To which genus does the Monkeypox virus belong?
Orthopoxvirus genus.
Which oncogenic virus is associated with sarcoma?
HHV8.
1/251
p.3
Smallpox and Variola Virus

To which genus does the Monkeypox virus belong?

Orthopoxvirus genus.

p.31
DNA Technology in Medicine

Which oncogenic virus is associated with sarcoma?

HHV8.

p.1
Smallpox and Variola Virus

What virus causes smallpox?

Variola virus.

p.5
Poliomyelitis and Poliovirus

What is Poliomyelitis?

An acute infectious disease that in its serious form affects the CNS.

p.6
Poliomyelitis and Poliovirus

What type of immunity does the formalin-inactivated (Salk) polio vaccine induce?

It induces humoral antibodies but does not induce local intestinal immunity.

p.1
Smallpox and Variola Virus

What is variolation?

It is a method where material from smallpox sores was given to people who had never had smallpox.

p.1
Vaccination and Eradication Programs

When was the worldwide vaccination program for smallpox initiated?

In 1966.

p.14
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

How can microorganisms in pharmacy contribute to a risk of infection?

They may contaminate non-sterile and sterile medicines.

p.23
DNA Technology in Medicine

What was the first therapeutic product of DNA technology to be licensed for human use?

Insulin.

p.14
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What kind of reactions can occur when microorganisms are introduced into the body without causing an infection?

They can cause pyrogenic reactions (fever).

p.6
Poliomyelitis and Poliovirus

How does the Sabin polio vaccine immunize the host?

It infects, multiplies, and immunizes the host against virulent strains.

p.9
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Who is responsible for assessing the efficacy of the active ingredient in a modern medicine?

Pharmacologists.

p.20
Antimicrobial Resistance

What are some types of antimicrobial drugs?

Antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals, antimalarials, and antihelmintics.

p.1
Vaccination and Eradication Programs

What does the smallpox vaccine contain?

It contains live vaccinia virus, a poxvirus similar to smallpox.

p.1
Vaccination and Eradication Programs

In what year was smallpox eradicated?

In 1980.

p.3
Smallpox and Variola Virus

What disease does Monkeypox cause symptoms similar to?

Smallpox, but less severe.

p.12
Antibiotics and Their Development

How was an antibiotic originally defined?

As a naturally occurring substance produced by one microorganism that inhibited the growth of, or killed, other microorganisms.

p.12
Antibiotics and Their Development

How has the definition of antibiotics changed more recently?

The term now encompasses certain synthetic agents that are used systemically to treat infection.

p.31
DNA Technology in Medicine

Which oncogenic viruses are associated with cervical cancer?

HPV 16 and HPV 18.

p.16
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What does sterility mean?

The freedom from the presence of viable microorganisms.

p.16
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Which types of products must be sterile?

All injections and ophthalmic products.

p.17
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What is a pyrogen?

Any substance which causes fever following injection.

p.27
Helicobacter pylori and Its Treatment

How do PPIs contribute to the treatment of Helicobacter pylori?

PPIs directly inhibit H. pylori and appear to be potent urease inhibitors.

p.15
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What is the increase in the chance of dying due to a hospital-acquired infection?

10% increase.

p.22
Antimicrobial Resistance

List the antibiotics that MRSA is resistant to.

Methicillin, oxacillin, amoxicillin, penicillin.

p.3
Smallpox and Variola Virus

What type of virus is Monkeypox?

An enveloped double-stranded DNA virus.

p.31
DNA Technology in Medicine

Which oncogenic viruses are linked to blood cancers?

HTLV-1 and EBV.

p.11
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Why must a pharmacist be knowledgeable about pharmaceutical microbiology?

To ensure the safe, hygienic manufacture and use of medicines.

p.28
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

What type of disease is a prion disease?

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy.

p.20
Antimicrobial Resistance

Which types of microorganisms can develop antimicrobial resistance?

Bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites.

p.30
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

What is iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD) and how is it transmitted?

It is transmitted accidentally by contaminated growth hormone preparations from human cadaver pituitary glands, by corneal transplant, by contaminated surgical instruments, and by cadaveric human dura mater grafts used for surgical repair of head injury.

p.19
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

When is aseptic manufacture usually selected?

When the ingredients or physical form of the product render it heat- or radiation-sensitive.

p.22
Antimicrobial Resistance

Which antibiotic is used to treat infections caused by N. gonorrhoeae?

Third generation cephalosporins.

p.3
Smallpox and Variola Virus

To which family does the Monkeypox virus belong?

Poxviridae family.

p.10
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Why must medicines administered by injections be sterile?

Because contaminated medicines pose a safety hazard and must be free from potentially pathogenic microorganisms.

p.13
Vaccination and Eradication Programs

How are microorganisms used in the production of vaccines?

Microorganisms are cultivated and manipulated to produce vaccines that stimulate immune responses against specific pathogens.

p.18
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What is one of the primary responsibilities of a pharmaceutical microbiologist?

To identify the organisms present.

p.18
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What role does a pharmaceutical microbiologist play in relation to microbial contaminants?

To enumerate microbial contaminants in the manufacturing environment, raw materials, and finished product.

p.8
Guinea Worm Disease and Treatment

What is another method of treating Guinea worm disease if slow removal is not possible?

Surgical removal

p.19
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What is terminal sterilization?

The process of making the product, packing it in its final container, and then sterilizing it by heat, radiation, or other means.

p.21
Antimicrobial Resistance

What is required to combat AMR?

Action across all government sectors and society.

p.25
Helicobacter pylori and Its Treatment

Which type of cancer is associated with Helicobacter pylori?

Helicobacter pylori is associated with gastric adenocarcinoma.

p.10
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Why are medicines administered to vulnerable areas of the body, such as the eyes, manufactured as sterile products?

To avoid contamination with potentially pathogenic microorganisms, which can be a safety hazard.

p.6
Poliomyelitis and Poliovirus

How is the live attenuated (Sabin) polio vaccine administered?

It is delivered orally.

p.8
Guinea Worm Disease and Treatment

What is the scientific name of the Guinea worm?

Dracunculus medinensis

p.20
Antimicrobial Resistance

What happens when microorganisms are exposed to antimicrobial drugs?

They change and develop antimicrobial resistance.

p.16
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Are products for other anatomical sites such as the nose, ear, vagina, and bladder always sterile?

They are often sterile.

p.27
Helicobacter pylori and Its Treatment

How long should the triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori be administered?

For 14 days.

p.29
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

Which substance is highly effective in decontaminating medical supplies and instruments from prions?

Guanidine thiocyanate.

p.22
Antimicrobial Resistance

What type of infections are caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and what is the treatment?

Hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia, bloodstream infections, and infections in newborns and intensive-care unit patients; treated with carbapenems.

p.22
Antimicrobial Resistance

What are the treatment options for infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae?

Carbapenems, and if resistant, colistins.

p.22
Antimicrobial Resistance

What are the treatments for Influenza virus?

Amantadine and rimantadine.

p.6
Poliomyelitis and Poliovirus

Why is the virus still able to multiply in the gut when using the Salk polio vaccine?

Because it does not induce local intestinal immunity.

p.13
DNA Technology in Medicine

What role do microorganisms play in recombinant DNA technology?

Microorganisms are used to produce polysaccharides and other therapeutic products through genetic manipulation.

p.32
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What infectious agents are suspected to be associated with Schizophrenia?

Toxoplasma gondii and HSV Type 2

p.9
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Who is responsible for assessing the safety of the active ingredient in a modern medicine?

Toxicologists.

p.27
Helicobacter pylori and Its Treatment

What does the triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection consist of?

Triple therapy consists of metronidazole, either bismuth subsalicylate or bismuth subcitrate, plus either amoxicillin or tetracycline for 14 days.

p.25
Helicobacter pylori and Its Treatment

What type of gastritis is Helicobacter pylori associated with?

Helicobacter pylori is associated with antral gastritis.

p.15
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What is the average additional hospital stay caused by hospital-acquired infections?

An extra 14 days.

p.5
Poliomyelitis and Poliovirus

What results from the destruction of motor neurons in the spinal cord due to poliovirus?

Flaccid paralysis.

p.13
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What are some benefits of microorganisms in pharmacy?

