p.13
Therapeutic Indications for SSRIs
Which anxiety disorder is treated with SSRIs?
Generalized anxiety disorder.
p.14
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What are some common adverse reactions besides sexual side effects?
Headache, insomnia, somnolence, dry mouth.
p.6
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What are some gastrointestinal adverse effects associated with SSRIs?
Nausea, diarrhea, anorexia, vomiting, flatulence, and dyspepsia.
p.18
Therapeutic Indications for SSRIs
What is a therapeutic indication for SSRIs?
Major depressive disorder.
p.5
Therapeutic Indications for SSRIs
What condition related to trauma can SSRIs help manage?
PTSD (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder).
p.7
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What is a hematologic adverse effect associated with certain medications?
Platelet aggregation impairment.
p.1
Therapeutic Indications for SSRIs
What are antidepressants primarily used for?
To treat depression and other mood disorders.
p.3
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
What are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?
A class of medications used primarily to treat depression and anxiety by increasing serotonin levels in the brain.
p.19
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What are some psychiatric adverse reactions associated with certain medications?
They can induce a switch in mood or behavior.
What is the primary treatment for serotonin syndrome?
Removing the offending agents.
p.28
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
What is Phenelzine?
A type of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI).
p.11
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
What does SSRI stand for?
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor.
p.17
Tricyclics and Tetracyclics
What is the effect of TCAs on neurotransmitter concentrations?
They increase synaptic concentrations of norepinephrine and serotonin.
p.4
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of SSRIs
How are SSRIs metabolized?
All SSRIs are metabolized in the liver by the CYP450 enzymes.
p.26
Drug Interactions and Precautions
What types of foods, besides cheese, should be avoided due to high tyramine content?
Fish, cured meat, mortadella, and sausages.
p.26
Drug Interactions and Precautions
What is the consequence of consuming tyramine-rich foods for certain individuals?
It can lead to a hypertensive crisis.
p.27
Drug Interactions and Precautions
What types of drug interactions are associated with antidepressants?
Most antidepressants and precursor agents.
p.28
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
What is Tranylcypromine?
A type of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI).
p.21
Tricyclics and Tetracyclics
What is Amitriptyline primarily used for?
It is used to treat depression and certain types of pain.
p.17
Tricyclics and Tetracyclics
What are some secondary effects of TCAs?
Antagonism at muscarinic acetylcholine, histamine H1, and α1- and α2-adrenergic receptors.
p.2
Therapeutic Indications for SSRIs
What are Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) used for?
They are primarily used to treat depression and anxiety disorders.
p.4
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of SSRIs
What is the primary mechanism through which SSRIs exert their therapeutic effects?
Through serotonin reuptake inhibition.
p.23
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
What do MAO enzymes metabolize?
Monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, and tyramine.
p.3
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of SSRIs
How do SSRIs work?
They block the reuptake of serotonin in the brain, making more serotonin available in the synaptic space.
p.4
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of SSRIs
What is the absorption characteristic of SSRIs after oral administration?
SSRIs are well absorbed and have peak effects in the range of 3 to 8 hours.
p.12
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of SSRIs
How do SNRIs work?
By inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine, enhancing mood and emotional balance.
p.14
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
Which adverse reactions can affect the gastrointestinal system?
Dizziness, constipation, and sweating.
p.21
Tricyclics and Tetracyclics
What class of antidepressants does Imipramine belong to?
Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCA).
p.17
Tricyclics and Tetracyclics
What do tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) block?
The transporter site for norepinephrine and serotonin.
p.12
Selective Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
What are Selective Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)?
A class of antidepressants that increase levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain.
p.28
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
What is Isocarboxazid?
A type of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI).
p.4
Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of SSRIs
Why are SSRIs named as such?
Because they have little effect on the reuptake of norepinephrine or dopamine.
p.6
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
Which SSRIs are known to produce the most intense gastrointestinal symptoms?
Sertraline and Fluvoxamine.
p.6
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What cardiovascular effect is associated with citalopram?
Q-T interval prolongation.
p.27
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What are the symptoms of an overdose of antidepressants?
Agitation that progresses to coma, hypertension, hyperthermia, tachypnea, tachycardia, and hyperactive deep tendon reflexes.
p.14
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What are common sexual side effects of certain medications?
Decreased libido and delay to orgasm or ejaculation.
p.16
Tricyclics and Tetracyclics
What are tricyclics primarily used for?
They are primarily used to treat depression.
p.28
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
What is Selegiline?
A type of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (MAOI).
p.1
Types of Antidepressants
Who is Dr. Aishah Almana?
A professional associated with the study or treatment of antidepressants.
p.3
Therapeutic Indications for SSRIs
What are common therapeutic indications for SSRIs?
Depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
p.7
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What is emotional blunting?
A side effect where emotional responsiveness is reduced.
p.15
Selective Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
What does SNRI stand for?
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor.
p.27
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What involuntary movements can occur during an overdose?
