Water soluble bases are prepared from a mixture of high and low molecular weight polyethylene glycols.
A troche, also known as a lozenge or pastille, is a solid dosage form that consists of a mixture of sugar and either gum or gelatin, designed to release a drug while slowly dissolving in the mouth.
A systematic and critical process that identifies, evaluates, and controls potential hazards and risks associated with laboratory work.
Class A includes medical devices that are low risk and not intended for the diagnosis of diseases or conditions but may be used to disinfect other medical devices.
A framework for risk assessment that helps laboratory personnel systematically identify and control hazards to reduce the risk of injuries and incidents.
Chemical, biological, physical, and ergonomic risks.
Hydrophilicity refers to the property of a substance that is water-attracting, allowing it to diffuse more readily through aqueous environments.
The two methods are the Dry (or Fusion) Method and the Wet Method.
Medical devices are instruments, apparatuses, machines, appliances, implants, in-vitro reagents, or calibrators intended by the manufacturer for use in humans for purposes such as diagnosis, prevention, monitoring, treatment, or alleviation of disease.
To empower individuals to work safely and confidently by identifying potential dangers and taking proactive measures to minimize or eliminate risks.
Ointments are semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous membrane.
Medicated ointments are those in which medication is either dissolved or dispersed in an ointment base.
Hydrophobicity is the property of a substance that is water-repelling, which can lead to a slower diffusion rate in aqueous environments due to reduced solubility in water.
The best time to collect a urine sample for a pregnancy test is generally in the morning due to the higher concentration of hCG that can be detected.
Training in laboratory safety ensures that personnel are knowledgeable about safety protocols, hazard identification, and emergency procedures relevant to their specific tasks.
Yes, pregnancy tests can be done on a sample of urine collected at any time of the day.
Waiting three hours since the last urination before taking a pregnancy test can help increase the concentration of hCG in the urine, leading to more accurate results.
Korotkoff sounds are the sounds that correspond to the appearance and disappearance of blood flow sounds in the arteries, used to determine systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Ideal blood pressure is considered to be 120/80 mmHg.
It refers to recognizing potential risks that could arise from the experiments, materials, or processes involved.
A colloid is a mixture where small particles are dispersed throughout a medium, but are not dissolved, such as calcium ions trapped inside nanostructures in milk.
One should wait at least 21 days after the last unprotected sex to take a pregnancy test.
The diffusion of dyes from calcium-alginate beads depends on the type of media the beads are placed in and the chemical structure and charge of the dye used.
The blue dye diffuses rapidly from the bead, while the red dye is strongly trapped, likely due to differences in their chemical structure and charge.
Zinc oxide paste generally contains 40% of the product and is used as a protective coating for mild skin abrasion, with antiseptic and antibacterial properties to treat diaper rash.
Pastes are classified into three types: Fatty Pastes (e.g., Zinc oxide paste), Aqueous Gel Pastes (e.g., Sodium hydroxymethyl cellulose paste), and Hydrocolloid Pastes (e.g., Tooth paste).
Systolic pressure is the pressure when the heart pushes blood out, while diastolic pressure is the pressure when the heart rests between beats.
Ketones are produced when the body burns fat for energy or fuel, especially when there is not enough insulin to help the body use sugar for energy, leading to fat breakdown and ketone formation in the blood and urine.
Protocols, Safety Data Sheets (SDSs), and safety information for hazardous chemicals, agents, or processes should be reviewed.
To make pastes, the ingredients are grinded and fused, with liquid or semisolid bases being triturated and solid bases requiring the fusion method.
A gelatin capsule is soluble in hot water and warm gastric fluid, rapidly dissolving and exposing its contents.
Trituration is the reduction of particle size by friction or grinding.
Bulk powders refer to substances that are sold and used in powdered form in larger quantities, often resulting in lower per-unit costs and reduced packaging waste.
Buying in bulk often results in lower per-unit costs compared to purchasing smaller quantities or pre-packaged products.
Patients can measure and mix the quantities they need, as prescribed to them depending on their dose.