Manufacture of antibiotics, steroids, therapeutic enzymes, polysaccharides products of recombinant DNA technology.

p.13
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

How are microorganisms used to detect mutagenic or carcinogenic activity?

By using assays that measure the effects of substances on microbial DNA and cellular processes.

p.8
Guinea Worm Disease and Treatment

How does one become infected with Guinea worm?

By drinking water contaminated with infected copepods

p.16
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What does it mean for a product to be sterile?

It contains no living organisms.

p.9
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Besides physicochemical properties, what other factor has the potential to influence the efficacy and safety of a medicine?

Microorganisms.

p.27
Helicobacter pylori and Its Treatment

What is the role of acid-suppressing agents in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori?

An acid-suppressing agent given for 4–6 weeks enhances ulcer healing.

p.25
Helicobacter pylori and Its Treatment

What types of ulcers is Helicobacter pylori associated with?

Helicobacter pylori is associated with gastric ulcers.

p.14
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What deterioration risk do microorganisms pose to pharmaceutical products?

They may contaminate non-sterile and sterile medicines, leading to product deterioration.

p.14
Antimicrobial Resistance

How do microorganisms in pharmacy contribute to antibiotic resistance?

They provide a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes.

p.9
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What must a modern medicine be shown to be in order to receive a manufacturing license?

Effective, safe, and of good quality.

p.17
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What should injections be tested for to ensure quality?

Injections should be subject to a test for pyrogens.

p.20
Antimicrobial Resistance

What are microorganisms that develop antimicrobial resistance sometimes called?

Superbugs.

p.15
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What ability allows bacteria to colonize new niches?

Adaptation to a changing environment.

p.27
Helicobacter pylori and Its Treatment

What is the preferred initial therapy for Helicobacter pylori?

The preferred initial therapy is a PPI + amoxicillin + clarithromycin or a quadruple regimen of a PPI + metronidazole + tetracycline + bismuth.

p.15
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What is one economic impact of hospital-acquired infections?

An additional healthcare cost per patient.

p.31
DNA Technology in Medicine

Which oncogenic viruses are associated with liver cancer?

Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C.

p.13
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

In what way are microorganisms used as assay organisms?

To determine antibiotic, vitamin, and amino acid concentrations.

p.18
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Why are pharmaceutical microbiologists tasked with detecting certain organisms?

To detect those that are prohibited from particular product categories.

p.28
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

What is the cause of prion diseases?

Acquisition of misfolded prion proteins that can cause misfolding and aggregation of normal cellular prion protein expressed in brain tissue.

p.30
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

What causes familial forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?

Inheritance of mutations in the PrP gene.

p.29
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

What agents are prion diseases resistant to?

Formaldehyde (3.7%), urea (8 M), dry heat, boiling, ethanol (50%), proteases, deoxycholate (5%), and ionizing radiation.

p.5
Vaccination and Eradication Programs

What will happen to the use of the oral polio vaccine after global eradication is achieved?

The use of the oral polio vaccine will cease.

p.23
DNA Technology in Medicine

Name some therapeutic products developed using DNA technology.

Human growth hormone, interferon, erythropoietin, blood clotting factors.

p.11
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What subjects must pharmaceutical microbiology encompass?

Sterilization and preservation against microbial spoilage.

p.11
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What are the two key areas of concern mentioned in regard to microbial contamination in pharmaceutical microbiology?

The sources of microbial contamination and the factors that predispose to, or prevent, product spoilage.

p.32
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Which infectious agents are suspected to be associated with Type I Diabetes Mellitus?

Enteroviruses

p.19
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What is the preferred method for sterile medicine manufacturing?

Making the product, packing it in its final container, and sterilizing it by heat, radiation, or other means (terminal sterilization).

p.25
Helicobacter pylori and Its Treatment

What shape and gram classification does Helicobacter pylori have?

Helicobacter pylori is a spiral-shaped, gram-negative rod.

p.15
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

How do bacteria combat the immune system while growing as biofilms on medical devices?

By producing substances or structures that help them attach and grow.

p.22
Antimicrobial Resistance

What is the common infection caused by E. coli and what is the recommended treatment?

Urinary tract infections; treated with fluoroquinolones.

p.5
Vaccination and Eradication Programs

What has been the impact of the World Health Organization's intensive worldwide vaccination program on poliovirus?

The poliovirus is almost completely eradicated.

p.12
Antibiotics and Their Development

What was an antibiotic considered to be in its original definition?

A natural product, a microbial metabolite.

p.23
DNA Technology in Medicine

What is the Hepatitis B vaccine made of using DNA technology?

Genetically engineered surface antigens.

p.6
Poliomyelitis and Poliovirus

What type of immunity does the Sabin polio vaccine enable?

Mucosal immunity.

p.28
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

Where are normal cellular prion proteins expressed?

In brain tissue.

p.29
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

How resistant are prion diseases to standard means of inactivation?

Unusually resistant to standard means of inactivation.

p.29
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

What agents are prion diseases sensitive to?

Phenol (90%), household bleach, ether, NaOH (2 N), strong detergents (10% sodium dodecyl sulfate), and autoclaving (1 hour, 121 °C).

p.21
Antimicrobial Resistance

Why is the health care cost higher for patients with resistant infections?

Due to longer duration of illness, additional tests, and use of more expensive drugs.

p.22
Antimicrobial Resistance

What is MDR-TB and XDR-TB, and which organism causes these conditions?

MDR-TB (Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis) and XDR-TB (Extensively Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis) are caused by M. tuberculosis.

p.5
Vaccination and Eradication Programs

Which vaccine is being used in the global eradication program for polio?

The oral polio vaccine.

p.10
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

How do microorganisms cause product spoilage?

By chemically decomposing the active ingredient or the excipients in medicines.

p.14
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What types of health issues can microorganisms cause in pharmacy settings?

Microorganisms can cause infectious and other diseases.

p.11
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What environmental knowledge must a pharmacist have regarding microorganisms?

They must know where microorganisms arise in the environment.

p.17
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What is the criterion of quality for a sterile product?

There should be no detectable microorganisms whatsoever.

p.30
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

What is the cause of sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)?

Spontaneous transformation of normal prion protein into abnormal prions.

p.17
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Why is the detection, assay, and removal of bacterial pyrogens (endotoxins) considered within the realm of microbiology?

Because the vast majority of pyrogens are of bacterial origin.

p.15
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What do bacteria produce to attach to and grow as biofilms on surfaces of medical devices?

Substances or structures.

p.22
Antimicrobial Resistance

What is the main treatment for malaria caused by P. falciparum?

Artemisinin-based combination therapies.

p.6
Poliomyelitis and Poliovirus

What types of antibodies does the Sabin polio vaccine produce?

It produces IgM, IgG antibodies in the blood, and secretory IgA antibodies in the intestine.

p.16
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Are products taken by mouth or placed on the skin sterile?

No, they are non-sterile and may contain some microorganisms within limits on type and concentration.

p.18
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Why must pharmaceutical microbiologists be familiar with antimicrobial preservatives?

To minimize the risk of microbial growth and spoilage during storage and use by the patient.

p.17
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What is the origin of the vast majority of pyrogens?

The vast majority of pyrogens are of bacterial origin.

p.21
Antimicrobial Resistance

What does antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threaten?

The effective prevention and treatment of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi.

p.21
Antimicrobial Resistance

How does AMR affect the success of major surgery and cancer chemotherapy?

Without effective antibiotics, the success of major surgery and cancer chemotherapy would be compromised.

p.21
Antimicrobial Resistance

Why is AMR a serious threat to global public health?

Because it increasingly complicates the treatment of infections and requires action across all sectors of society.

p.32
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Which infectious agent is suspected to be associated with Atherosclerosis?

Chlamydia pneumoniae

p.8
Guinea Worm Disease and Treatment

What is one method of treating Guinea worm disease?

Slow removal of the worm around a stick

p.9
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Who takes lead responsibility for ensuring that the components of a medicine are present in the correct physical form and concentration?

Analytical chemists and pharmacists.

p.19
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What is the alternative method to terminal sterilization in sterile medicine manufacturing?

Manufacturing the product from sterile ingredients under conditions that do not permit the entry of contaminating organisms (aseptic manufacture).

p.25
Helicobacter pylori and Its Treatment

Which ulcer disease is linked to Helicobacter pylori?

