p.2
Evolutionary History of Animals
What reveals the long evolutionary history of animals?
The great diversity of animals seen in the world today.
p.36
Segmentation in Animals
What role does segmentation play in the evolution of animals?
Segmentation allowed for the evolution of animals with complex body plans, such as vertebrates having a segmented backbone and blocks of muscle.
p.20
Evolution of Tissues and Symmetry
What are animals with bilateral symmetry collectively called?
Animals with this body plan are collectively called Bilateria.
p.54
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
What type of body structure do flatworms have?
Ciliated, soft-bodied and acoelomates
p.23
General Features of Animals
What advantage do bilaterally symmetrical animals have in terms of mobility?
Bilaterally symmetrical animals can move through the environment in a consistent direction.
p.21
Evolution of Tissues and Symmetry
What are the five main advantages of bilaterally symmetrical animals over radially symmetrical ones?
The five main advantages are cephalization, greater mobility, evolution of a body cavity, evolution of different patterns of embryo development, and evolution of segmentation.
p.68
General Features of Animals
What is the habitat of Polychaetes?
They are mostly marine worms.
p.24
Embryonic Development Patterns
What are the three germ layers produced by Eumetazoa?
The three germ layers are the outer ectoderm (body coverings and nervous system), middle mesoderm (skeleton and muscles), and inner endoderm (digestive organs and intestines).
p.71
Coelomate Invertebrates and Their Classification
What are two characteristics that distinguish Annelida from Nematoda?
1. Annelida have segmented bodies, while Nematoda have unsegmented bodies. 2. Annelida possess a true coelom, whereas Nematoda have a pseudocoelom.
p.17
Evolution of Tissues and Symmetry
What are Eumetazoa?
Eumetazoa are all other animals that possess distinct tissues.
p.30
Embryonic Development Patterns
What structures are formed when the blastula indents in Bilaterian development?
When the blastula indents, it forms a two-layer-thick ball with a blastopore (opening to the outside) and an archenteron (primitive body cavity or gut).
p.15
General Features of Animals
How is the animal kingdom divided?
Into Parazoa ('near animals') and Eumetazoa ('true animals').
p.18
Evolution of Tissues and Symmetry
What is symmetry in animals?
Symmetry is defined as an imaginary line drawn through the animal’s body.
p.48
General Features of Animals
Do Cnidarians have distinct tissues or organs?
They have distinct tissues but no organs.
p.43
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
Describe the sexual reproduction process in Parazoa.
Egg and sperm produce free-swimming larvae that settle on a rock and grow into a new sponge.
p.61
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
Which nematode is the most common childhood infection in Australia?
Enterobius, known as pinworm, causes an itchy anus.
p.14
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
What does the evolution of tissues lead to in animals?
It leads to the formation of cells, tissues, organs, and body systems.
p.64
Coelomate Invertebrates and Their Classification
Can you name some examples of coelomate invertebrates?
Examples of coelomate invertebrates include annelids, mollusks, and arthropods.
p.67
General Features of Animals
What is the structure of the head in Annelida?
The head contains a cerebral ganglion and many have eyes.
p.74
General Features of Animals
What is the visceral mass in molluscs?
The visceral mass contains the internal organs of the mollusc.
p.32
Embryonic Development Patterns
What is the first structure to develop in deuterostomes during embryo development?
The anus develops first from the blastopore.
p.58
General Features of Animals
What are two characteristics that distinguish Platyhelminthes from Cnidaria?
1. Platyhelminthes are bilaterally symmetrical, while Cnidaria are radially symmetrical. 2. Platyhelminthes have a more complex body structure with organs, whereas Cnidaria have a simpler body plan with a gastrovascular cavity.
p.52
General Features of Animals
What are two characteristics that distinguish Cnidaria from Porifera?
Cnidaria have specialized cells called cnidocytes for capturing prey, and they exhibit a more complex body structure with a true tissue organization, unlike Porifera which lack true tissues.
p.55
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
What is a key characteristic of the digestive system in Platyhelminthes?