Specific surface area is essential in adsorption studies, catalysis, and drug formulation.
Capsules are solid dosage forms in which medicinal agents and/or inert substances are enclosed in a small shell of gelatin.
Particle shape influences the packing density and sintering behaviour of materials.
The hierarchy of controls is a system used to minimize or eliminate exposure to hazards, prioritizing methods from most effective (elimination) to least effective (personal protective equipment).
It investigates how gases or liquids interact with the surfaces of particles and materials, playing a critical role in catalysis, separation processes, and drug delivery systems.
Examples include running at a micro scale, working in a fume hood, and wearing face shields and goggles.
Gelatin, being a protein, is digested by proteolytic enzymes and absorbed.
Sulfur is used to treat many kinds of skin disorders, including acne, seborrheic dermatitis, and is available in forms like cream, lotion, ointment, and bar soap.
'What if' questions are inquiries that challenge existing hazard control measures by exploring potential gaps in knowledge or logic, prompting further analysis of risks.
A sphygmomanometer is a device used to measure blood pressure, consisting of a rubber bulb to restrict blood flow and a mercury column to translate pressure into millimeters of mercury.
A risk rating is a subjective assessment that categorizes the level of risk associated with an experiment, helping researchers differentiate between unacceptable and lower-level risk steps.
You should write down your goals and observations for each experiment, as well as for people and the environment.
Micromeritics is the science and technology of small particles and their behavior, encompassing the study of various physical and chemical properties of particles at the microscale.
Key aspects include particle size analysis, particle size distribution, particle shape, angle of repose, porosity, true volume, bulk volume, apparent density, and bulkiness.
The pulse display should be within three beats per minute of the cardiac monitor to ensure accurate oxygen saturation values.
A Blood Glucometer consists of an enzymatic reaction component and a detector that measures the glucose concentration in a blood sample.
Synonyms for effervescent powders include fizzy powders, carbonated powders, sparkling powders, effervescing powders, fizzing powders, bubbly powders, gas-releasing powders, effervescence granules, dissolvable powders, and bubbling powders.
Readings above 1.5 mmol/L indicate that a person is at risk of developing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
Testing with first morning urine is not always necessary, but it can help ensure sufficient levels of urine hCG for detection.
Water miscible bases include emulsifying ointments and emulsifying wax used for the preparation of pastes.
The two general methods in the preparation of effervescent granules/powders are the dry method and the wet method.
Drug encapsulation is the process of enclosing a drug within a carrier material, such as calcium-alginate capsules, to control its release.
Water removable bases, or emulsifying bases, are oil-in-water emulsions that are readily miscible with water and can be diluted with aqueous solutions.
A nebulizer is a motorized medical device that breaks down medication into a fine mist for easy inhalation into the lungs, often used to treat respiratory illnesses.
Milk simulates a biological fluid, providing a more complex medium than water, which affects the diffusion of the encapsulated dye.
The incorporation method involves mixing components until a uniform preparation is attained, often using mortar and pestle or spatula.
Fatty Pastes consist of fatty or oleaginous bases, such as Zinc oxide paste.
Background research helps identify known risks associated with the reagents, reactions, or processes used in the laboratory.
Ambient light containing the red spectrum can interfere with accurate readings from the oxygen saturation monitor, masking small changes in light transmission.
Effervescent powders are powders that produce a fizzy or bubbling reaction when dissolved in water or another solvent, commonly used in antacids, dietary supplements, and refreshing beverages.
It involves the characterization of crystal structures, polymorphism, and amorphous content, impacting product stability and performance.
Blood ketone levels while on the keto diet typically range from 0.5 to 3.0 millimoles per liter (mmol/L), which is the optimal range for nutritional ketosis.
Corticosteroids are drugs that fight inflammation in the airways, with examples including Budesonide, Flunisolide, Fluticasone, and Triamcinolone.
Levigation is the process of grinding an insoluble substance to a fine powder while wet in order to get a smooth paste.
Oleaginous bases, also known as hydrocarbon bases, have an emollient effect on application to the skin, are not water-washable, and can remain on the skin for longer periods without drying out.