Helicobacter pylori is linked to duodenal (peptic) ulcer disease.

p.25
Helicobacter pylori and Its Treatment

What type of lymphoma is linked to Helicobacter pylori?

Helicobacter pylori is linked to gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas.

p.20
Antimicrobial Resistance

What is likely to happen if microorganisms develop resistance to antibiotics?

It will substantially restrict the value of antibiotics in the control of certain infections.

p.19
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Why might terminal sterilization not be suitable for all products?

Because some products are heat- or radiation-sensitive.

p.21
Antimicrobial Resistance

Which diseases are starting to be complicated by drug resistance?

HIV and malaria.

p.22
Antimicrobial Resistance

Which therapy is used to treat HIV?

ART (Antiretroviral Therapy).

p.10
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What can microorganisms do to cause product spoilage in medicines?
A) Increase the medicine's potency
B) Chemically decompose the active ingredient or the excipients
C) Improve the medicine's taste
D) Enhance the medicine's appearance
E) Make the medicine less dense

B) Chemically decompose the active ingredient or the excipients
Explanation: Microorganisms cause product spoilage by chemically breaking down the active ingredients or the excipients, which compromises the safety and efficacy of the medicines.

p.1
Smallpox and Variola Virus

What virus causes smallpox?
A) Influenza virus
B) Variola virus
C) Coronavirus
D) Hepatitis B virus
E) Rhinovirus

B) Variola virus
Explanation: The Variola virus is the virus that causes smallpox, distinguishing it from other viruses such as Influenza virus or Coronavirus.

p.11
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Which of the following must pharmaceutical microbiology encompass?
A) Theoretical physics and chemistry
B) Sterilization and preservation against microbial spoilage
C) Animal behavior and genetics
D) Nutrition and dietetics
E) Meteorology and climate studies

B) Sterilization and preservation against microbial spoilage
Explanation: Pharmaceutical microbiology must encompass the subjects of sterilization and preservation against microbial spoilage to ensure the safe and hygienic manufacture and use of medicines.

p.8
Guinea Worm Disease

Which of the following is a treatment method for Guinea Worm Disease?
A) Antibiotic therapy
B) Antiviral medication
C) Chemotherapy
D) Slow removal of the worm around a stick
E) Radiation therapy

D) Slow removal of the worm around a stick
Explanation: One of the traditional treatments for Guinea Worm Disease involves the slow removal of the worm by winding it around a stick.

p.5
Vaccination and Eradication Programs

What has contributed to the near-eradication of the poliovirus?
A) Improved hygiene practices
B) Intensive worldwide vaccination programme
C) Natural herd immunity
D) Use of antibiotics
E) Discovery of a cure

B) Intensive worldwide vaccination programme
Explanation: The poliovirus is almost completely eradicated following an intensive worldwide vaccination programme by the World Health Organization.

p.31
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Which viruses are associated with liver cancer?
A) HTLV-1 and EBV
B) HPV 16 and HPV 18
C) Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
D) HHV8
E) Influenza

C) Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
Explanation: Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C viruses are specifically linked to liver cancer, highlighting their role in oncogenesis in liver tissues.

p.17
Sterility and Quality Control in Medicine

In the context of microbiology, what are bacterial pyrogens also known as?
A) Viruses
B) Fungi
C) Endotoxins
D) Prions
E) Exotoxins

C) Endotoxins
Explanation: Bacterial pyrogens are also known as endotoxins, and their detection, assay, and removal are crucial in the realm of microbiology.

p.1
Smallpox and Variola Virus

What was the method called where material from smallpox sores was given to people to prevent smallpox?
A) Vaccination
B) Inoculation
C) Antivirals
D) Variolation
E) Antibiotics

D) Variolation
Explanation: Variolation involved using material from smallpox sores to immunize people who had never had smallpox, an early method of inducing immunity before the development of vaccines.

p.13
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

Microorganisms are used in the production of which of the following pharmaceutical products?

Steroids

p.5
Vaccination and Eradication Programs

Which type of vaccine is being used in the global polio eradication program?
A) Intramuscular polio vaccine
B) Subcutaneous polio vaccine
C) Oral polio vaccine
D) Inhaled polio vaccine
E) Dermal polio vaccine

C) Oral polio vaccine
Explanation: The oral polio vaccine is being used in the global eradication program.

p.28
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

Which of the following is NOT associated with prion diseases?
A) Neurodegenerative changes
B) Misfolded proteins
C) Spongiform changes in the brain
D) Bacterial infection
E) Transmissibility

D) Bacterial infection
Explanation: Prion diseases are associated with neurodegenerative changes, misfolded proteins, spongiform changes in the brain, and transmissibility, but not with bacterial infection.

p.23
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What was the first therapeutic product of DNA technology to be licensed for human use?
A) Insulin
B) Human growth hormone
C) Interferon
D) Erythropoietin
E) Hepatitis B vaccine

A) Insulin
Explanation: Insulin was the first therapeutic product of DNA technology to be licensed for human use, marking a significant milestone in biotechnological advancements.

p.29
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

Which of the following is NOT a substance Prion Disease is resistant to?
A) Dry heat
B) Formaldehyde (3.7%)
C) Sodium dodecyl sulfate (10%)
D) Boiling
E) Urea (8 M)

C) Sodium dodecyl sulfate (10%)
Explanation: Prion Disease is resistant to substances like dry heat, formaldehyde (3.7%), boiling, and urea (8 M), but it is sensitive to 10% sodium dodecyl sulfate.

p.21
Antibiotic Resistance

What does antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threaten?
A) Only bacterial infections
B) Only viral infections
C) Only fungal infections
D) All above its effective prevention and treatment
E) None of them

D) All above its effective prevention and treatment
Explanation: AMR threatens the effective prevention and treatment of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi, which means it affects a wide range of infectious agents.

p.3
Smallpox and Variola Virus

How do the symptoms of monkeypox compare to those of smallpox?
A) They are more severe
B) They are equally severe
C) They are less severe
D) They are unrelated
E) They disappear faster

C) They are less severe
Explanation: The symptoms of monkeypox are similar to those of smallpox but are less severe.

p.8
Guinea Worm Disease

What organism causes Guinea Worm Disease?
A) Escherichia coli
B) Dracunculus medinensis
C) Helicobacter pylori
D) Trypanosoma brucei
E) Plasmodium falciparum

B) Dracunculus medinensis
Explanation: Guinea Worm Disease is caused by the parasitic worm Dracunculus medinensis.

p.5
Poliomyelitis and Poliovirus

What is Poliomyelitis?
A) A respiratory infection
B) An acute infectious disease that affects the CNS
C) A skin infection
D) A gastrointestinal disorder
E) A cardiovascular disease

B) An acute infectious disease that affects the CNS
Explanation: Poliomyelitis is an acute infectious disease that, in its serious form, affects the central nervous system (CNS).

p.8
Guinea Worm Disease

What is another method of removing the Guinea Worm besides the traditional slow removal around a stick?
A) Medication
B) Homeopathy
C) Surgical removal
D) Herbal remedies
E) Cryotherapy

C) Surgical removal
Explanation: In addition to the slow removal method, the Guinea Worm can also be surgically removed as a treatment option.

p.13
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

For what purpose are microorganisms used in vaccine production?

