.
Hubner-Thomas-Friedenrich- Phenomenon.
p.45
Chimerism and Its Implications
What does it mean when only the original cell population is recognized as self in chimerism?
It means false chimerism.
p.55
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
In which individuals do you find Anti-H?
In A1 and A1B individuals.
p.39
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
Why might weak or missing antibodies cause ABO discrepancies?
Weak or missing antibodies can lead to less visible agglutination reactions, making it difficult to interpret test results accurately.
p.27
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
How many A antigen sites are present in Type A blood?
810,000 to 1,170,000 A antigen sites.
p.61
ABO Blood Group System
What reactions indicate that both Anti-A and Anti-B are present in the serum grouping?
Both Anti-A and Anti-B show 4+ reactions.
p.15
ABO Blood Group System
What is the purpose of Forward Typing?
To detect antigens on the RBC surface
p.49
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What is the first step in resolving a Group II ABO discrepancy?
Verification of patient’s clerical information.
p.40
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What does a false positive reaction mean in the context of ABO discrepancies?
A false positive means the reaction should have been negative but agglutination occurred.
p.36
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What is significant about the B[A] phenotype?
Presence of trace amounts of A antigen on B red blood cells.
p.22
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What is an immunodominant sugar?
It is the sugar molecule that completes the antigenic determinant when combined with the precursor substance.
p.57
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What is acquired polyagglutination associated with?
Microbial-associated factors.
p.21
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What defines a dominant gene?
A dominant gene is always expressed.
p.51
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What does a 4+ reaction with A1 cells indicate in serum grouping?
The presence of anti-A1 antibodies in the serum.
p.4
Blood Collection and Banking Procedures
What are the main functions of a blood collection unit?
Recruits, screens and draws blood donors, and performs screening tests for blood units.
What does Landsteiner's Law state about antigens on RBCs?
Antigen on the RBC determines the blood group.
According to Landsteiner's Law, is the corresponding antibody to an antigen found in the individual's serum?
No, the corresponding antibody is never found in the individual’s serum.
p.17
ABO Blood Group System
What does Reverse Grouping detect?
The presence of antibodies.
p.16
ABO Blood Group System
What is the reaction with Anti-A and Anti-B for blood group B in ABO forward grouping?
Reaction with Anti-A: -, Reaction with Anti-B: +
p.17
ABO Blood Group System
What is used in Reverse Grouping?
Known red cell suspension.
p.52
Blood Collection and Banking Procedures
What is Wharton’s Jelly?
A gelatinous substance within the umbilical cord, containing fibers and cells.
p.3
History of Blood Banking
What significant development in blood preservation occurred in 1943?
Acid-Citrate-Dextrose was introduced by Loutit and Mollison.
p.53
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What technique is performed to differentiate rouleaux from true agglutination?
Saline replacement technique.
p.2
History of Blood Banking
What significant event related to blood transfusion occurred in 1492?
Blood was taken from 3 young men and given to Pope Innocent VIII; all four died.
p.13
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What is the grading description for a 4+ reaction in gel technology?
Agglutinated cells form a cell layer at the top of the gel media.
p.15
ABO Blood Group System
Which dye is used in Anti-A antiserum?
Bromphenol blue (trypan blue)
p.13
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
How are agglutinated cells observed in a 2+ reaction grading?
Agglutinated cells disperse into the gel media and are observed throughout the length of the microtube.
p.47
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What does a result of 0 in Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-A,B indicate in cell grouping?
It indicates the absence of A, B, and AB antigens on the red blood cells.
p.42
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What is the most common group of ABO discrepancies?
Group I: Weakly-reacting or missing antibodies.
p.53
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What is the first step in Group III resolution?
Verification of patient’s clerical information.
p.23
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What is the function of the products of the A and B genes?
They are enzymes that act as specific transferases.
p.40
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What is an ABO discrepancy?