Absorption bases are not easily removed from the skin and allow for the incorporation of aqueous solutions, resulting in the formation of water-in-oil emulsions.
Class D includes high-risk medical devices that are implanted into the human body for more than 30 days and devices used for reproductive purposes.
Water soluble bases, or greaseless bases, contain only water-soluble components and are completely water washable.
The classification system determines the regulatory requirements for registration and market authorization of medical devices based on their risk level.
Rating the risk of the experiment from 'low' to 'unacceptable' and adding necessary controls if the risk rating is found to be 'high'.
The fusion method is used for medicated ointments and bases containing components that do not mix well by incorporation, involving melting ingredients in a porcelain dish over a water bath.
A pulse oximeter is a device used to measure the oxygen saturation of a patient's blood, typically placed on fingers, toes, or other body parts.
Hydrocolloid Pastes consist of hydrocarbon bases, such as Tooth paste and Zinc oxide gelatin paste.
If changes to controls are needed, the risk assessment tool should be updated, and the process should be re-evaluated to account for any changes that might increase hazard or risk.
Factors include damaged or expired test strips, extreme temperatures, substances on the skin, improper glucometer function, testing site location, and the nature of the patient's blood.
Ultrasonic nebulizers use ultrasonic waves to pass through a reservoir of water, driving energy through the drug to create an aerosol. They are not suitable for all commonly prescribed medications.
White ointment is used in treating dry, scaly, or callused skin and also serves as an ointment base.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) refers to protective clothing, helmets, goggles, or other gear designed to protect the wearer from injury or infection during procedures.
The term 'troche' derives from the Greek word 'trokhiskos,' meaning 'a little wheel,' which refers to its typically circular shape.
Troches are manufactured by compression, similar to other tablets, to form a solid mass that contains a drug substance in a flavored base.
Divided powders are a form of medication that allows for precise and accurate dosing, making them suitable for medications that require specific dosages.
Advantages include accurate dosing, customization for patient needs, stability compared to other forms, ease of administration, and reduced risk of cross-contamination.
Bulk powders can be less convenient for patients because measuring and dosing the right quantity can be more challenging, especially for substances with precise dosage requirements.
It investigates the presence and distribution of pores within particles or materials, impacting adsorption, filtration, and storage or release of substances.
Malunggay Capsule is used as a food supplement for breastfeeding mothers, enhancing milk letdown, lactation, and increasing milk production and volume.
Gelatin is stable in air when dry but is subject to microbial decomposition when it becomes moist.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) should be considered the last line of defense against potential hazards.
The three principal enzymatic reactions are glucose oxidase, glucose dehydrogenase, and hexokinase, each with its own advantages and limitations.
Pastes are semisolid dosage forms that contain one or more drug substances intended for topical application, generally containing a high concentration of solids (20% to 50%) and having a stiff consistency.
Mesh nebulizers create an aerosol by pulling the drug through microscopic holes in a vibrating mesh.
Powder papers are used in the preparation of effervescent granules or powders, which are typically formulated to release gas when mixed with water.
GINGER TROCHE, or Lozenges (Trochisci Zingiberis), are prepared to relieve gastric uneasiness and flatulence by dissolving slowly in the mouth.
The charge of a dye, whether positive or negative, can influence its interactions with the negatively charged alginate matrix, affecting its diffusion rate.
Temperature and pH can affect a dye's sensitivity, influencing its ionization or solubility properties, which in turn impacts its diffusion rate within alginate beads.
Factors to consider in risk assessment include human error, equipment failures, and deviations from planned parameters such as temperature, pressure, time, flow rate, and scale/concentration.
The goal is to identify and check all experiments, people, and the environment involved in the laboratory setting.
Disadvantages include inconvenience for patients, strong taste affecting palatability, storage and stability concerns, potential for dosage errors, and higher costs.
PHASE 2: PLAN involves outlining the procedure, listing steps or tasks along with their hazards and potential consequences, defining hazard controls using the hierarchy of controls, and specifying hazard control measures for each step.