They have only a single opening for the digestive cavity.
p.41
General Features of Animals
What are Parazoa?
Parazoa are animals that lack true (specialized) tissues and organs, but have a few distinct cell types.
p.17
Evolution of Tissues and Symmetry
What is a key characteristic of Eumetazoa?
Eumetazoa have distinct tissues and specialized cells for specific functions.
p.31
Embryonic Development Patterns
What are the two groups that Bilaterians can be divided into based on embryo development?
Bilaterians can be divided into Protostomes and Deuterostomes.
p.2
Evolutionary History of Animals
Are new species of animals still being discovered?
Yes, new species of animals are still being discovered.
p.66
General Features of Animals
What are the main characteristics of Phylum Annelida?
Annelida are segmented worms with bodies built of repeated units, are coelomates, and undergo protostome development.
p.2
General Features of Animals
What is a common question regarding the characteristics of animals?
What do all animals have in common?
p.49
General Features of Animals
What are the two body forms of Cnidarians?
Polyp (sessile) and medusa (motile).
p.29
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What are the two main types of circulatory systems in animals?
Open and closed circulatory systems.
p.22
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
What is cephalization?
Cephalization is the evolution of a definite brain area, involving the grouping of nerve cells into a brain at the anterior end of the body.
p.47
Embryonic Development Patterns
From which embryonic layer does digestive tissue in Eumetazoa originate?
Digestive tissue originates from the endoderm.
p.76
General Features of Animals
Do bivalves have a radula?
No, bivalves do not have a radula.
p.45
General Features of Animals
What role do amoeboid cells play in sponges?
Amoeboid cells in the mesophyl are involved in feeding.
p.22
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
What role do longitudinal nerve cords play in cephalization?
Longitudinal nerve cords transmit information up and down the body.
p.14
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
What is the second key innovation in animal evolution?
The evolution of symmetry.
p.22
General Features of Animals
Which organism is mentioned in relation to cephalization?
Dugesia, a flatworm from the Platyhelminthes phylum, is mentioned in relation to cephalization.
p.72
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What is a human use for Mollusca?
They are a food source and also produce pearls used in jewelry.
p.46
General Features of Animals
What are two characteristics of Porifera?
Porifera are characterized by their porous bodies and the presence of specialized cells called choanocytes that help in feeding and water circulation.
p.30
Embryonic Development Patterns
What is the initial stage of the basic Bilaterian pattern of embryo development?
The initial stage involves mitotic cell divisions of the egg, known as cleavages, forming a hollow ball of cells called the blastula.
p.39
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
What are noncoelomate invertebrates?
Noncoelomate invertebrates are the most morphologically simplest animals, including organisms like sponges and jellyfish.
p.19
Evolution of Tissues and Symmetry
What is radial symmetry?
Radial symmetry is when body parts are arranged around a central axis and can be bisected into two equal halves in any 2-D plane, resulting in mirror images of each other.
p.42
General Features of Animals
In what type of environment do most sponges live?
Aquatic, mostly marine environments.
p.56
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
What is unique about the male Schistosoma?
The male resides in the groove of the female.
p.43
General Features of Animals
What is the method of food intake in Parazoa?
Water flow brings food particles in through pores in the epidermis.
p.31
Embryonic Development Patterns
Where does the anus develop in Protostomes?
The anus (if present) develops either from the blastopore or another region of the embryo.
p.72
General Features of Animals
What are some examples of organisms in the Phylum Mollusca?
Snails, slugs, clams, oysters, octopuses, squids.
p.49
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
How do Cnidarians reproduce?
They reproduce both sexually and asexually.
p.14
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
What is the first key innovation in animal evolution?
The evolution of tissues, allowing specialized structures and functions.
p.57
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
What is the primary characteristic of Cercomeromorpha, the group that includes tapeworms?
They are intestinal parasites with no digestive enzymes.
p.66
Coelomate Invertebrates and Their Classification
What are the examples of organisms in the Clitella class?