ABO discrepancies are recognized when the reactions obtained in the forward type do not match the reactions obtained in the reverse type.
p.49
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
How can the reaction be enhanced during the resolution of a Group II ABO discrepancy?
By incubating the reagent red cells with the patient’s serum at room temperature for about 15-30 minutes.
p.21
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What does genotype refer to?
Genotype refers to the genes.
p.2
ABO Blood Group System
What did Karl Landsteiner discover in 1901?
Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood groups.
p.21
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What is a homozygous genotype?
A homozygous genotype consists of identical alleles.
p.52
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What diseases are associated with elevated levels of globulin in Group III?
Multiple myeloma, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, Plasma cell dyscrasias, and advanced Hodgkin's lymphoma.
p.6
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What is an alloantibody?
An alloantibody is an antibody that is directed against antigens from another individual of the same species.
p.52
Blood Collection and Banking Procedures
What are some examples of plasma expanders listed in Group III?
Dextran and polyvinylpyrrolidone.
p.5
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
Where can blood group antigens be found?
On erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, and plasma.
p.61
ABO Blood Group System
What does an autocontrol reaction of 0 indicate in the given example?
It indicates no autoantibodies are present.
p.50
Acquired Antigens and Their Associations
Why should monoclonal anti-B ES4 clone not be used in acquired B phenomenon?
It is not effective for resolving acquired B cells.
p.5
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What are low-incidence antigens also known as?
Private or Family Antigens.
p.18
ABO Blood Group System
What is the reaction of blood group A in ABO reverse grouping with A cells and B cells?
Blood group A shows a reaction of - with A cells and + with B cells.
p.56
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What is a characteristic of RBCs with the cis 'AB Phenotype'?
They may cause discrepancies in blood typing.
p.39
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What are common causes of ABO discrepancies?
Common causes include technical errors, weak or missing antibodies, and the presence of subgroups or atypical antibodies.
p.55
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
In which individuals do you find Anti-A1?
In A2 and A2B individuals.
What type of antibody is always present in an individual's serum according to Landsteiner's Law?
The opposite antibody is always present in the individual’s serum.
p.28
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
Arrange the blood groups in order of decreasing amount of H antigens.
O > A2 > B > A2B > A1 > A1B
p.42
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What causes Group III ABO discrepancies?
Protein or plasma abnormalities leading to rouleaux formation.
p.17
ABO Blood Group System
What concentration of red cell suspension is used in Reverse Grouping?
2-5% red cell suspension.
p.60
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
How should you handle cold reacting antibodies during blood typing?
Incubate at 37°C, wash 3 times with NSS heated to 37°C, then repeat blood typing. If there is still a problem, use DTT or 2-ME.
p.55
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What is polyagglutination classified under in ABO blood group discrepancies?
Group IV (caused by miscellaneous problems).
p.22
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What are glycosyltransferases?
Enzymes that facilitate the transfer of carbohydrate (sugar) molecules onto carbohydrate precursor molecules.
p.50
Acquired Antigens and Their Associations
What is the purpose of reacetylation of acquired B cells using acetic anhydride?
To resolve the acquired B phenomenon.
p.45
Chimerism and Its Implications
What is chimerism?
The presence of two cell populations.
p.40
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What does a false negative reaction mean in the context of ABO discrepancies?
A false negative means the reactions should have been positive but no agglutination occurred.
p.39
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What does ABO discrepancy mean?
ABO discrepancy refers to a mismatch or unexpected results between forward and reverse blood typing tests.
p.46
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What is the significance of a 0 autocontrol?
It indicates no autoantibodies are present in the patient's serum.
p.9
ABO Blood Group System
In what forms are ABO blood group antigens found?
Partly as glycolipids, but primarily as glycoproteins.
p.50
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What action can be taken if forward typing results are inconsistent?
Forward typing may be repeated using antisera with a different lot number.
p.32
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What is the characteristic reaction of the B3 subgroup with Anti-B?
Mixed field and rapid agglutination with Anti-B.
p.44
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What is the first step in the most frequent resolution for Group I ABO discrepancies?
