p.24
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What is the purpose of blood group determination?
To identify blood types and prevent agglutination.
p.27
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
How is blood typing used in paternity testing?
It helps determine biological relationships.
p.41
Detection of Saliva in Forensic Investigations
What type of antibodies does the RSID™ saliva test use?
Dual monoclonal antibodies.
p.25
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What happens to blood cells when mixed with Anti-A serum?
They clump together if the sample is type A.
p.3
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA)
What is a key aspect of bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) at a crime scene?
Analyzing vertical drips and flow patterns.
p.20
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What type of bloodstains can precipitin tests be used on?
Dried and old bloodstains.
p.24
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What are the two methods for ABO blood typing?
(i) ABO typing (ii) Reverse typing.
p.15
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What does a color change within 1 minute indicate in preliminary tests for blood?
It indicates a positive reaction.
p.4
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA)
What information can bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) reveal?
The origin of the blood stains, number of attacks, truthfulness of suspects and witnesses, type of instrument used, direction of impact, relative positions of individuals, and movements during the attack.
p.15
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is a disadvantage of preliminary tests for blood?
They can only indicate a likelihood that blood is present.
p.7
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
How is serum separated from blood?
By allowing blood to clot and then separating the liquid that forms.
p.41
Detection of Saliva in Forensic Investigations
What does RSID™ stand for in the context of saliva testing?
RSID™ is an immunochromatographic strip test.
p.41
Detection of Saliva in Forensic Investigations
What is the main target of the RSID™ saliva test?
Human salivary α-amylase.
p.12
Limitations and Challenges in Forensic Serology
What can produce a false positive result in blood tests?
Some vegetable materials such as potatoes and horseradish.
p.31
Detection of Seminal Fluid in Forensic Cases
What is the purpose of microscopic identification in forensic analysis?
It serves as a confirmatory test for visual identification of sperm cells.
p.29
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What reaction does Phosphoglucomutase (PGM) catalyze?
The reversible conversion of glucose 1-phosphate to glucose 6-phosphate.
p.17
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What types of bloodstains can the Teichmann test be used on?
Dried and old bloodstains (over 20 years old).
p.28
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What is a Punnett square?
A diagram used to predict the outcome of a particular cross or breeding experiment.
p.12
Limitations and Challenges in Forensic Serology
What does a positive result in blood tests indicate?
Not a positive proof of blood.
p.4
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA)
What does BPA stand for?
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis.
p.28
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What is the role of blood typing in paternity testing?
It can help to exclude paternity but cannot absolutely verify it.
p.20
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is a key requirement for blood testing in precipitin tests?
Only a small amount of blood is required.
p.1
Importance of Blood in Forensic Analysis
What are the major types of serological evidence?
Blood and body fluids generated by sexual assault cases, including semen, saliva, and vaginal secretions.
p.4
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA)
What is the purpose of incident reconstruction in forensic analysis?
To determine what happened during a crime.
p.10
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What do Hemastix strips detect?
The peroxidase-like activity of hemoglobin.
p.36
Identification of Saliva in Forensic Investigations
What is saliva considered in forensic analysis?
One of the vital fluids secreted in human beings.
p.25
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What indicates a blood sample is type B?
Clumping occurs when mixed with Anti-B serum.
What does 'negative' typically refer to in a general context?
A state or condition that is undesirable or unfavorable.
p.6
Importance of Blood in Forensic Analysis
What can different components of blood be used for?
Different forensic assays.
p.14
Limitations and Challenges in Forensic Serology
What can trigger a false positive in the Luminol test?
Other ions such as copper.
p.2
Importance of Blood in Forensic Analysis
Why is blood commonly found in crime scenes?
Because it is often present during violent crimes.
p.33
Detection of Seminal Fluid in Forensic Cases
What type of test is the PSA Semiquant?
An immunochromatographic rapid test.
p.1
Forensic Serology Overview
What is the ultimate goal of forensic serology?
To determine who the blood or body fluids came from.
p.14
Limitations and Challenges in Forensic Serology
What environmental condition can lead to false positives in the Luminol test?
Enclosed spaces with excessive smoke.
p.15
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What are the advantages of preliminary/presumptive tests for blood?
They are cheap, quick, reasonably sensitive, and convenient to use.
p.7
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What is coagulated blood?