Examples of organisms in the Clitella class include earthworms (Oligochaeta) and leeches (Hirudinea).
p.64
Coelomate Invertebrates and Their Classification
What are coelomate invertebrates?
Coelomate invertebrates are animals that possess a true coelom, which is a fluid-filled body cavity completely lined by mesoderm.
p.47
Evolution of Tissues and Symmetry
What types of symmetry do Eumetazoa exhibit?
Eumetazoa exhibit both radial and bilateral symmetry.
p.29
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What is the function of the heart in circulatory systems?
The heart pumps blood or hemolymph throughout the body.
p.69
General Features of Animals
What do Clitellata secrete for reproduction?
They secrete a mucus cocoon.
p.32
Embryonic Development Patterns
In deuterostome development, where does the mouth develop from?
The mouth develops later from another region of the embryo.
p.44
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
How do Porifera obtain their food?
Porifera are described as aquatic filter feeders.
p.15
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
What did the evolution of tissues allow for in animals?
Specialized structures and functions.
p.35
Segmentation in Animals
How does segmentation contribute to locomotion in animals?
Segmentation allows for more efficient locomotion due to the semi-independent movement of individual segments, enabling complex movement.
p.39
Evolutionary History of Animals
What is the evolutionary progression discussed in the overview?
The discussion progresses from noncoelomate invertebrates to invertebrates with a coelum, and finally to vertebrates.
p.19
General Features of Animals
Which phylum includes organisms with radial symmetry?
Phylum Cnidaria includes organisms such as jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals.
p.42
General Features of Animals
Are sponges unicellular or multicellular?
Sponges are multicellular.
p.75
Body Cavity Evolution and Organ Development
How is the coelom characterized in molluscs?
The coelom is reduced to a small space around organs such as the heart.
p.18
Evolution of Tissues and Symmetry
What is asymmetry in animals?
Asymmetry means no symmetry, as seen in Parazoa like sponges, which grow as an irregular mass.
p.75
General Features of Animals
What is the role of the foot in molluscs?
The foot serves as a muscular means of locomotion for many molluscs, and is divided into arms or tentacles in cephalopods.
p.18
Evolution of Tissues and Symmetry
What are the two types of symmetry in Eumetazoa?
The two types of symmetry in Eumetazoa are radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry.
p.66
General Features of Animals
What is a notable feature of the Clitella class?
The clitellum, which resembles a saddle on the worm, is a notable feature of the Clitella class.
p.29
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
Which type of circulatory system do insects possess?
Insects have an open circulatory system.
p.49
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
What do many polyp species of Cnidarians build around themselves?
An exoskeleton of chitin or calcium carbonate, or an internal skeleton for muscle attachment.
p.61
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
What is the significance of Ascaris?
Ascaris is an intestinal roundworm whose eggs lie dormant in soil.
p.76
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
How do molluscs use gills?
Molluscs use gills in filter feeding, where a siphon brings water and food particles to the gills.
p.57
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
What is the main method by which tapeworms obtain nutrients?
They absorb food from the host's gut through their outer surface.
p.14
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
What is the third key innovation in animal evolution?
The evolution of a body cavity.
p.59
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
What is the sexual dimorphism observed in Nematoda?
Males are smaller than females and have a hooked end
p.57
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
How are proglottids formed in tapeworms?
Proglottids are formed continuously.
p.57
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
Where can eggs and proglottids of tapeworms be found?
They can be found in the feces of the host.
p.26
Body Cavity Evolution and Organ Development
What is an acoelomate?
An acoelomate is an animal with no body cavity.
p.67
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
How do Annelida achieve complex movement?
They achieve complex movement by contracting segments of circular and longitudinal muscles.
p.3
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What are the Fundamental Properties of Life shared by all animals?
Cellular organization, Development, Growth, Heredity, Homeostasis, Regulation, Reproduction, Sensitivity.
p.81
General Features of Animals
What are two characteristics that distinguish Annelida from Mollusca?
Annelida have segmented bodies, while Mollusca have a soft body often protected by a shell.
p.44
General Features of Animals
What is the body organization of Porifera or sponges?