Review patient's profile.
p.8
ABO Blood Group System
Which blood group system is the most common cause of Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions (HTR), second only to clerical errors?
The ABO Blood Group System.
p.4
Blood Collection and Banking Procedures
What is the primary role of a blood bank in a hospital?
Performs compatibility testing and prepares blood components.
p.16
ABO Blood Group System
What is the reaction with Anti-A and Anti-B for blood group A in ABO forward grouping?
Reaction with Anti-A: +, Reaction with Anti-B: -
p.5
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What do blood group antigens refer to?
Genetically encoded antigen systems on erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes, and plasma.
p.15
ABO Blood Group System
What are other names for Forward Typing?
Cell Typing, Direct Typing, Red Cell Typing
p.49
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
Why is it important to review the patient's profile and medical history during Group II resolution?
To identify any factors that might affect the ABO typing results.
p.43
Chimerism and Its Implications
Which group of patients is most frequently associated with chimerism?
Newborns, geriatrics, and patients who have undergone bone marrow transplantation.
p.12
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What does a 1+ agglutination reaction look like?
A few small aggregates just visible macroscopically; many free erythrocytes; turbid reddish supernatant.
p.12
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
Describe the characteristics of a 2+ agglutination reaction.
Medium-sized aggregates; some free erythrocytes; clear supernatant.
p.49
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
Why must autocontrol and O cells be checked during the resolution of Group II ABO discrepancies?
To rule out the presence of autoantibodies.
p.8
ABO Blood Group System
What makes the ABO Blood Group System the most immunogenic yet simplest?
Its strong immune response and straightforward classification into A, B, AB, and O.
p.57
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What type of enzyme and which organisms are associated with T-polyagglutination?
Organisms with neuraminidase such as V. cholerae, Influenza virus, Pneumococci, E. coli, and Clostridium.
p.51
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
How does the Anti-B reagent react in this example?
It shows a 2+ reaction indicating the presence of B antigens.
p.39
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
How can atypical antibodies cause ABO discrepancies?
Atypical antibodies can react with antigens in unexpected ways, causing false-positive or false-negative results in blood typing tests.
p.30
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What does the anti-A1 reagent do?
It agglutinates RBCs with the A1 antigen but not cells with the A2 antigen.
p.47
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What does a result of 0 in A1 cells, B cells, and O cells indicate in serum grouping?
It indicates the absence of antibodies against A, B, and O cells in the serum.
p.47
Blood Collection and Banking Procedures
What can be inferred from an autocontrol result of 0?
It indicates that there are no autoantibodies present in the serum reacting with the individual's own red blood cells.
p.42
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
Which group of ABO discrepancies involves weakly-reacting or missing antigens?
Group II: Weakly-reacting or missing antigens.
p.6
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What is an autoantibody?
An autoantibody is an antibody that is directed against an individual's own proteins.
p.36
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
How are A and B genes inherited in the Cis-AB phenotype?
A and B genes are inherited in cis position.
p.28
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
Which blood group has more H antigens: A1B or B?
B has more H antigens than A1B.
p.3
History of Blood Banking
What notable event in the blood preservation field happened in July 1947?
The Journal of Clinical Investigation devoted to blood preservation was published.
p.60
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What should be performed for antibodies other than Anti-A and Anti-B?
Antibody Screening and Identification, then repeat typing.
p.18
ABO Blood Group System
What is the reaction of blood group B in ABO reverse grouping with A cells and B cells?
Blood group B shows a reaction of + with A cells and - with B cells.
p.8
ABO Blood Group System
Who discovered the AB blood group in the ABO Blood Group System?
Sturli and Von Decastello.
p.21
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What does phenotype refer to?
Phenotype refers to demonstrable antigen.
p.12
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What is observed in a 3+ agglutination reaction?
Several large aggregates; some free erythrocytes; clear supernatant.
p.45
Chimerism and Its Implications
What are some causes of false chimerism?