The steps include outlining the procedure, listing tasks with associated hazards and consequences, defining hazard controls, and specifying control measures for each task.
The hierarchy of controls is a system used to minimize or eliminate exposure to hazards, starting with elimination, substitution, engineering controls, administrative controls, and finally personal protective equipment.
A positive ketone test, especially with untreated high blood glucose, can indicate a risk of developing diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening condition.
Readings below 0.6 mmol/L are considered to be in the normal range.
It explores the distribution of particle sizes within a bulk material, relevant in fields like soil science, geology, and design of particulate systems.
Starch is used as a stabilizing agent in the preparation of pastes.
Inhaled medications target inflamed and congested airways directly, but their effectiveness depends on the user's ability to position and depress the metered-dose inhaler (MDI) correctly.
Nonmedicated ointments are used for physical effects such as protectant or lubricant.
Revising a plan is crucial to ensure that risks are acceptable and to implement further controls to reduce risk before proceeding with an experiment.
Pharmaceutical divided powders, also known as divided powders or powders for oral use, are powdered medications that are typically divided into single-dose portions for specific patient dosages.
Aqueous Gel Pastes are prepared with water miscible bases, such as Sodium hydroxymethyl cellulose paste and Titanium dioxide paste.
During the assessment phase, one should perform and evaluate the procedure, run it using identified controls, evaluate controls and hazards, and critique the process for improvements.
Some patients prefer to swallow a capsule wetted with water or saliva because it slides down the throat more readily than a dry capsule.
Readings between 0.6 and 1.5 mmol/L may indicate the start of a problem that may require medical assistance.
Seidlitz powder is a type of effervescent powder that is used for its laxative properties.
It fosters a strong safety culture and promotes shared responsibility for everyone's well-being.
Handling bulk powders can raise hygiene concerns, as improper storage or handling can lead to contamination.
Experiments rated as having unacceptable risk should not proceed, and further controls must be introduced to reduce the risk.
The flow properties of powders and their rheological behaviour are studied to optimize handling, transportation, and processing of particulate materials.
Gelatin is insoluble but softens in cold water through the absorption of water up to 10 times its weight.
They refer to the forces and interactions between particles, essential in applications like colloid science, emulsions, and dispersion stability.
Effervescent powders are used as a pleasant mild effervescent laxative.
Pastes are difficult to remove from the hair, making them unsuitable for treating scalp conditions.
Bronchodilators are drugs that open the airways to relieve congestion, with examples including Albuterol, Formoterol, Levalbuterol, Salmeterol, and Ipratropium.
A device that measures the oxygen saturation of a patient's blood by detecting arterial pulsations and displaying the pulse intensity visually and digitally.
Individuals should check for ketones when blood glucose is over 250 mg/dl for two tests in a row, when ill, when planning to exercise with high blood glucose, or if pregnant, testing each morning before breakfast.
Reviewing accident histories helps to understand past incidents and improve safety measures in the laboratory or department.
Evaluating the procedure helps identify what went well, assess the performance of controls, recognize unexpected occurrences, and pinpoint areas for improvement.
Effervescent powders aid in the relief of heartburn and gas due to excess acidity of the stomach.
A compressor is a pump that draws in air and blows it out at high pressure into the jet or ultrasonic nebulizer to produce a fine mist of medication that can be inhaled.
Pastes are stiffer than ointments and creams, remain stable at the site of application, are porous allowing perspiration to escape, do not interfere with non-infected skin areas, are less greasy than ointments, and possess good adhesive properties towards the skin.
Nebulizing should take 5 to 20 minutes, depending on the device and medicine used, and it is recommended to breathe through the mouth until all the medicine is used.
A pregnancy test kit is more than 99 percent accurate, meaning if the test is negative, the person is not pregnant, unless tested too early.
Using a nebulizer with a mouthpiece is generally more efficient than with a facemask, and switching to a mouthpiece should be considered by age three.
Valved holding chambers or spacers extend the mouthpiece of the inhaler and direct the cloud of medication toward the throat, reducing the amount of medication released into the air or inside the mouth.