A mass of blood that has clotted, formed by the stimulation of fibrin.
p.29
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What are polymorphic enzymes in human blood?
Enzymes that exist in several forms, such as Phosphoglucomutase (PGM).
p.15
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What can interfere with preliminary blood tests?
Many other materials, including both oxidizing and reducing agents.
p.16
Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is the purpose of the Microcrystal Test?
To confirm the presence of blood.
p.13
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is the sensitivity level of the Luminol test?
It can detect bloodstains diluted to as little as 1 in 100,000.
p.35
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What is the first antibody used in the PSA detection process?
1st mouse Anti-human PSA antibody (gold-labelled; mobile).
p.40
Limitations and Challenges in Forensic Serology
What is a limitation of the amylase activity-based tests?
They are not specific to humans.
p.12
Limitations and Challenges in Forensic Serology
What are two limitations of preliminary tests for blood?
Sensitivity and not being definite proof.
What is blood?
The fluid that circulates in the principal vascular system of human beings and other vertebrates.
p.1
Forensic Serology Overview
What does forensic serology involve?
The examination and analysis of body fluids.
p.3
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA)
What is meant by blood being projected from the body?
Blood leaves the body due to a person or object applying some force other than gravity.
p.4
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA)
How can BPA help in understanding the crime scene?
By revealing the locations and movements of the victim and attackers during the attack.
p.12
Limitations and Challenges in Forensic Serology
What can a negative result in blood tests conclude?
The absence of detectable quantities of heme.
p.4
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA)
Why is bloodstain pattern analysis considered important?
It provides critical insights into the dynamics of a crime scene.
p.13
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
How is the Luminol reagent applied during testing?
It is sprayed onto a suspect item.
p.16
Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What are Takayama crystals?
Crystals formed during the Takayama test that indicate the presence of blood.
p.13
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What role does iron in hemoglobin play in the Luminol test?
It acts as a catalyst in the reaction.
p.25
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What is mixed with blood samples for ABO typing?
Serums containing antibodies for Type A and B blood.
p.18
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
How can human blood be identified using the precipitin ring test?
By using rabbit antibodies against human blood antigens.
p.9
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is a key advantage of the KM color test regarding the sample?
It is not destructive to the sample, allowing for further tests.
p.42
Detection of Vaginal Secretions in Sexual Assault Cases
From where can swabs be taken to detect vaginal secretions?
From a suspect’s penis or any suspected foreign objects.
p.30
Limitations and Challenges in Forensic Serology
What is a limitation of the Acid Phosphatase test?
Certain materials like watermelon or cauliflower juice can cause false positives.
p.2
Importance of Blood in Forensic Analysis
What can bloodstains indicate about a crime?
They can provide clues about the locations of the victim and suspect during the crime.
p.2
Importance of Blood in Forensic Analysis
What information can blood reveal in forensic analysis?
The presence of disease, drugs, and alcohol.
p.10
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is the primary use of Hemastix strips?
To detect blood in urine.
p.36
Identification of Saliva in Forensic Investigations
Why is saliva important for individual identification?
It is an important source of DNA.
p.37
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
Where is α-amylase found in higher concentrations?
In saliva, 50 times higher than in other body fluids.
What does 'positive' typically refer to in a general context?
A state or condition that is desirable or favorable.
p.11
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is the basis of the LMG test?
The peroxidase-like activity of hemoglobin.
p.8
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What is un-coagulated blood?
The fluid portion of un-clotted blood.
p.39
Detection of Seminal Fluid in Forensic Cases
What does the Phadebas amylase test indicate?
The presence of amylase, indicated by a blue color change.
p.8
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What substances does plasma contain?
Proteins, antibodies, hormones, vitamins, and salts.
p.18
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is required to prepare a reagent for the precipitin ring test for human blood?
Antiserum against human blood.
p.42
Detection of Vaginal Secretions in Sexual Assault Cases
In which demographic are glycogen-rich vaginal epithelial cells absent?
In young girls who have not started menstruating.
p.30
Limitations and Challenges in Forensic Serology
What can cause false positives in the Acid Phosphatase test?
Some fungi and certain food juices.
p.33
Detection of Seminal Fluid in Forensic Cases
What does PSA stand for?
Prostate-Specific Antigen.
p.3
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (BPA)
What are the two main categories of how blood can leave the body?