To create the vaccines themselves

p.31
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What viruses are linked to blood cancers?
A) Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
B) HTLV-1 and EBV
C) HPV 16 and HPV 18
D) HHV8
E) Flu

B) HTLV-1 and EBV
Explanation: HTLV-1 (Human T-lymphotropic virus 1) and EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) are known for their association with various blood cancers, including lymphomas and leukemias.

p.31
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Which of the following is not an oncogenic virus?
A) Hepatitis B
B) Hepatitis C
C) HHV8
D) Influenza
E) HPV 18

D) Influenza
Explanation: Influenza is not associated with cancer development, unlike the other listed viruses which are linked to specific types of cancers.

p.14
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

What type of diseases can microorganisms cause when they contaminate medicines?
A) Degenerative diseases
B) Infectious and other diseases
C) Genetic disorders
D) Cardiovascular diseases
E) Metabolic disorders

B) Infectious and other diseases
Explanation: Contaminated medicines can lead to infectious diseases as well as other types of health complications due to the presence of harmful microorganisms.

p.1
Vaccination and Eradication Programs

What type of virus does the smallpox vaccine contain?
A) Influenza virus
B) Inactivated smallpox virus
C) Live vaccinia virus
D) Attenuated variola virus
E) Inactivated polio virus

C) Live vaccinia virus
Explanation: The smallpox vaccine contains live vaccinia virus, which is a poxvirus similar to the Variola virus that causes smallpox.

p.10
Sterility and Quality Control in Medicine

Why is it important for certain medicines to be manufactured as sterile products?
A) To prevent allergies
B) To enhance their flavor
C) To avoid contamination with potentially pathogenic microorganisms
D) To increase their shelf life
E) To make them more colorful

C) To avoid contamination with potentially pathogenic microorganisms
Explanation: Sterility is crucial for medicines administered by vulnerable routes, like injections, or to vulnerable areas, such as the eyes, to prevent contamination that could lead to serious infections and health hazards.

p.3
Smallpox and Variola Virus

What type of virus is monkeypox?
A) Single-stranded RNA virus
B) Double-stranded RNA virus
C) Enveloped single-stranded DNA virus
D) Enveloped double-stranded DNA virus
E) Non-enveloped double-stranded DNA virus

D) Enveloped double-stranded DNA virus
Explanation: Monkeypox is described as an enveloped double-stranded DNA virus, which is a key characteristic of its structure.

p.12
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What is the modern definition of an antibiotic?
A) Only naturally occurring substances
B) Any substance used to kill microorganisms
C) Substances used systemically to treat infections, including synthetic agents
D) Chemicals produced by plants
E) Only substances that inhibit bacterial growth

C) Substances used systemically to treat infections, including synthetic agents
Explanation: The modern definition of an antibiotic has expanded to include certain synthetic agents that are used systemically throughout the body to treat infections.

p.13
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

How do microorganisms contribute to cancer research in pharmacy?

By detecting mutagenic or carcinogenic activity

p.14
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

What is a potential risk of microorganisms contaminating non-sterile and sterile medicines?
A) Increased potency
B) Risk of infection
C) Reduced manufacturing costs
D) Improved taste
E) Enhanced shelf life

B) Risk of infection
Explanation: Microorganisms can contaminate non-sterile and sterile medicines, posing a risk of infection to individuals who use these contaminated products.

p.28
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

What is another name for prion diseases?
A) Viral encephalopathies
B) Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
C) Bacterial meningitis
D) Fungal infections
E) Parasitic brain diseases

B) Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies
Explanation: Prion diseases are also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, which reflect their transmissible nature and the characteristic sponge-like appearance of affected brain tissue.

p.1
Vaccination and Eradication Programs

When was smallpox officially eradicated?
A) 1950
B) 1966
C) 1970
D) 1980
E) 1990

D) 1980
Explanation: Smallpox was officially declared eradicated in the year 1980, following a successful worldwide vaccination campaign.

p.19
Sterility and Quality Control in Medicine

What is the most straightforward and preferred option for sterile medicine manufacturing?
A) Aseptic manufacture
B) Fermentation
C) Terminal sterilization
D) Filtration
E) Chemical synthesis

C) Terminal sterilization
Explanation: Terminal sterilization involves making the product, packing it in its final container, and then sterilizing it by heat, radiation, or other means. It is considered the most straightforward and preferred option.

p.14
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

What can microorganisms cause when they contaminate medicines?
A) Enhanced efficacy
B) Product deterioration
C) Extended expiration date
D) Improved solubility
E) Increased bioavailability

B) Product deterioration
Explanation: Microorganisms can contaminate medicines, leading to the deterioration of the product, which affects its quality and safety.

p.14
Antibiotic Resistance

How can microorganisms in medicines contribute to antibiotic resistance?
A) By increasing drug solubility
B) By killing other bacteria
C) By providing a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes
D) By enhancing drug potency
E) By reducing side effects

C) By providing a reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes
Explanation: Microorganisms can harbor antibiotic resistance genes, which contribute to the spread and persistence of antibiotic resistance in pathogens.

p.17
Sterility and Quality Control in Medicine

Why are bacterial pyrogens significant in microbiology?
A) They enhance the effectiveness of antibiotics
B) They are the primary cause of infections in sterile products
C) They cause fever following injection
D) They are harmless to human health
E) They improve product stability

C) They cause fever following injection
Explanation: Bacterial pyrogens are significant because they cause fever when injected, highlighting the importance of their detection and removal in the pharmaceutical field.

p.16
Sterility and Quality Control in Medicine

Which anatomical sites often require sterile products?
A) Mouth and skin
B) Eyes and ears only
C) Nose, ear, vagina, and bladder
D) Hands and feet
E) Hair and nails

C) Nose, ear, vagina, and bladder
Explanation: Products intended for use in the nose, ear, vagina, and bladder are often required to be sterile to prevent infections in these sensitive and potentially internal areas.

p.1
Vaccination and Eradication Programs

In what year was the worldwide vaccination program against smallpox initiated?
A) 1945
B) 1950
C) 1966
D) 1975
E) 1980

C) 1966
Explanation: The worldwide vaccination program against smallpox was initiated in 1966, leading eventually to the eradication of the disease.

p.11
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Why is it important for a pharmacist to understand the sources of microbial contamination?
A) To create colorful medicines
B) To enhance product flavor
C) To ensure safe and hygienic manufacture of medicines
D) To print clear labels on products
E) To increase medicine prices

C) To ensure safe and hygienic manufacture of medicines
Explanation: A pharmacist responsible for the safe, hygienic manufacture and use of medicines must understand where microorganisms arise in the environment to prevent contamination.

p.20
Antibiotic Resistance

What is a likely consequence of the development of resistance to antibiotics?
A) Enhanced drug effectiveness
B) Increased infection control
C) Restricted value in controlling infections
D) Reduced drug prices
E) Easier treatment protocols

C) Restricted value in controlling infections
Explanation: The development of resistance to antibiotics is likely to substantially restrict their value in the control of certain infections, making it harder to treat these infections effectively.

p.9
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What requirements must a modern medicine meet to receive a manufacturing licence?
A) It must be affordable
B) It must be effective, safe, and of good quality
C) It must be produced quickly
D) It must be popular among patients
E) It must be available in multiple forms

B) It must be effective, safe, and of good quality
Explanation: To receive a manufacturing licence, a modern medicine must be demonstrated to be effective, safe, and of good quality, ensuring its suitability for patient use.

p.9
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Who ensures that the components of the medicine are present in the correct physical form and concentration?
A) Pharmacologist and toxicologist
B) Analytical chemist and pharmacist
C) Microbiologist and quality control inspector
D) Pharmacist and microbiologist
E) Pharmacologist and analytical chemist

B) Analytical chemist and pharmacist
Explanation: Analytical chemists and pharmacists are responsible for ensuring that the components of the medicine are present in the correct physical form and concentration.

p.8
Guinea Worm Disease

How do humans typically become infected with Guinea Worm?
A) Through mosquito bites
B) By consuming undercooked meat
C) By drinking water contaminated with infected copepods
D) Through direct contact with infected soil
E) By inhaling contaminated air

C) By drinking water contaminated with infected copepods
Explanation: The primary mechanism of infection for Guinea Worm Disease is through drinking water contaminated with copepods that carry the larvae of the worm.

p.20
Antibiotic Resistance

What occurs when microorganisms change due to exposure to antimicrobial drugs?
A) Improved susceptibility
B) Antimicrobial resistance
C) Enhanced growth rate
D) Reduced virulence
E) Increased stability

B) Antimicrobial resistance
Explanation: Antimicrobial resistance happens when microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites change when exposed to antimicrobial drugs, rendering these drugs less effective.

p.31
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Which virus is associated with sarcoma?
A) Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
B) HPV 16 and HPV 18
C) HTLV-1 and EBV
D) HHV8
E) Adenovirus

D) HHV8
Explanation: Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) is linked to Kaposi sarcoma, a type of cancer that often affects the skin, lymph nodes, and other organs. This virus is especially relevant in immunocompromised individuals.

p.17
Sterility and Quality Control in Medicine

What are injections subject to in terms of quality control?
A) Sterilization test
B) Pyrogen test
C) Color test
D) Viscosity test
E) pH test

B) Pyrogen test
Explanation: Injections are subject to a test for pyrogens to ensure that they do not cause fever when administered.

