p.1
Gas Exchange Mechanism in Air Sacs
Why can't diffusion across the body surface satisfy the needs of gas exchange in large organisms?
Because of their size and metabolic demands.
p.1
Structure of the Human Respiratory System
What are the main structures involved in airflow in the human respiratory system?
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, air sacs.
p.1
Structure of the Human Respiratory System
What is the function of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?
To assist in the process of inhalation and exhalation.
p.1
Structure of the Human Respiratory System
What is the role of the epiglottis?
To prevent food from entering the trachea during swallowing.
p.1
Structure of the Human Respiratory System
What are the pleural membranes?
Inner pleural membrane and outer pleural membrane that surround the lungs.
p.2
Functions of Nasal Cavity Components
What is the function of hair in the nostrils?
To filter large particles from the inhaled air.
p.8
Transport of Respiratory Gases by Red Blood Cells
What happens to hemoglobin under high concentrations of oxygen?
It binds to oxygen and forms oxyhemoglobin.
p.8
Transport of Respiratory Gases by Red Blood Cells
Why do mature red blood cells lack a nucleus?
To provide space for more hemoglobin.
p.5
Functions of Nasal Cavity Components
What are the functions of the pleural fluid?
Holds pleural membranes together and acts as a lubricant.
p.8
Transport of Respiratory Gases by Red Blood Cells
What occurs to oxyhemoglobin under low concentrations of oxygen?
It breaks down into oxygen and hemoglobin.
p.2
Functions of Nasal Cavity Components
What is the function of mucus in the nasal cavity?
To trap dust particles and microorganisms in inhaled air.
p.7
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What happens to air pressure in the lungs during exhalation?
Air pressure in the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow out.
p.4
Air Sacs and Gas Exchange
What is the role of capillaries in air sacs?
They allow rapid transport of gases to and away from the air sacs.
p.8
Transport of Respiratory Gases by Red Blood Cells
What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?
To bind readily to oxygen in a reversible manner.
p.4
Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles Adaptations
What is the adaptive feature of the trachea and bronchi that prevents them from collapsing?
The walls contain cartilage.
p.7
Comparison of Inhaled and Exhaled Air
How does glucose level change from inhaled to exhaled air?
Inhaled air has more glucose, while exhaled air has less.
p.4
Functions of Nasal Cavity Components
What is the function of mucus-secreting cells and ciliated-epithelial cells in the inner walls of the trachea and bronchi?
They clean, moisten, and warm the inhaled air.
p.3
Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles Adaptations
What is the difference between the lumen of the bronchus and the bronchiole?
The lumen of the bronchiole is smaller than that of the bronchus.
p.7
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What is the lung volume at the end of exhalation?
The volume of the lungs is at its smallest.
p.7
Comparison of Inhaled and Exhaled Air
What is the difference in oxygen levels between inhaled and exhaled air?
Inhaled air has more oxygen, while exhaled air has less.
p.2
Functions of Nasal Cavity Components
How does mucus help with inhaled air?
It moistens the inhaled air and prevents the surface of the lungs from drying out.
p.3
Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles Adaptations
What is the lumen of the trachea?
The hollow part through which air passes.
p.5
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What happens during inhalation regarding the intercostal muscles?
Intercostal muscles contract.
p.6
Gas Exchange Mechanism in Air Sacs
What happens to carbon dioxide during gas exchange?
Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood into the air sac.
p.5
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What occurs to the diaphragm during inhalation?
The diaphragm becomes flattened.
p.6
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What happens to the intercostal muscles during exhalation?
They relax, causing the rib cage to move downwards and inwards.
p.5
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What movement occurs in the rib cage during inhalation?
The rib cage moves upwards and outwards.
p.7
Comparison of Inhaled and Exhaled Air
What happens to carbon dioxide levels during respiration?
Carbon dioxide is less in inhaled air and more in exhaled air.
p.4
Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles Adaptations
Why is the cartilage in the trachea C-shaped?
The open part lies next to the oesophagus, allowing it to expand when food is swallowed.
p.4
Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles Adaptations
What role do smooth muscles and elastic fibers play in the trachea and bronchi?
They help regulate the diameter of the airway and airflow through contraction and relaxation.
p.6
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What is the result of increased air pressure in the lungs?
Air is forced out of the lungs.
p.8
Transport of Respiratory Gases by Red Blood Cells
What is the shape of red blood cells and why is it beneficial?
They have a biconcave disc shape, which provides a large surface area to volume ratio and shortens the diffusion distance of oxygen.
p.2
Functions of Nasal Cavity Components
What do cilia do in the nasal cavity?
They sweep mucus towards the pharynx.
p.7
Comparison of Inhaled and Exhaled Air
What is the difference in water vapor content between inhaled and exhaled air?
Inhaled air has less water vapor, while exhaled air has more.
p.4
Air Sacs and Gas Exchange
Why do air sacs have a large number?
To provide a very large surface area for the diffusion of gases.
p.6
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What is the role of the diaphragm during exhalation?
The diaphragm muscles relax, allowing the diaphragm to return to its dome shape.
p.3
Structure of the Human Respiratory System
What is the function of the epiglottis?
To prevent food from entering the trachea during swallowing.
p.7
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What occurs in the lungs during inhalation?
Air pressure in the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure, causing air to flow in.
p.7
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What is the lung volume at the end of inhalation?
The volume of the lungs is at its largest.
p.6
Gas Exchange Mechanism in Air Sacs
How does oxygen enter the red blood cells during inhalation?
Oxygen in the air dissolves in a water film and then diffuses into red blood cells.
p.5
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What is the effect of inhalation on the volume of the thoracic cavity?
The volume of the thoracic cavity increases.
p.3
Trachea, Bronchi, and Bronchioles Adaptations
What is the role of smooth muscles in the bronchi and bronchioles?
To regulate airflow by constricting or dilating.
p.5
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What happens to air pressure in the lungs during inhalation?
Air pressure in the lungs decreases.
p.5
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What happens to the volume of the lungs during inhalation?
The volume of the lungs increases.
p.4
Air Sacs and Gas Exchange
What is the significance of the thin walls of air sacs?
They are only one cell thick to reduce the distance for gas diffusion.
p.7
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What does it mean when air pressure in the lungs equals atmospheric pressure?
There is no airflow into or out of the lungs, indicating a pause between inhalation and exhalation.
p.5
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What occurs during exhalation regarding the diaphragm?
The diaphragm is pulled down.
p.6
Gas Exchange Mechanism in Air Sacs
What is the process of gas exchange in the air sacs?
Oxygen is taken up and carbon dioxide is removed.
p.4
Air Sacs and Gas Exchange
How do the walls of air sacs facilitate gas exchange?
They are in close contact with capillaries, reducing the diffusion distance of gases.
p.6
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What occurs to the volume of the thoracic cavity during exhalation?
The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.
p.4
Air Sacs and Gas Exchange
Why is the inner surface of air sacs moist?
To dissolve oxygen in inhaled air into the water film.
p.6
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What happens to air pressure in the lungs during exhalation?
Air pressure in the lungs increases.
p.5
Ventilation Process: Inhalation and Exhalation
What happens to the volume of the thoracic cavity during exhalation?
The volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.
p.6
Transport of Respiratory Gases by Red Blood Cells
What is the difference in concentration between deoxygenated and oxygenated blood?
Deoxygenated blood has a lower concentration of oxygen and higher concentration of carbon dioxide compared to oxygenated blood.