Porifera have a loose body organization with no head, appendages, anus, or mouth, but are multicellular and can change cell types.
p.20
Evolution of Tissues and Symmetry
What is bilateral symmetry?
Bilateral symmetry is when the body has right and left halves that bisect into two equal halves that are mirror images of each other.
p.34
Segmentation in Animals
What characterizes segmented animals?
Segmented animals have a series of linear compartments that appear similar but may be specialized in function, such as in earthworms.
p.63
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
What are two characteristics that distinguish Nematoda from Platyhelminthes?
1. Nematoda have a complete digestive system with a mouth and an anus, while Platyhelminthes have a gastrovascular cavity with a single opening. 2. Nematoda are generally cylindrical and have a tough outer cuticle, whereas Platyhelminthes are flat and lack a cuticle.
p.40
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
What are the main groups under Eumetazoa?
Eumetazoa includes Platyzoa and Bilateria.
p.33
Embryonic Development Patterns
What is the main difference between protostomes and deuterostomes in embryonic development?
In protostomes, the mouth forms first in the embryo, while in deuterostomes, the anus forms first.
p.62
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
What is Enterobius vermicularis commonly known as?
Enterobius vermicularis is commonly known as the pinworm.
p.16
Evolution of Tissues and Symmetry
What are the characteristics of Parazoa?
No defined tissues, no symmetry, no organs.
p.33
General Features of Animals
Can you name some examples of protostomes?
Examples of protostomes include flatworms, nematodes, molluscs, and arthropods.
p.55
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
How do most Platyhelminthes reproduce?
Most are hermaphrodites, having both male and female structures.
p.2
General Features of Animals
How are animals described in terms of their distribution and variety?
Animals are ubiquitous, abundant, and show many variations in structure, behaviors, and lifestyle.
p.16
Evolution of Tissues and Symmetry
What unique ability do cells in Parazoa have?
Cells can disaggregate and reaggregate.
p.33
General Features of Animals
What are some examples of deuterostomes?
Examples of deuterostomes include echinoderms and vertebrates.
p.75
General Features of Animals
What is the function of the mantle in molluscs?
The mantle is a thick epidermal sheet that secretes a shell (if there is one).
p.55
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What type of fertilization occurs in Platyhelminthes?
They undergo internal fertilization.
p.53
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
How many germ layers do bilateral acoelomates possess?
They are triploblastic, meaning they have 3 germ layers.
p.68
General Features of Animals
What are Polychaetes primarily characterized by?
Most segments are characterized by projections called parapodia, which have chaetae.
p.47
General Features of Animals
What are Eumetazoa?
Eumetazoa are animals with true tissues that have distinct embryonic layers developing into the adult body.
p.49
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
How many germ layers do Cnidarians have?
Two germ layers, making them diploblastic.
p.28
Body Cavity Evolution and Organ Development
What is the significance of the body cavity in coelomates?
The body cavity made possible the development of advanced organ systems.
p.61
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
What disease is caused by Necator?
Hookworm, which leads to anemia.
p.25
Body Cavity Evolution and Organ Development
What is a body cavity?
A body cavity is a space surrounded by mesoderm tissue that is formed during development, isolated from the exterior of the animal, and is different from the gut or digestive cavity.
p.56
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
How do Trematodes attach within the host body?
By suckers, anchors, or hooks.
p.40
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
What is the classification hierarchy that includes Eumetazoa?
Eumetazoa is classified under Para zoa.
p.62
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What is the life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis?
The life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis involves eggs being ingested, hatching in the intestines, and adult worms residing in the colon.
p.41
Evolution of Tissues and Symmetry
What type of symmetry do most Parazoa exhibit?
Almost all Parazoa are asymmetric, although some have radial symmetry.
p.17
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
Why do animal bodies with specialized cells have an evolutionary advantage?
They can perform specific functions more efficiently.
p.31
Embryonic Development Patterns
How do Protostomes develop in relation to the blastopore?