p.15
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

What is one of the characteristics of bacteria?
A) They cannot adapt to changing environments
B) They can adapt readily to a changing environment and colonize new niches
C) They lose function in new niches
D) They cannot produce biofilms
E) They only grow in stagnant water

B) They can adapt readily to a changing environment and colonize new niches
Explanation: Bacteria have the ability to adapt to changing environments and colonize new niches, which makes them versatile and resilient organisms.

p.30
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

What causes sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)?
A) Inheritance of mutations in the PrP gene
B) Accidental transmission through contaminated surgical instruments
C) Spontaneous transformation of normal prion protein into abnormal prions
D) Consumption of contaminated food
E) Exposure to toxic chemicals

C) Spontaneous transformation of normal prion protein into abnormal prions
Explanation: Sporadic CJD occurs due to the spontaneous transformation of normal prion protein into abnormal prions, without any known external cause or inherited mutation.

p.25
Helicobacter pylori and Related Treatments

What types of diseases is Helicobacter pylori associated with?
A) Respiratory infections
B) Skin infections
C) Antral gastritis, duodenal (peptic) ulcer disease, gastric ulcers
D) Urinary tract infections
E) Neurological disorders

C) Antral gastritis, duodenal (peptic) ulcer disease, gastric ulcers
Explanation: Helicobacter pylori is strongly associated with several gastrointestinal diseases including antral gastritis, duodenal (peptic) ulcer disease, and gastric ulcers.

p.25
Helicobacter pylori and Related Treatments

What type of bacteria is Helicobacter pylori?
A) Gram-positive
B) Gram-negative
C) Acid-fast
D) Spore-forming
E) Facultative anaerobe

B) Gram-negative
Explanation: Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium, meaning it does not retain the crystal violet stain used in Gram staining due to its cell wall composition.

p.22
Antibiotic Resistance

Which bacterium is associated with hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia and bloodstream infections, and is treated with carbapenems?
A) E. coli
B) N. gonorrhoeae
C) Klebsiella pneumoniae
D) MRSA
E) Enterobacteriaceae

C) Klebsiella pneumoniae
Explanation: Klebsiella pneumoniae is known for causing hospital-acquired infections such as pneumonia and bloodstream infections and is treated with carbapenems.

p.22
Antibiotic Resistance

What are carbapenems such as colistins used to treat?
A) MRSA infections
B) E. coli infections
C) Klebsiella pneumoniae infections
D) Enterobacteriaceae infections
E) N. gonorrhoeae infections

D) Enterobacteriaceae infections
Explanation: Enterobacteriaceae infections are treated with carbapenems, and colistins are used if carbapenems fail.

p.13
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

Which of the following is a benefit of microorganisms in pharmacy related to recombinant DNA technology?

Manufacture of antibiotics

p.13
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

In what context are microorganisms used as assay organisms?

To determine the concentration of antibiotics, vitamins, and amino acids

p.5
Poliomyelitis and Poliovirus

What results from the destruction of motor neurons in the spinal cord due to polio?
A) Stiff joints
B) Flaccid paralysis
C) Muscle spasms
D) Tremors
E) Loss of sensation

B) Flaccid paralysis
Explanation: The destruction of motor neurons in the spinal cord due to polio results in flaccid paralysis.

p.31
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Which viruses are implicated in cervical cancer?
A) HTLV-1 and EBV
B) HPV 16 and HPV 18
C) Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C
D) HHV8
E) Mumps

B) HPV 16 and HPV 18
Explanation: Human papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 are strongly associated with the development of cervical cancer, making them significant targets for vaccination and prevention efforts.

p.14
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

What can microorganisms cause besides infectious diseases?
A) Increased metabolism
B) Reduced symptoms
C) Pyrogenic reactions (fever)
D) Improved immune response
E) Enhanced nutrient absorption

C) Pyrogenic reactions (fever)
Explanation: Microorganisms can cause pyrogenic reactions, such as fever, even in the absence of infection, highlighting their harmful impact on the body.

p.28
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

Where are normal cellular prion proteins expressed that are affected by prion diseases?
A) Liver tissue
B) Blood cells
C) Brain tissue
D) Muscle tissue
E) Skin cells

C) Brain tissue
Explanation: Normal cellular prion proteins are expressed in brain tissue, and it is in this tissue where misfolded prion proteins cause damage and lead to prion diseases.

p.15
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

What is an effect of biofilm formation by bacteria on medical devices?
A) It prevents bacterial growth
B) It enhances the immune response
C) It helps bacteria combat the immune system
D) It makes bacteria more susceptible to antibiotics
E) It has no effect on bacteria

C) It helps bacteria combat the immune system
Explanation: The formation of biofilms by bacteria on medical devices helps them attach to surfaces and grow, making it difficult for the immune system to combat the infection.

p.16
Sterility and Quality Control in Medicine

Why is sterility critical for ophthalmic products?
A) To avoid dryness
B) To prevent eye color changes
C) To prevent eye infections
D) To enhance vision clarity
E) To reduce eye strain

C) To prevent eye infections
Explanation: Sterility is crucial for ophthalmic products to prevent any risk of eye infections since these products come in direct contact with a very sensitive and potentially vulnerable part of the body.

p.30
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

Which gene's mutation is responsible for familial forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)?
A) PrP gene
B) BRCA1 gene
C) CFTR gene
D) HBB gene
E) APP gene

A) PrP gene
Explanation: Mutations in the PrP gene are responsible for familial forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). This gene encodes the prion protein, and mutations can lead to the development of abnormal prions.

p.22
Antibiotic Resistance

What is the recommended treatment for infections caused by N. gonorrhoeae?
A) Fluoroquinolones
B) Carbapenems
C) Third generation cephalosporins
D) Colistins
E) Penicillin

C) Third generation cephalosporins
Explanation: N. gonorrhoeae infections are typically treated with third generation cephalosporins.

p.22
Antibiotic Resistance

What is the standard treatment for HIV?
A) Amantadine
B) ART
C) Fluoroquinolones
D) Third generation cephalosporins
E) Carbapenems

B) ART
Explanation: ART, or antiretroviral therapy, is the standard treatment for HIV.

p.3
Smallpox and Variola Virus

To which genus does the monkeypox virus belong?
A) Adenovirus
B) Orthopoxvirus
C) Flavivirus
D) Enterovirus
E) Herpesvirus

B) Orthopoxvirus
Explanation: The monkeypox virus belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family.

p.3
Smallpox and Variola Virus

To which family does the monkeypox virus belong?
A) Flaviviridae
B) Herpesviridae
C) Poxviridae
D) Adenoviridae
E) Retroviridae

C) Poxviridae
Explanation: The monkeypox virus belongs to the Poxviridae family, which includes other poxviruses.

p.20
Antibiotic Resistance

What are microorganisms that develop antimicrobial resistance sometimes called?
A) Mutants
B) Parasites
C) Superbugs
D) Pathogens
E) Viruses

C) Superbugs
Explanation: Microorganisms that develop antimicrobial resistance are sometimes referred to as 'superbugs' due to their ability to resist treatment with standard antimicrobial drugs.

p.5
Vaccination and Eradication Programs

What will happen to the use of the oral polio vaccine after global eradication is achieved?
A) It will be administered monthly
B) It will be replaced with another form of vaccine
C) It will cease
D) It will be given only in specific regions
E) It will be combined with other vaccines

C) It will cease
Explanation: After global eradication of polio is achieved, the use of the oral polio vaccine will cease.

p.28
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

What causes the misfolding and aggregation of normal cellular prion protein in brain tissue?
A) Viral infection
B) Genetic mutation
C) Acquisition of misfolded prion proteins
D) Bacterial toxins
E) Environmental toxins

C) Acquisition of misfolded prion proteins
Explanation: The acquisition of misfolded prion proteins can cause the misfolding and aggregation of normal cellular prion proteins in brain tissue, which is the basis of prion diseases.

p.15
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

How do bacteria attach and grow over the surfaces of medical devices?
A) By producing antibiotics
B) By producing substances or structures to form biofilms
C) By hiding from the immune system
D) By avoiding all interactions with the host
E) By increasing their mutation rate

B) By producing substances or structures to form biofilms
Explanation: Bacteria have the potential to produce substances or structures that help them attach to and grow as biofilms over the surfaces of devices, even while combating the body's immune system.