Blood transfusions, transplanted bone marrow, exchange transfusion, and feto-maternal bleeding.
p.8
ABO Blood Group System
What is the most common cause of Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn (HDFN)?
The ABO Blood Group System.
p.58
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What is VA-polyagglutination?
VA-polyagglutination is a type of polyagglutination.
p.32
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What is the agglutination reaction of the Bm subgroup with Anti-B and Anti-A, B?
Unaagglutinated by Anti-B and Anti-A, B.
p.59
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What does NOR refer to in the context of polyagglutination?
NOR is a term associated with inherited polyagglutination.
p.51
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What does a 0 reaction with O cells in serum grouping indicate?
The absence of anti-H antibodies in the serum.
p.48
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What can weaken antigens due to disease?
Leukemias and Hodgkin’s disease.
p.36
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What is the Cis-AB phenotype?
Inheritance of three ABO genes instead of two (A, B, and O).
p.16
ABO Blood Group System
What is the reaction with Anti-A and Anti-B for blood group AB in ABO forward grouping?
Reaction with Anti-A: +, Reaction with Anti-B: +
p.6
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What are naturally occurring antibodies?
Naturally occurring antibodies are those whose stimulus is unknown.
p.40
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What must be determined when an ABO discrepancy is observed?
One must determine if the problem is associated with the forward type, reverse type, or both.
p.46
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What does a 0 reaction with Anti-B indicate in cell grouping?
The absence of B antigens on the red blood cells.
p.58
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What organisms are associated with TK-polyagglutination?
Bacteroides fragilis, Serratia marcesens, Candida albicans
p.3
History of Blood Banking
What advancement in blood preservation was made in 1957?
Citrate-Phosphate-Dextrose was introduced by Gibson.
p.43
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What are some examples of ABO subgroups?
Subgroups within the ABO blood group system.
p.45
Chimerism and Its Implications
What are the causes of true chimerism?
Twins and mosaicism due to dispermy.
p.39
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What are forward and reverse blood typing tests?
Forward typing identifies antigens on red blood cells, while reverse typing detects antibodies in the plasma.
p.31
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
Describe the agglutination pattern of the Aend subgroup with Anti-A and Anti-A,B reagents.
Very weak mixed-field pattern of agglutination, with less than 10% agglutination.
p.31
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
How does the Am subgroup react with Anti-A and Anti-A,B reagents, and what other characteristic does it demonstrate?
Unagglutinated by Anti-A and Anti-A,B, easily adsorbs and elutes Anti-A, and demonstrates A substance in the saliva.
p.31
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What is the reaction pattern of the Ay subgroup with Anti-A and Anti-A,B reagents, and its ability to adsorb and elute Anti-A?
Unagglutinated by Anti-A and Anti-A,B, adsorbs and elutes Anti-A with difficulty, with a small amount of A substance in the saliva.
p.28
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
How does the amount of H antigens in blood group A2 compare to blood group A1?
A2 has more H antigens than A1.
p.56
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What is a cause of discrepancies in Group IV related to non-ABO alloantibodies?
Reagent cells do not only contain A and B antigens.
p.6
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What are immune antibodies and how are they formed?
Immune antibodies are formed as a result of antigen exposure.
p.15
ABO Blood Group System
What type of reagents are used in Forward Typing?
Commercial antisera of known specificity
p.57
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What causes RBCs to agglutinate in polyagglutination?
Altered membrane component.
p.59
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What is Tn polyagglutination?
An acquired A phenomenon.
p.22
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
How does an immunodominant sugar function in antigen formation?
By combining with the precursor substance to complete the antigenic determinant.
p.39
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
How can technical errors lead to ABO discrepancies?
Technical errors such as improper labeling, contamination, or incorrect reagent use can result in discrepancies during blood grouping tests.
p.57
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What is T-polyagglutination?
A type of microbial-associated acquired polyagglutination involving T-cryptic antigen.
p.54
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What does a 4+ reaction in Serum Grouping indicate?