Protostomes develop the mouth first from or near the blastopore.
p.45
General Features of Animals
What are the specialized cell types in Porifera?
Several specialized cell types including flagellated choanocytes that face the internal cavity, circulate water, and capture & digest food.
p.66
Coelomate Invertebrates and Their Classification
What are the two classes of Annelida?
The two classes of Annelida are Polychaeta and Clitella.
p.28
Body Cavity Evolution and Organ Development
What type of circulatory system do coelomates develop?
Coelomates developed a circulatory system to flow nutrients and remove wastes.
p.76
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What is a radula and its function?
The radula is a rasping, tongue-like feeding structure found in most molluscs, used for scraping food.
p.69
General Features of Animals
What is a characteristic feature of the head in Clitellata?
The head is not well developed.
p.74
General Features of Animals
What are the main components of the mollusc body plan?
Mantle, Foot, Coelom, Visceral mass, Shell, Radula, Nephridia, Circulatory system.
p.72
General Features of Animals
What is the size range of Mollusca?
They range from microscopic to huge.
p.74
General Features of Animals
What is the function of the mantle in molluscs?
The mantle is responsible for secreting the shell and can also aid in respiration.
p.69
General Features of Animals
How do Clitellata reproduce?
Clitellata are hermaphrodites that cross-fertilize each other.
p.76
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What is the role of nephridia in molluscs?
Nephridia are used to remove nitrogenous waste, serving an excretory function.
p.64
Coelomate Invertebrates and Their Classification
How does the coelom differ from a pseudocoelom?
A coelom is a true body cavity completely lined by mesoderm, while a pseudocoelom is only partially lined by mesoderm.
p.26
Body Cavity Evolution and Organ Development
What is the significance of the evolution of a body cavity in animals?
It made the development of advanced organ systems possible.
p.37
Body Cavity Evolution and Organ Development
What characterizes Coelomate animals?
Animals that possess a true coelom, a body cavity fully lined with mesoderm.
p.37
Embryonic Development Patterns
What is Ectoderm?
The outermost layer of cells in an embryo that develops into the skin and nervous system.
p.50
General Features of Animals
What systems are absent in Cnidaria?
Cnidaria lack reproductive, circulatory, and excretory systems.
p.35
Segmentation in Animals
What is one advantage of segmentation in animals?
Each segment can contain a complete set of adult organs, so damage to one segment is not fatal.
p.42
General Features of Animals
What is a characteristic of adult sponges?
Adults are sessile, meaning they are attached to surfaces such as rocks.
p.56
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
What is one of the most important trematodes to human health?
Blood flukes, specifically Schistosoma.
p.65
Coelomate Invertebrates and Their Classification
What is a coelum?
A coelum is a body cavity that lies within tissue derived from the mesoderm.
p.55
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What ability do Platyhelminthes have if they are split in two?
They can regenerate asexually.
p.65
Coelomate Invertebrates and Their Classification
What characteristics are used to recognize clades of animals with a coelum?
Clades of animals with a coelum are recognized by characteristics such as whether they are segmented or not, if the skeleton is internal or external, and whether they are protostomes or deuterostomes.
p.69
General Features of Animals
What is a clitellum in Clitellata?
A clitellum is a thickened band on the body that holds worms together during mating.
p.75
General Features of Animals
Where are the digestive, excretory, and reproductive organs located in molluscs?
These organs are concentrated in the visceral mass.
p.48
General Features of Animals
What are some examples of Cnidarians?
Jellyfish, corals, and hydras.
p.22
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
What sensory structures develop as a result of cephalization?
Cephalization leads to the development of sensory structures such as eyes and ears.
p.64
Coelomate Invertebrates and Their Classification
What is the significance of the coelom in coelomate invertebrates?
The coelom provides a space for the development and organization of internal organs, allowing for greater complexity and specialization.
p.67
Segmentation in Animals
How are the segments in Annelida separated?
Septa (walls) separate the segments.
p.72
General Features of Animals
What negative impacts can some Mollusca have?