p.29
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

Which of the following substances is Prion Disease resistant to?
A) Phenol (90%)
B) Guanidine thiocyanate
C) Household bleach
D) Formaldehyde (3.7%)
E) NaOH (2 N)

D) Formaldehyde (3.7%)
Explanation: Prion Disease is resistant to formaldehyde (3.7%), making it difficult to inactivate using this substance.

p.30
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

Which medical procedure is NOT associated with the accidental transmission of iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)?
A) Contaminated growth hormone preparations
B) Corneal transplant
C) Blood transfusion
D) Use of contaminated surgical instruments
E) Cadaveric human dura mater grafts

C) Blood transfusion
Explanation: Iatrogenic CJD has been transmitted through procedures like contaminated growth hormone preparations, corneal transplants, the use of contaminated surgical instruments, and cadaveric human dura mater grafts, but not through blood transfusion.

p.25
Helicobacter pylori and Related Treatments

Which part of the stomach does Helicobacter pylori most commonly affect?
A) Cardia
B) Fundus
C) Antrum
D) Body
E) Pylorus

C) Antrum
Explanation: Helicobacter pylori is most commonly associated with antral gastritis, indicating that it frequently affects the antrum of the stomach.

p.22
Antibiotic Resistance

What diseases are linked with M. tuberculosis and require MDR-TB and XDR-TB treatments?
A) Malaria
B) Gonorrhea
C) Tuberculosis
D) HIV
E) Influenza

C) Tuberculosis
Explanation: M. tuberculosis is the bacterium that causes tuberculosis, and MDR-TB and XDR-TB refer to its multi-drug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant forms.

p.32
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

Which of the following is not an infectious agent suspected to be linked with schizophrenia?
A) Toxoplasma gondii
B) HSV Type 2
C) Chlamydia pneumoniae
D) None of the above
E) All of the above

C) Chlamydia pneumoniae
Explanation: Schizophrenia is suspected to be linked with Toxoplasma gondii and HSV Type 2, not Chlamydia pneumoniae.

p.12
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Originally, how was an antibiotic defined?
A) A synthetic substance produced by one microorganism
B) A naturally occurring substance produced by one microorganism
C) A chemical substance produced in laboratories
D) A parasite that kills other microorganisms
E) A substance found in plants

B) A naturally occurring substance produced by one microorganism
Explanation: Originally, an antibiotic was defined as a naturally occurring substance that was produced by one microorganism to inhibit the growth of or kill other microorganisms. It was considered a natural product or microbial metabolite.

p.11
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What must a pharmacist know to prevent product spoilage?
A) Marketing strategies
B) Fashion trends
C) Factors that predispose to, or prevent, product spoilage
D) Political developments
E) Entertainment news

C) Factors that predispose to, or prevent, product spoilage
Explanation: Understanding the factors that predispose to, or prevent, product spoilage is crucial for maintaining the safety and efficacy of pharmaceutical products.

p.19
Sterility and Quality Control in Medicine

Which of the following is NOT a method used in terminal sterilization?
A) Heat
B) Radiation
C) Filtration
D) Chemical sterilants
E) Aseptic techniques

E) Aseptic techniques
Explanation: Terminal sterilization methods include heat, radiation, and chemical sterilants. Aseptic techniques are alternative methods used in aseptic manufacturing, not terminal sterilization.

p.9
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Who is responsible for assessing the efficacy of the active ingredient in a medicine?
A) Pharmacist
B) Analytical chemist
C) Pharmacologist
D) Microbiologist
E) Quality control inspector

C) Pharmacologist
Explanation: The efficacy of the active ingredient in a medicine falls within the domain of the pharmacologist, who evaluates its effectiveness.

p.9
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Which aspect is NOT solely judged on the physicochemical properties of the product?
A) Color of the medicine
B) Taste of the medicine
C) Presence of microorganisms
D) Packaging of the medicine
E) Size of the tablets

C) Presence of microorganisms
Explanation: Quality is not judged solely on the physicochemical properties of the product; microorganisms also have the potential to influence efficacy and safety.

p.16
Sterility and Quality Control in Medicine

What is the definition of sterility in a medical context?
A) The presence of minimal microorganisms
B) The presence of dead microorganisms
C) The freedom from the presence of viable microorganisms
D) The presence of non-pathogenic microorganisms
E) The presence of viruses only

C) The freedom from the presence of viable microorganisms
Explanation: Sterility is defined as the complete absence of viable microorganisms, ensuring that no living organisms are present.

p.23
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Which of the following is NOT a therapeutic product of DNA technology?
A) Human growth hormone
B) Interferon
C) Erythropoietin
D) Blood clotting factors
E) Penicillin

E) Penicillin
Explanation: Penicillin is not a product of DNA technology; it is an antibiotic discovered from mold. In contrast, products like human growth hormone, interferon, erythropoietin, and blood clotting factors are developed using DNA technology.

p.23
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Which of the following products are developed using DNA technology?
A) Antibiotics
B) Insulin, human growth hormone, interferon, erythropoietin, blood clotting factors
C) Herbal medicine
D) Vaccines from killed pathogens
E) Antivirals

B) Insulin, human growth hormone, interferon, erythropoietin, blood clotting factors
Explanation: These products are developed using DNA technology, showcasing the broad applications and benefits of genetic engineering in therapeutic development.

p.6
Poliomyelitis and Poliovirus

What is a key difference between the Salk and Sabin polio vaccines?
A) Salk vaccine is live, Sabin is inactivated
B) Salk vaccine induces local intestinal immunity, Sabin does not
C) Sabin vaccine is delivered orally, Salk by injection
D) Salk vaccine produces IgA antibodies in the intestine, Sabin does not
E) Sabin vaccine does not induce any antibodies, Salk does

C) Sabin vaccine is delivered orally, Salk by injection
Explanation: The Salk vaccine is a formalin-inactivated vaccine and is typically given by injection, whereas the Sabin vaccine is a live attenuated vaccine delivered orally.

p.12
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

According to the original definition, what type of product was an antibiotic?
A) Chemical product
B) Synthetic product
C) Plant product
D) Microbial metabolite
E) Animal product

D) Microbial metabolite
Explanation: The original definition of an antibiotic described it as a natural product, specifically a microbial metabolite produced by one microorganism to inhibit or kill other microorganisms.

p.19
Sterility and Quality Control in Medicine

Under what conditions is aseptic manufacture usually selected?
A) When the product is not intended for human use
B) When the ingredients or physical form of the product render it heat- or radiation-sensitive
C) When the final product is very large
D) When the product does not contain any active ingredients
E) When the product must be kept at a low temperature

B) When the ingredients or physical form of the product render it heat- or radiation-sensitive
Explanation: Aseptic manufacture is selected when the ingredients or the physical form of the product cannot withstand heat or radiation, thus requiring sterile conditions to prevent contamination.

p.28
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

What describes the characteristic appearance of brain tissue affected by prion diseases?
A) Inflammation with pus
B) Sponge-like appearance
C) Solid mass formation
D) Smooth and healthy appearance
E) Calcification

B) Sponge-like appearance
Explanation: Brain tissue affected by prion diseases develops a characteristic sponge-like appearance due to the formation of microscopic holes, leading to its descriptive name, transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.

p.30
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

What is the cause of familial forms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)?
A) Accidental transmission through contaminated growth hormone preparations
B) Spontaneous transformation of normal prion protein
C) Inheritance of mutations in the PrP gene
D) Exposure to contaminated animal products
E) Viral infection

C) Inheritance of mutations in the PrP gene
Explanation: Familial forms of CJD are caused by the inheritance of mutations in the PrP gene, which predisposes individuals to developing the disease.

p.6
Poliomyelitis and Poliovirus

What type of immunity does the formalin-inactivated polio vaccine (Salk) primarily induce?
A) Local intestinal immunity
B) Mucosal immunity
C) Humoral antibodies
D) Cellular immunity
E) IgA antibodies

C) Humoral antibodies
Explanation: The formalin-inactivated polio vaccine (Salk) induces humoral antibodies but does not induce local intestinal immunity, allowing the virus to multiply in the gut.

p.6
Poliomyelitis and Poliovirus

Which type of immunity does the live attenuated polio vaccine (Sabin) provide that the formalin-inactivated vaccine (Salk) does not?
A) Systemic immunity
B) Humoral immunity
C) Mucosal immunity
D) Cellular immunity
E) Natural immunity