1) Passive bleeding, 2) Blood projected from the body.
p.17
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
Who developed the Teichmann test?
Ludwik Teichmann in 1853.
p.17
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
How sensitive is the Teichmann test compared to color tests?
It is less sensitive than color tests such as the luminol test.
p.19
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What happens when antibodies and antigens diffuse toward one another on an agar-coated plate?
A line of precipitation forms where they meet if the blood is from a human.
p.36
Identification of Saliva in Forensic Investigations
From where can saliva be recovered?
From stamps, food, and bite marks.
p.18
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is the purpose of the precipitin ring test?
To identify the species of blood.
How can 'positive' be perceived in emotional contexts?
As feelings of happiness, optimism, or enthusiasm.
p.35
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What principle is used in the PSA detection method?
Semiquantitative principle.
p.16
Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What do confirmatory tests for blood rely on?
A reaction between a chemical and the hemoglobin molecule in red blood cells (RBC).
p.30
Detection of Seminal Fluid in Forensic Cases
How does the concentration of Acid Phosphatase in seminal fluid compare to other body fluids?
It is much higher in seminal fluid.
p.27
Importance of Blood in Forensic Analysis
What is one importance of blood typing in investigations?
It helps narrow down investigations.
p.7
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What does serum contain?
Water, antibodies, proteins, salts, and many other components.
p.15
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is a limitation of preliminary blood tests regarding species?
They cannot differentiate between species.
How can 'negative' be perceived in emotional contexts?
As feelings of sadness, anger, or pessimism.
p.21
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What is an allele?
Alternative forms of a gene located at the same point on a particular pair of chromosomes.
p.42
Detection of Vaginal Secretions in Sexual Assault Cases
What type of cells are detected in vaginal secretions?
Glycogen-rich epithelial cells.
p.37
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is the result of the starch-iodine test when amylase is present?
Yellow/brown color indicating glucose and free iodine.
p.26
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What is the purpose of mixing serum with blood in reverse typing?
To determine the blood type of the sample.
p.32
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is the electrophoretic PSA test used for?
It is used as a confirmatory test for the presence of PSA.
p.30
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What color indicates a positive result in the Acid Phosphatase test?
Purple (using Fast Blue B Dye).
p.22
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What are glyco-sphingolipids composed of?
A hybrid molecule of carbohydrate and lipid.
p.17
Limitations and Challenges in Forensic Serology
What is a limitation of the Teichmann test?
It can't determine the species from which the blood originated.
p.40
Detection of Saliva in Forensic Investigations
What is the purpose of using a Phadebas tablet in testing?
To measure amylase activity.
p.10
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
How do you use Hemastix strips?
Moist the strip with DI water and place it in contact with the bloodstain.
p.39
Detection of Seminal Fluid in Forensic Cases
What is Phadebas?
A synthetic biochemical substrate consisting of starch polymers with a blue dye covalently bonded.
p.32
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is the main source of PSA?
It is mainly found in semen, secreted by the prostate gland.
p.18
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What types of antiserums are commercially available for species identification?
Antiserums against different animals such as dog and cat.
p.39
Detection of Seminal Fluid in Forensic Cases
What is a key advantage of the Phadebas test?
No special apparatus is required, allowing it to be used at the scene.
p.7
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What methods can be used to settle blood?
By gravity or centrifugation.
p.42
Detection of Vaginal Secretions in Sexual Assault Cases
Why is the determination of vaginal secretions important?
It is crucial in cases involving sexual assault.
p.16
Confirmatory Tests for Blood
Why are preliminary tests for blood not sufficient?
They are not specific and can give false positive results.
In terms of feedback, what does 'negative feedback' imply?
Criticism or suggestions for improvement.
p.32
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
How does the concentration of PSA in vaginal fluid compare to that in semen?
In vaginal fluid, it is much lower, at 0 - 1.25 ng/ml.
p.32
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is the significance of the PSA test in forensic analysis?
It serves as a confirmatory test for a positive AP test sample.
p.32
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
How stable is PSA in terms of recovery from old semen stains?
PSA could be recovered from 30-year-old semen stains at detectable concentrations.
p.38
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What does a clear area in the gel indicate?
No starch is present due to digestion by amylase.
p.12
Limitations and Challenges in Forensic Serology
What can cause a false negative result in blood tests?