Some can be pests in gardens or freshwater systems and can carry parasites.
p.14
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
What is the fifth key innovation in animal evolution?
The evolution of segmentation, or repeated body units.
p.74
General Features of Animals
How does the circulatory system of molluscs function?
Molluscs typically have an open circulatory system where blood is not always contained within vessels.
p.67
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What is the function of nephridia in Annelida?
Nephridia collect waste and transport it out of the body.
p.47
Embryonic Development Patterns
What embryonic layers develop into the epidermis and nervous system in Eumetazoa?
The epidermis and nervous system develop from the ectoderm.
p.45
General Features of Animals
What is the function of choanocytes in sponges?
Choanocytes circulate water, capture and digest food, and can transform into sperm.
p.68
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
Why are Polychaetes important in marine ecosystems?
They are an important component of marine food chains.
p.28
Body Cavity Evolution and Organ Development
What is an open circulatory system?
In an open circulatory system, 'blood' passes from vessels into sinuses, mixes with body fluids, and reenters the vessels.
p.54
General Features of Animals
In what environments can flatworms be found?
Marine, freshwater, and moist terrestrial environments
p.68
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
What are the functions of parapodia in Polychaetes?
Parapodia are used for swimming, crawling, and burrowing.
p.69
General Features of Animals
Do Clitellata have parapodia?
No, Clitellata do not have parapodia (feet).
p.66
General Features of Animals
In what types of habitats can Annelida be found?
Annelida can be found in many different habitats.
p.61
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
What condition is caused by Onchocerca?
Onchocerca causes river blindness.
p.37
General Features of Animals
What are Parazoa?
A group of animals that lack true tissues and organs, such as sponges.
p.57
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What are proglottids in tapeworms?
They are complete hermaphroditic units that contain both male and female reproductive organs.
p.69
Embryonic Development Patterns
Where do young Clitellata develop?
Young Clitellata develop inside the cocoon.
p.64
Coelomate Invertebrates and Their Classification
What role does the coelom play in the movement of coelomate invertebrates?
The coelom acts as a hydrostatic skeleton, aiding in movement and providing support for the body.
p.67
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
How does gas exchange occur in Annelida?
Gas exchange occurs by diffusion across body surfaces.
p.37
Body Cavity Evolution and Organ Development
What does Acoelomate mean?
An organism that lacks a body cavity between the digestive tract and the outer body wall.
p.37
Embryonic Development Patterns
What does Endoderm refer to?
The innermost layer of cells in an embryo that develops into the digestive tract and associated organs.
p.76
General Features of Animals
What is the function of the shell in molluscs?
The shell provides protection against predators and consists of 2 layers of calcium carbonate.
p.61
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
What is trichinosis and how is it contracted?
Trichinosis is caused by Trichinella and is contracted from eating undercooked pork or bear meat.
p.45
General Features of Animals
What is the osculum in sponges?
The osculum is the opening from which water is expelled in sponges.
p.29
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What type of circulatory system is found in earthworms?
Earthworms have a closed circulatory system.
p.59
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
How is the digestive system of Nematoda structured?
Well developed with a mouth and anus, having 2 openings
p.72
General Features of Animals
Where are most Mollusca found?
Mostly marine, some freshwater, and a few terrestrial.
p.74
General Features of Animals
What is the role of the foot in molluscs?
The foot is primarily used for locomotion and can vary greatly in shape and function among different mollusc species.
p.61
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
What disease is transmitted by mosquitoes and caused by Wuchereria?
Wuchereria causes elephantiasis.
p.51
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What can the venom-filled nematocysts of certain jellyfish do?
Sting humans, resulting in severe pain
p.59
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
How do Nematoda reproduce?
Sexual reproduction via internal fertilization
p.74
General Features of Animals
What are nephridia in molluscs?
Nephridia are excretory organs that help in the removal of waste products from the body.
p.67
General Features of Animals
What is the role of the ventral nerve cord in Annelida?
The ventral nerve cord is part of the nervous system that coordinates movement.
p.37
Evolution of Tissues and Symmetry
What does Bilateral Symmetry mean?