C) Mucosal immunity
Explanation: The live attenuated polio vaccine (Sabin) produces secretory IgA antibodies in the intestine, providing mucosal immunity, which the formalin-inactivated vaccine (Salk) does not.

p.21
Antibiotic Resistance

Why is AMR considered a serious threat to global public health?
A) It only affects developed nations
B) It can be managed by local health sectors alone
C) It requires action from all government sectors and society
D) It is limited to agricultural concerns
E) It is not currently a significant issue

C) It requires action from all government sectors and society
Explanation: AMR is a serious threat to global public health because managing it requires coordinated efforts across all government sectors and society to effectively combat its wide-reaching impact.

p.18
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Which of the following is NOT a duty of a pharmaceutical microbiologist?
A) To identify organisms present
B) To detect prohibited organisms
C) To enumerate microbial contaminants
D) To prescribe medications
E) To understand antimicrobial preservatives

D) To prescribe medications
Explanation: Pharmaceutical microbiologists do not prescribe medications; their duties revolve around ensuring the microbiological safety of pharmaceutical products.

p.32
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

Which chronic condition is Toxoplasma gondii suspected to be linked with?
A) Atherosclerosis
B) Type I Diabetes Mellitus
C) Schizophrenia
D) Hypertension
E) Asthma

C) Schizophrenia
Explanation: Schizophrenia is suspected to be linked with the infectious agent Toxoplasma gondii.

p.17
Sterility and Quality Control in Medicine

What is the primary criterion of quality for a sterile product?
A) Minimal microorganisms present
B) No detectable microorganisms
C) Low bacterial count
D) Acceptable levels of pyrogens
E) Some microorganisms present

B) No detectable microorganisms
Explanation: For a sterile product, the primary criterion of quality is that there should be no detectable microorganisms whatsoever, ensuring the product's sterility.

p.17
Sterility and Quality Control in Medicine

What is a pyrogen?
A) Any substance causing color change
B) Any substance causing fever following injection
C) Any substance causing coagulation
D) Any substance causing sterility
E) Any substance causing growth of microorganisms

B) Any substance causing fever following injection
Explanation: A pyrogen is defined as any substance that causes fever when injected, and most are of bacterial origin.

p.15
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

What is one consequence of a hospital-acquired infection?
A) Shorter hospital stays
B) A decrease in the chance of dying
C) A 10% increase in the chance of dying
D) No additional healthcare costs
E) Improvement in overall health

C) A 10% increase in the chance of dying
Explanation: A hospital-acquired infection results in an extra 14 days in hospital, a 10% increase in the chance of dying, and additional healthcare costs per patient.

p.25
Helicobacter pylori and Related Treatments

What shape is Helicobacter pylori?
A) Rod-shaped
B) Spiral-shaped
C) Spherical
D) Oval
E) Filamentous

B) Spiral-shaped
Explanation: Helicobacter pylori is described as a spiral-shaped, gram-negative rod, which aids in its identification under microscopic examination.

p.25
Helicobacter pylori and Related Treatments

Which serious conditions can Helicobacter pylori infection lead to?
A) Brain tumors and epilepsy
B) Cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension
C) Gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric MALT lymphomas
D) Bone fractures and arthritis
E) Liver cirrhosis and hepatitis

C) Gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric MALT lymphomas
Explanation: In addition to gastrointestinal diseases, Helicobacter pylori infection can lead to more serious conditions such as gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphomas.

p.22
Antibiotic Resistance

Which bacteria is commonly associated with urinary tract infections and is treated with fluoroquinolones?
A) E. coli
B) Klebsiella pneumoniae
C) MRSA
D) N. gonorrhoeae
E) Enterobacteriaceae

A) E. coli
Explanation: E. coli is a common cause of urinary tract infections and is generally treated with fluoroquinolones.

p.18
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What does the enumeration of microbial contaminants involve?
A) Counting the number of microbial contaminants
B) Developing new microbial strains
C) Enhancing microbial growth
D) Reducing the pH of the environment
E) Increasing the temperature of the environment

A) Counting the number of microbial contaminants
Explanation: Enumeration involves counting the number of microbial contaminants in the manufacturing environment, raw materials, and finished products to ensure they are within acceptable limits.

p.9
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Who is responsible for the safety aspects of the active ingredient in a medicine?
A) Analytical chemist
B) Pharmacologist
C) Pharmacist
D) Toxicologist
E) Microbiologist

D) Toxicologist
Explanation: The safety aspects of the active ingredient in a medicine are within the domain of the toxicologist, who evaluates the potential risks and harms.

p.15
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

What is the additional healthcare cost impact of a hospital-acquired infection per patient?
A) No additional costs
B) Minimal additional costs
C) Significant additional costs
D) Reduced healthcare costs
E) Predictable costs

C) Significant additional costs
Explanation: A hospital-acquired infection leads to significant additional healthcare costs per patient due to prolonged hospital stay and increased complexity of care.

p.30
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

Which of the following is NOT a known transmission method for iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)?
A) Contaminated growth hormone preparations from human cadaver pituitary glands
B) Corneal transplants
C) Inheritance of mutations in the PrP gene
D) Contaminated surgical instruments
E) Cadaveric human dura mater grafts used for surgical repair

C) Inheritance of mutations in the PrP gene
Explanation: Iatrogenic CJD is transmitted accidentally through medical procedures, such as contaminated growth hormone preparations, corneal transplants, contaminated surgical instruments, and cadaveric human dura mater grafts. It is not caused by inherited mutations in the PrP gene.

p.6
Poliomyelitis and Poliovirus

Which antibody types are produced by the live attenuated polio vaccine (Sabin) in the intestine?
A) IgG and IgM
B) IgA and IgD
C) IgE and IgG
D) IgM and IgD
E) IgA and IgG

E) IgA and IgG
Explanation: The live attenuated polio vaccine (Sabin) produces not only IgM and IgG antibodies in the blood but also secretory IgA antibodies in the intestine, enabling mucosal immunity.

p.22
Antibiotic Resistance

Which antibiotic is NOT used to treat MRSA infections?
A) Methicillin
B) Oxacillin
C) Amoxicillin
D) Penicillin
E) Fluoroquinolones

E) Fluoroquinolones
Explanation: MRSA is resistant to methicillin, oxacillin, amoxicillin, and penicillin, but fluoroquinolones are not commonly used for MRSA.

p.21
Antibiotic Resistance

How would the lack of effective antibiotics affect major surgeries and cancer chemotherapy?
A) They would be unaffected
B) They would be more successful
C) They would be compromised
D) They would become less expensive
E) They would no longer be necessary

C) They would be compromised
Explanation: Without effective antibiotics, the success of major surgeries and cancer chemotherapy would be compromised because these medical procedures rely on antibiotics to prevent and treat infections.

p.27
Helicobacter pylori and Related Treatments

What is the preferred initial therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection?
A) PPI + amoxicillin + clarithromycin
B) PPI + amoxicillin + metronidazole
C) PPI + bismuth + amoxicillin
D) PPI + tetracycline + amoxicillin
E) PPI + clarithromycin + ibuprofen

A) PPI + amoxicillin + clarithromycin
Explanation: The preferred initial therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection is a PPI, amoxicillin, and clarithromycin.

p.16
Sterility and Quality Control in Medicine

In which type of medical products is sterility mandatory?
A) Oral medications
B) Skin creams
C) Injections and ophthalmic products
D) Topical ointments
E) Dietary supplements

C) Injections and ophthalmic products
Explanation: Sterility is mandatory for all injections and ophthalmic products as they are directly introduced into sterile areas of the body, such as the bloodstream and eyes.

p.29
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

Which of the following is an effective decontaminant against prions for medical supplies and instruments?
A) Ethanol (50%)
B) Urea (8 M)
C) Dry heat
D) Guanidine thiocyanate
E) Ionizing radiation

D) Guanidine thiocyanate
Explanation: Guanidine thiocyanate is highly effective in decontaminating medical supplies and instruments contaminated with prions.

p.29
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

For how long and at what temperature must autoclaving be performed to inactivate prions?
A) 30 minutes, 100°C
B) 1 hour, 121°C
C) 15 minutes, 150°C
D) 2 hours, 110°C
E) 45 minutes, 130°C

B) 1 hour, 121°C
Explanation: Autoclaving must be performed for 1 hour at 121°C to effectively inactivate prions.