A strong positive reaction
p.32
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What is the agglutination reaction of the Bel subgroup with Anti-B and Anti-A, B?
Unaagglutinated by Anti-B and Anti-A, B.
p.37
Acquired Antigens and Their Associations
Which conditions are associated with acquired B antigens?
Carcinoma of the colon or rectum, intestinal obstruction, massive lower GI tract infection, and septicemia with Proteus vulgaris.
p.12
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What does a negative (Neg) agglutination reaction indicate?
No aggregates; dark, turbid, homogenous supernatant.
p.56
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What happens when anti-acriflavin and acriflavin form a complex?
They spontaneously agglutinate.
p.46
ABO Blood Group System
What does a 0 reaction with A1 cells, B cells, and O cells in serum grouping suggest?
The absence of anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the serum.
p.40
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What is the key to resolving ABO discrepancies?
The key is to recognize which type of problem is occurring so that appropriate testing can be performed.
p.55
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What are some examples of unexpected ABO isoagglutinins?
Anti-A1 in A2 and A2B individuals, Anti-H in A1 and A1B individuals, Anti-A or Anti-B in weak subgroups.
p.8
ABO Blood Group System
What is the most important blood group system?
The ABO Blood Group System.
p.12
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
Describe the characteristics of a 4+ agglutination reaction.
All erythrocytes are combined into one solid aggregate; clear supernatant.
p.32
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What substances are present in the saliva of individuals with the Bm subgroup?
H and B substances are present in the saliva.
What is the main principle of Landsteiner's Law?
Individuals have antibodies in their blood against the antigens they lack on their red blood cells.
p.31
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
How does the Ael subgroup react with Anti-A and Anti-A,B reagents, and what other characteristics does it show?
Unagglutinated by Anti-A and Anti-A,B, adsorbs and elutes Anti-A, but has no H or A substance in the saliva.
p.41
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
How does the weight of cell suspension affect ABO testing?
Cell suspension that is either too heavy or too light can lead to ABO discrepancies.
p.38
ABO Blood Group System
How do immune antibodies differ from naturally occurring ABO antibodies?
Immune antibodies are predominantly IgG, warm-reacting, and can cross the placenta.
p.41
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What might be missed during ABO testing leading to errors?
Missed observation of hemolysis can lead to ABO discrepancies.
p.57
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What is polyagglutination?
RBC agglutinates with ABO compatible sera due to altered membrane component.
p.22
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What role do glycosyltransferases play in biochemistry?
They facilitate the transfer of carbohydrate molecules onto precursor molecules.
p.55
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What are warm autoantibodies?
Antibodies that react at body temperature causing autoagglutination.
p.13
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
Where are agglutinated cells concentrated in a 3+ reaction grading?
Concentrated near the top of the microtube.
p.59
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What does CAD stand for in the context of inherited polyagglutination?
Cazal Autosomal Dominance.
p.58
Acquired Antigens and Their Associations
Which organisms are associated with the Acquired B phenomenon?
E. coli O86, P. vulgaris OS19, Clostridium tertium
p.13
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What happens to agglutinated cells in a 1+ reaction grading?
Agglutinated cells disperse throughout the gel media and may concentrate toward the bottom of the tube.
p.13
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What does a negative reaction indicate in gel technology?
All cells pass through the gel media and form a cell button at the bottom of the microtube.
p.31
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What pattern of agglutination is seen with the A3 subgroup when tested with Anti-A and Anti-A,B reagents?
Mixed-field pattern of agglutination.
p.44
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
How can reaction enhancement be achieved in Group I resolution steps?
By incubating the patient serum with reagent A1 and B cells at room temperature for approximately 15 to 30 minutes.
p.37
Acquired Antigens and Their Associations
What might cause acquired B antigens due to increased permeability of the intestinal wall?
Subsequent absorption of bacterial polysaccharide on RBCs.
p.35
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What does Category 3 of the Bombay Phenotype entail?