A body plan in which the left and right sides of the body are mirror images.
p.43
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
How do Parazoa reproduce asexually?
A fragment of sponge breaks off and grows into a new sponge.
p.65
Coelomate Invertebrates and Their Classification
What is the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes?
Protostomes develop the mouth first and the anus second, while deuterostomes develop the anus first and the mouth second.
p.72
General Features of Animals
Do Mollusca have shells?
They can have shells or no shells.
p.47
Embryonic Development Patterns
What embryonic layer gives rise to muscles in Eumetazoa?
Muscles develop from the mesoderm.
p.28
Body Cavity Evolution and Organ Development
What is a closed circulatory system?
In a closed circulatory system, blood moves continuously through vessels that are separated from body fluids.
p.57
Characteristics of Noncoelomate Invertebrates
How do adult tapeworms attach to their host's intestine?
They use a scolex that has suckers and/or hooks.
p.48
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What do Cnidarians primarily eat?
They are carnivores, using stinging tentacles to capture prey.
p.59
General Features of Animals
What type of muscle arrangement do Nematoda possess?
Longitudinal muscles only, no circular muscles
p.29
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What is hemolymph?
Hemolymph is the fluid that circulates in the open circulatory systems of some invertebrates, such as insects.
p.76
General Features of Animals
What type of circulatory system do molluscs have?
Molluscs have an open circulatory system with a 3 chambered heart.
p.67
General Features of Animals
What structures are found in each segment of Annelida?
Each segment has a pair of excretory organs, a ganglion, and a locomotory structure.
p.67
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What type of circulatory system do Annelida have?
Annelida have a closed circulatory system.
p.37
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
What defines a Deuterostome?
A group of animals in which the anus develops from the blastopore, and the mouth forms later.
p.37
Body Cavity Evolution and Organ Development
What defines a Pseudocoelomate?
An organism that has a body cavity (pseudocoel) that is not completely lined by mesoderm.
p.74
General Features of Animals
What is the purpose of the radula in molluscs?
The radula is a specialized feeding structure used to scrape food particles.
p.26
Body Cavity Evolution and Organ Development
What are the three basic kinds of body plans for bilaterally symmetrical animals?
Acoelomates (no body cavity), Pseudocoelomates (body cavity between mesoderm and endoderm), Coelomates (body cavity entirely within the mesoderm).
p.67
General Features of Animals
What are chaetae and their function in Annelida?
Chaetae are chitin bristles that prevent the worm from slipping on the substrate.
p.50
General Features of Animals
What type of nervous system do Cnidaria possess?
Cnidaria have a primitive nervous system that can detect light, touch, and gravity.
p.14
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
What is the fourth key innovation in animal evolution?
The evolution of various patterns of embryonic development.
p.37
General Features of Animals
What are Eumetozoa?
Animals that have true tissues and are more complex than Parazoa.
p.26
Body Cavity Evolution and Organ Development
What defines a pseudocoelomate?
A pseudocoelomate has a body cavity located between the mesoderm and endoderm, called the pseudocoelom.
p.67
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
How is the digestive tract organized in Annelida?
The digestive tract has parts that are specialized for different functions.
p.50
Fundamental Properties of Life in Animals
What is the primary function of the single opening in Cnidaria?
It leads to the gastrovascular cavity, which is the site of digestion, most gas exchange, and waste discharge.
p.37
Embryonic Development Patterns
What is Mesoderm?
The middle layer of embryonic tissue that develops into muscles, the circulatory system, and other organs.
p.26
Body Cavity Evolution and Organ Development
What is a coelomate?
A coelomate is an animal with a body cavity entirely within the mesoderm, known as the coelom.
p.37
Key Innovations in Animal Evolution
What characterizes a Protostome?
A group of animals in which the mouth develops from the blastopore, and the anus forms later.
p.37
Evolution of Tissues and Symmetry
What is Radial Symmetry?
A body plan in which body parts are arranged around a central axis.