p.27
Helicobacter pylori and Related Treatments

How long should an acid-suppressing agent be given to enhance ulcer healing in the treatment of H. pylori?
A) 1-2 weeks
B) 2-3 weeks
C) 4-6 weeks
D) 6-8 weeks
E) 8-10 weeks

C) 4-6 weeks
Explanation: An acid-suppressing agent should be given for 4-6 weeks to enhance ulcer healing in the treatment of H. pylori.

p.21
Antibiotic Resistance

Which diseases are becoming harder to fight due to drug resistance?
A) Only bacterial infections
B) Only viral infections
C) Only fungal infections
D) Both HIV and malaria
E) None of them

D) Both HIV and malaria
Explanation: Drug resistance is increasingly complicating the fight against diseases like HIV and malaria, making it harder to manage and treat these infections effectively.

p.16
Sterility and Quality Control in Medicine

What is true about products administered by mouth or placed on the skin?
A) They must be completely sterile
B) They may contain some microorganisms within limits
C) They should contain no microorganisms
D) They can contain any type of microorganisms
E) They must be free from pathogens only

B) They may contain some microorganisms within limits
Explanation: Products administered by mouth or placed on the skin can contain some microorganisms as long as their type and concentration are within acceptable limits.

p.23
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What is unique about the Hepatitis B vaccine mentioned in the context of DNA technology?
A) It is developed from live attenuated viruses
B) It uses genetically engineered surface antigens
C) It is a whole virus vaccine
D) It is derived from bacterial cells
E) It uses synthetic peptide antigens

B) It uses genetically engineered surface antigens
Explanation: The Hepatitis B vaccine utilizes genetically engineered surface antigens, which represent a significant advancement in vaccine development through DNA technology.

p.23
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Which product of DNA technology can be used to treat diabetes?
A) Human growth hormone
B) Interferon
C) Erythropoietin
D) Insulin
E) Blood clotting factors

D) Insulin
Explanation: Insulin, produced using DNA technology, is essential for the treatment of diabetes, helping to regulate blood sugar levels in individuals with this condition.

p.18
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

What is one of the primary responsibilities of a pharmaceutical microbiologist?
A) To develop new drugs
B) To identify the organisms present
C) To sell pharmaceutical products
D) To conduct patient consultations
E) To design medical equipment

B) To identify the organisms present
Explanation: One of the primary responsibilities of a pharmaceutical microbiologist is to identify the microorganisms that are present in the manufacturing environment, raw materials, and finished products.

p.18
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Why must pharmaceutical microbiologists be familiar with antimicrobial preservatives?
A) To create colorful medicines
B) To minimize the risk of microbial growth and spoilage
C) To decrease the price of medicines
D) To improve the taste of medicines
E) To extend the shelf life of non-prescription drugs

B) To minimize the risk of microbial growth and spoilage
Explanation: Familiarity with antimicrobial preservatives is essential to reduce microbial growth and prevent spoilage during storage and use by patients, ensuring the safety and efficacy of the medicine.

p.29
Prion Diseases and Their Resistance

Prion Disease is sensitive to which of the following substances?
A) Boiling
B) Ether
C) Deoxycholate (5%)
D) Proteases
E) Ionizing radiation

B) Ether
Explanation: Prion Disease is sensitive to ether, which means ether is effective in inactivating prions.

p.6
Poliomyelitis and Poliovirus

How is the live attenuated polio vaccine (Sabin) delivered?
A) By injection
B) As a nasal spray
C) Orally
D) Topically
E) Intravenously

C) Orally
Explanation: The live attenuated polio vaccine (Sabin) is delivered orally, allowing it to infect, multiply, and immunize the host against virulent strains.

p.18
Pharmaceutical Microbiology

Why must a pharmaceutical microbiologist detect organisms that are prohibited from certain product categories?
A) To enhance the flavor of the product
B) To ensure regulatory compliance and product safety
C) To increase production speed
D) To reduce manufacturing costs
E) To simplify packaging

B) To ensure regulatory compliance and product safety
Explanation: Detecting prohibited organisms is crucial for ensuring that products meet regulatory standards and are safe for use by patients.

p.27
Helicobacter pylori and Related Treatments

What is a key action of PPIs in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori?
A) They increase acid production
B) They act as diuretics
C) They directly inhibit H. pylori and appear to be potent urease inhibitors
D) They inhibit white blood cell production
E) They stimulate appetite

C) They directly inhibit H. pylori and appear to be potent urease inhibitors
Explanation: PPIs directly inhibit H. pylori and appear to be potent urease inhibitors, making them effective in the treatment regimen.

p.32
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

What chronic disease is suspected to be linked with enteroviruses?
A) Atherosclerosis
B) Type I Diabetes Mellitus
C) Schizophrenia
D) Alzheimer's disease
E) Parkinson's disease

B) Type I Diabetes Mellitus
Explanation: Enteroviruses are suspected to be linked with Type I Diabetes Mellitus, an autoimmune condition characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.

p.27
Helicobacter pylori and Related Treatments

What is included in the triple therapy for eradicating Helicobacter pylori?
A) Metronidazole, bismuth, and penicillin
B) Metronidazole, bismuth subsalicylate or bismuth subcitrate, and either amoxicillin or tetracycline
C) Metronidazole, bismuth subsalicylate or bismuth subcitrate, and aspirin
D) Metronidazole, amoxicillin, and ibuprofen
E) Metronidazole, tetracycline, and erythromycin

B) Metronidazole, bismuth subsalicylate or bismuth subcitrate, and either amoxicillin or tetracycline
Explanation: Triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori includes metronidazole, bismuth subsalicylate or bismuth subcitrate, plus either amoxicillin or tetracycline for 14 days.

p.22
Antibiotic Resistance

Which medications are used to treat Influenza virus infections?
A) Methicillin and oxacillin
B) Amantadine and rimantadine
C) Carbapenems and colistins
D) Fluoroquinolones and amoxicillin
E) Third generation cephalosporins

B) Amantadine and rimantadine
Explanation: Influenza virus infections are treated with amantadine and rimantadine.

p.32
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

HSV Type 2 is suspected to be associated with which chronic condition?
A) Atherosclerosis
B) Type I Diabetes Mellitus
C) Schizophrenia
D) Cancer
E) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

C) Schizophrenia
Explanation: HSV Type 2 is one of the infectious agents suspected to be associated with schizophrenia.

p.22
Antibiotic Resistance

Which pathogen is associated with malaria and is treated with artemisinin-based combination therapies?
A) E. coli
B) N. gonorrhoeae
C) Klebsiella pneumoniae
D) P. falciparum
E) M. tuberculosis

D) P. falciparum
Explanation: P. falciparum is the pathogen that causes malaria, and it is treated with artemisinin-based combination therapies.

p.21
Antibiotic Resistance

Why is the cost of healthcare higher for patients with resistant infections?
A) Because they recover faster
B) Due to the shorter duration of illness
C) Because of additional tests and use of more expensive drugs
D) Because they do not require additional care
E) Because the medications are less effective

C) Because of additional tests and use of more expensive drugs
Explanation: The cost of healthcare for patients with resistant infections is higher because these patients tend to have a longer duration of illness, requiring additional tests and more expensive drugs to manage their condition.

p.32
Microorganisms in Pharmacy

Which infectious agent is suspected to be linked to atherosclerosis?
A) Enteroviruses
B) Toxoplasma gondii
C) HSV Type 2
D) Chlamydia pneumoniae
E) Streptococcus pneumoniae

D) Chlamydia pneumoniae
Explanation: Chlamydia pneumoniae is the infectious agent suspected to be linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic disease affecting the arteries.

p.27
Helicobacter pylori and Related Treatments

What combination is included in a quadruple regimen for Helicobacter pylori treatment?
A) PPI + metronidazole + tetracycline + bismuth
B) PPI + metronidazole + amoxicillin + bismuth
C) PPI + amoxicillin + clarithromycin + bismuth
D) PPI + metronidazole + clarithromycin + bismuth
E) PPI + tetracycline + amoxicillin + bismuth

A) PPI + metronidazole + tetracycline + bismuth
Explanation: The quadruple regimen for Helicobacter pylori treatment includes a PPI, metronidazole, tetracycline, and bismuth.

Study Smarter, Not Harder
Study Smarter, Not Harder