RBC H-deficient, Secretor (hh, Se); Parabombay; Lacks the H gene but has the Secretor Gene; Has no detectable H antigens on rbcs but detectable on secretions; Weak anti-H almost always present in the serum.
p.33
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
Which antibodies are present in individuals with the Bombay phenotype?
Anti-A, Anti-B, and a potent Anti-H reactive at body temperature.
p.59
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What does HEMPAS stand for?
Hereditary Erythroblastic Multinuclearity with Positive Acidified Serum Test.
p.58
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What is Th-polyagglutination?
Th-polyagglutination is a type of polyagglutination.
p.13
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
Describe the appearance of cells in a mixed-field reaction grading.
Agglutinated cells form a layer at the top of the gel media, while unagglutinated cells pass to the bottom of the microtube.
p.54
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What does a 3+ reaction with Anti-A,B indicate?
A moderately strong positive reaction
p.38
ABO Blood Group System
Are ABO antibodies naturally occurring?
Yes, they are naturally occurring.
p.38
ABO Blood Group System
Do ABO antibodies cross the placenta?
No, ABO antibodies do not cross the placenta.
p.44
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What can be added to the test to enhance reaction in Group I resolution steps?
One or two drops more plasma or serum.
p.48
Acquired Antigens and Their Associations
What can cause an excess amount of blood group specific soluble substances (BGSS)?
Stomach and intestinal cancer.
p.30
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
In what percentage of A2B individuals can anti-A1 be found?
In 22-35% of A2B individuals.
p.54
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What does a 4+ reaction in Cell Grouping indicates?
A strong positive reaction
p.32
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What distinguishes the Bx subgroup in terms of agglutination?
Weak agglutination with Anti-B and Anti-A, B without mixed field agglutination.
p.44
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What should be reviewed alongside the patient's profile according to the Group I resolution steps?
Review patient's history.
p.51
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What is indicated by a 3+ reaction with Anti-A,B reagent?
Presence of both A and B antigens on red blood cells.
p.30
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What is the most common rare subgroup of A, and how does it react with anti-A or anti-AB reagents?
A3, and it shows mixed field agglutination with anti-A or anti-AB reagents.
p.41
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
How does using an uncalibrated centrifuge affect ABO blood testing?
An uncalibrated centrifuge can cause ABO discrepancies.
p.35
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What is the Parabombay phenotype in Category 3?
Lacks the H gene but has the Secretor Gene; Has no detectable H antigens on rbcs but detectable on secretions.
p.51
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What does a positive reaction with Anti-A indicate in cell grouping?
The presence of A antigens on the red blood cells.
p.59
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What antigen is related to HEMPAS?
I antigen on CDA type II normoblast.
p.39
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What is the significance of blood group subgroups in ABO discrepancies?
Subgroups like A2 or B3 may have weaker antigen-antibody reactions, leading to discrepancies in blood typing results.
p.21
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What defines a recessive gene?
A recessive gene does not express itself in the presence of a dominant gene.
p.51
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What does a 4+ reaction with B cells in serum grouping mean?
The presence of anti-B antibodies in the serum.
p.32
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What substance is present in the saliva of individuals with the Bel subgroup?
Only H substance is present in the saliva.
p.37
Acquired Antigens and Their Associations
What bacteria are commonly absorbed on RBCs in cases of acquired B antigens?
Escherichia coli O:86 and Proteus vulgaris.
p.21
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What is a heterozygous genotype?
A heterozygous genotype consists of different alleles.
p.26
ABO Blood Group System
What are the two sugars added to antigen H in AB individuals?
N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and D-galactose
p.59
Polyagglutination and Its Causes
What is Hemoglobin M-Hyde Park associated with?
Inherited polyagglutination.
p.37
Acquired Antigens and Their Associations
What type of infections are associated with acquired A antigens?
Severe Proteus mirabilis infections.
p.30
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
How can A1 and A2 subgroups be differentiated?