Involuntary movement in the face and jaw.
p.5
Therapeutic Indications for SSRIs
Which eating disorder can SSRIs be indicated for?
Bulimia Nervosa and Other Eating Disorders.
p.23
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
Where are MAO enzymes located?
In the outer membrane of the mitochondria.
p.7
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What types of disturbances can occur due to medication side effects?
Electrolyte and glucose disturbances.
p.25
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What withdrawal symptoms may occur when tapering off certain medications?
Mood disturbance and somatic symptoms.
p.11
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of SSRIs
What is the primary mechanism of action of SSRIs?
Inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin in the brain.
p.19
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What cardiac issues can arise as adverse reactions?
Tachycardia, flat T-wave, and Q-T interval prolongation.
What is serotonin syndrome?
A potentially life-threatening condition caused by excessive serotonin levels, often due to drug interactions.
p.18
Therapeutic Indications for SSRIs
What anxiety disorder involving repetitive thoughts and behaviors can SSRIs help treat?
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD).
p.25
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What serious condition can be induced by tyramine in some patients?
Tyramine-induced hypertensive crisis.
p.14
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What is a cardiovascular concern associated with certain medications?
Sustained elevation of blood pressure.
p.16
Tricyclics and Tetracyclics
What distinguishes tetracyclics from tricyclics?
Tetracyclics have a different chemical structure and may have fewer side effects.
p.12
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What are potential side effects of SNRIs?
Nausea, dizziness, dry mouth, and increased blood pressure.
p.11
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
What is the difference between Citalopram and Escitalopram?
Escitalopram is the S-enantiomer of Citalopram, often considered more effective.
What are the life-threatening complications of Serotonin Syndrome?
Delirium, coma, status epilepticus, cardiovascular collapse, and death.
p.3
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What are some common side effects of SSRIs?
Nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction, and weight gain.
What are severe symptoms of Serotonin Syndrome related to agitation?
Extreme agitation, hyperreflexia, and autonomic instability with possible rapid fluctuations in vital signs.
p.20
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What are common CNS adverse reactions associated with certain antidepressants?
Tremors and myoclonic twitches.
p.16
Tricyclics and Tetracyclics
How do tricyclics work in the brain?
They inhibit the reuptake of neurotransmitters like norepinephrine and serotonin.
p.7
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
What are some withdrawal symptoms from Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)?
Dizziness, weakness, nausea, headache, poor concentration, paresthesia, rebound anxiety, and depression.
p.22
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
What neurotransmitters are affected by MAOIs?
Serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine.
p.22
Therapeutic Indications for SSRIs
What conditions are MAOIs primarily used to treat?
Depression, particularly atypical depression and treatment-resistant depression.
p.12
Therapeutic Indications for SSRIs
What conditions are SNRIs commonly prescribed for?
Major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and certain chronic pain conditions.
p.2
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of SSRIs
What is the mechanism of action for SSRIs?
They work by increasing serotonin levels in the brain by inhibiting its reuptake.
p.12
Selective Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
What are some common SNRIs?
Venlafaxine and Duloxetine.
p.16
Tricyclics and Tetracyclics
Can tricyclics be used for conditions other than depression?
Yes, they can also be used for anxiety disorders and chronic pain.
p.22
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)
What are Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)?
A class of antidepressants that inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidase, an enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters.
p.24
Therapeutic Indications for SSRIs
What does PTSD stand for in the context of therapeutic indications?
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.
p.22
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What are some common side effects of MAOIs?
Dizziness, dry mouth, and insomnia.
p.2
Selective Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs)
What distinguishes Selective Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) from SSRIs?
SNRIs affect both serotonin and norepinephrine levels, while SSRIs primarily target serotonin.
What severe neurological symptoms can occur in Serotonin Syndrome?
Myoclonus, seizures, hyperthermia, uncontrollable shivering, and rigidity.
p.25
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What is recommended for safely discontinuing certain medications?
Gradual tapering over weeks.
p.6
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What central nervous system adverse effects can occur with SSRIs?
Headache, anxiety, insomnia, and sedation.
p.2
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of SSRIs
What is a key characteristic of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)?
They inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase, which breaks down neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine.
p.20
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
Which antidepressants are known to lower the seizure threshold?
Clomipramine and amoxapine.
p.2
Therapeutic Indications for SSRIs
What are Tricyclics and Tetracyclics (TCA) primarily used for?
They are used to treat depression and certain anxiety disorders.
p.19
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What autonomic effects can medications cause?
Orthostatic hypotension, sweating, and palpitations.
p.19
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
Why is Imipramine contraindicated?
It is contraindicated in patients with preexisting conduction defects.
p.20
Adverse Reactions of SSRIs
What can happen in the case of an overdose of certain antidepressants?
It can be lethal, particularly affecting the heart.
p.22
Drug Interactions and Precautions
What is a significant dietary restriction for patients taking MAOIs?
Avoiding tyramine-rich foods, such as aged cheeses and cured meats, to prevent hypertensive crises.