The presence of a reducing agent that interferes with the oxidation reaction of the tests.
p.32
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What does PSA stand for in the context of confirmatory tests?
Prostate Specific Antigen.
p.40
Detection of Saliva in Forensic Investigations
Where is amylase found in the human body?
In both saliva and the pancreas.
p.31
Limitations and Challenges in Forensic Serology
What are some limitations of microscopic identification?
Old samples and vasectomized males.
p.23
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What bond does the B allele form?
Joins D-galactose to D-galactose.
p.23
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What is the characteristic of the O allele?
Contains a deletion that results in a loss of enzymatic activity.
p.9
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is the Kastle-Meyer (KM) color test used for?
To detect the presence of blood.
p.17
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is the minimum amount of blood that can be detected using the Teichmann test?
Down to 1 μl of blood or 0.1 mg of hemoglobin.
p.9
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What property of blood hemoglobin is utilized in the KM color test?
It possesses peroxidase-like activity.
p.39
Detection of Seminal Fluid in Forensic Cases
What are the two formats of the Phadebas test?
Starch - Blue dye and Amylase - Blue dye.
p.37
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is formed when amylose interacts with iodine?
A dark blue/black color due to the formation of helices.
p.26
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What type of serum is mixed with known type A and B blood to determine type O?
A serum sample containing antibodies.
In terms of feedback, what does 'positive feedback' imply?
Praise or reinforcement of good performance.
p.42
Detection of Vaginal Secretions in Sexual Assault Cases
Is the test for detecting vaginal secretions conclusive?
No, it is not conclusive due to variability in glycogen levels.
p.9
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
Why are KM color tests typically preferred in forensic analysis?
They are cheaper and faster.
p.38
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
How is the amount of amylase quantified in the experiment?
By measuring the size of the clear area (cm²).
p.35
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What is the role of the second antibody in the PSA detection process?
2nd mouse Anti-human PSA antibody (membrane fixed).
p.38
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What test is used to visualize starch digestion?
Radial Gel Diffusion Starch Iodine test.
p.23
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What does the B allele encode?
1-3-galactosyltransferase.
p.38
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What happens to starch when it forms a complex with iodine?
It produces a blue color.
p.38
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What is the purpose of measuring the size of clear areas in the test?
To determine the relative amount of amylase in the samples.
p.23
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What does the A allele encode?
1-3-N-acetylgalactosamine transferase.
p.23
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What bond does the A allele form?
Bonds N-acetylgalactosamine to D-galactose.
p.13
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What chemical reaction occurs in the Luminol test?
H2O2 + luminol produces a strong glow.
p.42
Detection of Vaginal Secretions in Sexual Assault Cases
Which reagent is used to stain glycogen in vaginal secretions?
Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reagent.
p.8
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What is used to prevent blood from coagulating?
Anti-coagulants like EDTA, heparin, and citrate.
p.18
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
How can antibodies against human blood be produced?
By injecting human blood into a rabbit or other animals.
p.30
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What is the Acid Phosphatase (AP) Test used for?
It is a presumptive test for seminal stains.
p.19
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What reagents are required for the immunodiffusion assay?
Antiserum against human blood and an agar-coated plate with wells.
p.35
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What does a positive result indicate in the PSA test?
Presence of PSA in the sample.
p.40
Detection of Saliva in Forensic Investigations
What does the blue dye in the Phadebas test indicate?
It is released at a rate proportional to the quantity of the enzyme present.
p.9
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What type of test is the KM color test considered?
A preliminary/presumptive test for blood.
p.21
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What is a recessive allele?
An allele that produces its characteristic phenotype only when paired with an identical allele (e.g., O).
p.35
Biochemical Analysis of Blood Components
What is the significance of diffusion in the PSA test?
It allows the antibodies to interact with the PSA in the sample.
p.19
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What type of antiserum is used in the immunodiffusion assay?
Rabbit antiserum against human blood.
p.21
ABO Blood Typing and Paternity Testing
What is a dominant allele?
An allele that produces the same phenotype whether paired with an identical or different allele (e.g., A, B over O).
p.13
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
What types of bloodstains can the Luminol test detect?
Blood stains that have been washed out, wiped off, or are invisible to the naked eye.
p.13
Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests for Blood
Does the Luminol test interfere with subsequent DNA testing?
No, it does not interfere.