By using the lectin anti-A1 reagent made from Dolichos biflorus seeds.
p.41
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What type of error can clerical mistakes lead to in ABO blood testing?
Clerical error can result in ABO discrepancies.
p.35
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What is unique about the H antigen in Category 2 of the Bombay Phenotype?
The very little amount of H antigen is so well hidden.
p.20
ABO Blood Group System
Who are the three scientists associated with the nomenclature of the ABO blood group system?
Landsteiner, Jansky, and Moss.
p.2
History of Blood Banking
What did Rous and Turner introduce in 1916?
Rous and Turner introduced citrate dextrose.
p.44
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What additional step can be taken if there is no reaction after initial incubation at room temperature in Group I resolution?
Incubate further at 4°C for 15 minutes.
p.51
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What does a 0 autocontrol result mean?
There is no autoantibody present in the serum.
p.48
Acquired Antigens and Their Associations
What is the 'Acquired B' phenomenon?
A rare occurrence where an individual with type A blood appears to have acquired B antigens.
p.44
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
Which studies or techniques can be performed to resolve Group I discrepancies?
Saliva studies or adsorption-elution.
p.38
ABO Blood Group System
How are immune antibodies produced?
Due to prior exposure to antigens via transfusion, organ transplantation, or pregnancy.
p.31
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
How does the Ax subgroup react with Anti-A and Anti-A,B reagents?
Not agglutinated by Anti-A but demonstrates weak agglutination with Anti-A,B.
p.41
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
Why is following the manufacturer’s instructions crucial in ABO blood testing?
Failure to follow the manufacturer’s instructions can result in ABO discrepancies.
p.41
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What can cause inadequate identification of blood specimens leading to ABO discrepancies?
Inadequate identification of blood specimen or test tubes.
p.30
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
In what percentage of group A2 individuals can anti-A1 be found?
In 1% to 8% of group A2 individuals.
p.41
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What can result from failure to add reagent in ABO testing?
Failure to add reagent can cause ABO discrepancies.
p.41
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What impact can poor quality or contaminated reagent have on ABO blood group testing?
Contaminated or poor quality reagent can cause ABO discrepancies.
p.35
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What is always present in the serum of individuals with the Parabombay phenotype?
Weak anti-H almost always present.
p.54
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
What does an autocontrol result of 0 indicate?
No reaction, indicating no autoantibodies present
p.48
Chimerism and Its Implications
What is chimerism in the context of blood groups?
The presence of two cell populations, where a minor population is less reactive to antisera.
p.41
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
How can a mix-up in samples lead to ABO discrepancies?
Mix-up in samples can cause incorrect blood groupings, leading to ABO discrepancies.
p.7
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What are the antibodies present in the plasma of an individual with blood type AB?
No anti-A or anti-B antibodies.
p.48
Blood Group Antigens and Antibodies
What can be present in reagents Anti-A and Anti-B that complicates blood typing?
Antibodies to low incidence antigens.
p.35
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What antigens are lacking in the Classical Bombay Phenotype?
All antigens in the red cell and secretions.
p.35
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What is the Bombay Phenotype in Category 1 characterized by?
RBC H-Deficient, Nonsecretor (hh, sese); Classical Bombay Phenotype; Lacks all antigens in the red cell and secretions; Homozygous recessive inheritance of h allele.
p.30
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
Are there other subgroups of A besides A1 and A2?
Yes, but they are extremely rare.
p.35
Blood Group Phenotypes and Subgroups
What characterizes Category 2 in the Bombay Phenotype?
RBC H-Partially Deficient, Nonsecretor; Have a little amount of A and B antigens; Very little amount of H antigen is so well hidden; Serum demonstrates A or B enzymes but NO H enzyme; Weak anti-H present in serum.
p.41
ABO Discrepancies and Technical Errors
Why is it important to use clean glassware in ABO blood testing?
Unclean or contaminated glassware can lead to ABO discrepancies.
